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CHILDREN ABUSED THROUGH SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
CHAMPIONS - RISK ASSESSMENT TOOLKIT
Published
Version as at Jun 14
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Contents
Page Number
Introduction
3
Guidance on use of the toolkit
3
Assessing and Recording the Risk
6
Required action – Brief Considerations
7
Thresholds and appropriate intervention
9
Information Report Guidance
11
Definition of Child Sexual Exploitation
12
Glossary of Terms
13
Useful Numbers/Websites
14
Appendices
Practitioners CSE Risk Assessment
Appendix 1
Sexual Exploitation Risk Assessment (SERA)
Model
Appendix 2
CSE Analysis
Appendix 3
Information Report Form
Appendix 4
Disruption Letter to known or alleged perpetrators
Appendix 5
Intervention and Disruption Strategies
Appendix 6
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CHILDREN ABUSED THROUGH SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
RISK ASSESSMENT TOOLKIT
Introduction
The purpose of the assessment toolkit is to enable professionals to assess a child or
young person’s level of risk of child sexual exploitation in a quick and consistent manner.
Who is this toolkit for?
This toolkit is for all professionals who work with children and young people who are at
risk of or being sexually exploited. Important points to remember when assessing Child
Sexual Exploitation (CSE):
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Both girls and boys can be victims of child sexual exploitation and can be equally
vulnerable
The coercers and perpetrators are usually an adult, but can be children and young
people in a position of power of either gender.
It should be considered that those who appear to be coercing others into child
sexual exploitation may be victims of it themselves.
Young people may exchange or sell sex as a result of constrained choices such as
poverty, isolation and historic abuse.
Parents/Carers may be involved in the sexual exploitation of their children and
young people or fail to prevent/protect from it.
Groups of children and young people and multiple perpetrators may be involved
(organised abuse).
Children and Young People under the age of 18 (Children Act 1989) are considered
under the scope of this guidance and toolkit.
No child under 13 years can be assessed as Lower Risk if behaviours indicate
involvement in CSE.
Children and Young People with additional needs require special consideration up
to the age of 21 years.
No child with a learning disability will be assessed as Low Risk if behaviours
indicate involvement in or risk of CSE.
Be aware: disclosure of information by the young person may take time and evident
risks may only emerge during ongoing engagement with them.
Guidance on the use of the Toolkit
These indicators are a guide and do not replace, but should assist the exercise of
professional judgment.
Completion of the Risk Assessment Toolkit by the professional identifying the concerns
should involve liaison with other agencies to ensure that there is multi-agency information
sharing and support.
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If a child or young person presents with an indicator of CSE action is required; the earlier
the intervention, the better the chances of success. Not all indicators of CSE may require
social care or specialist intervention but a record must be kept of the case and what
interventions have taken place and kept on the young person’s file.
In all circumstances where there is an indicator of CSE serious consideration should be
given to sharing this intelligence with Police using the CSE1 - Information Report and this
should be submitted to Essex Police CSE Triage Team in line with your agencies
information sharing policy and the principles of the seven golden rules for information
sharing.
If a child or young person presents with a number of indicators or one indicator to a
marked extent they are to be assessed carefully and a decision made as to whether they
require a local assessment to be completed. Consultation with the CSE Champion for
further advice or guidance is recommended. The reasons for the specific level of
intervention are to be clearly recorded. This will depend on the presenting indicators. This
is not an exhaustive list, the indicators and vulnerability factors are simply the most
common indicators of CSE. If a child or young person presents with other factors they
need to be included on the risk assessment and clearly linked to the actions on your local
risk assessment, Child in Need or Child Protection Plan.
The risk to children and young people can change quickly therefore regular assessment
should be undertaken using the Risk Indicators and Sera Model (see appendices). Any
escalation of risk should be dealt with immediately through the processes outlined below
and recorded in the young person’s file. Where risk has escalated/reduced a new risk
assessment form should be completed and attached to individual files. Where new
intelligence is identified this should be shared where appropriate with Police using the
CSE1 - Information Report and this should be submitted to Essex Police CSE Triage
Team and again this should be in line with your agencies information sharing policy and
the principles of the seven golden rules for information sharing.
Where Medium indicators are present and the decision is made that the case does not
meet the threshold for referral to children’s social care a multi-agency assessment and
response should be undertaken in accordance with local procedures. Such cases must be
discussed with the CSE Champion.
Where High indicators are present a discussion must take place with Children’s Social
Care, who will decide whether the case meets the threshold for social care intervention
and whether there should be a Child Protection investigation.
Children and young people at risk of CSE may be reluctant to work with professionals,
particularly if they are in love or if they fear the perpetrator/s. The level of coercion used to
groom and abuse young people should never be underestimated. Where reluctance to
engage is an issue, the person with the best professional relationship with the young
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person should lead the work with them. There should be a strong focus on the disruption
and prosecution of perpetrators. Information should be gathered through the information
report forms (see appendices).
The SET Child Protection Procedures (2015), DCSF (2009) and the Sexual Offences Act
(2003) recognizes that sexually exploited young people are victims of abuse regardless of
their reluctance to engage. To aid this understanding and reaffirm the SET LSCBs’
stance, where possible, professionals should reinforce the nature of the crimes against
young people with the children and young people, their parents/carers and siblings.
Medium and High Risk cases should be monitored and recorded at regular multi
agency meetings. By doing so the impact of the work can be assessed and an
analysis of the levels of risk on engagement and thereafter can be documented.
The level of intervention required depends on the presenting indicators. If as the CSE
Champion you are unsure of the level of risk this should be discussed and led by a
decision made with Children’s Social Care
To achieve the best outcomes, additional vulnerability factors need to be addressed.
Each recognised factor should be included in the action plan and have specific actions to
remove or reduce the risk or impact of that issue.
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Assessing and Recording the Risk
Step 1: Identify the risk indicators
Ensure that the Practitioner has completed the “Practitioners CSE Risk Assessment”
(appendix 1).
Consider that all risk factors identified may require action by a professional or MultiAgency Team.
Remember that Standard Risk does not mean No Risk. As a CSE Champion you should
always be consulted in cases where Medium Risk indicators are identified and in High Risk
cases a referral to Children’s Social Care should always be made.
Step 2 – Identify the child and the assessor
As the second stage of the Practitioners risk assessment it is imperative that the full details
of both the child concerned and the person undertaking the assessment process are
recorded.
Step 3 – Identify additional vulnerability factors
The significance of these factors is evidenced when you consider that to achieve the best
outcomes each recognised factor needs to be addressed and have specific actions to
remove or reduce the risk or impact of that issue included in the Action Plan.
Step 4 – What to do next
Follow the flowchart contained within the Practitioners risk assessment document. This will
ensure that you review risk, record and share information appropriately and identify a
network of professionals to support the child and their family.
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Required Action – Brief Considerations
Standard Risk
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If needs cannot be met by individual agency, then complete a CAF and follow local
procedures.
Notify MISPER Police if missing is an issue
Keep detailed records of incidents/risks.
Send the Information Report Form to Essex Police Intelligence Unit
No child under 13 can be categorised as STANDARD.
No child with a learning disability can be categorised as STANDARD.
Contact CSE Champion, where available, for advice and resources if risk escalates
Submit Information Report from outside Agency to Essex Police Intelligence Unit.
Medium Risk
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Discuss with Line Manager
Contact CSE Champion, where available or Children’s Social Care to discuss
If not child protection, local assessment to be completed within 10 working days in
line with local procedures
Where there is a service specific assessment such as ASSET in place, then this
can be updated and should include additional information to inform pre sentence
reports.
Police discussion regarding investigation needs/MISPER
Southend-Children and Families Panel meeting
Employ immediate disruption tactics – see disruption toolkit.
Information Report forms to be completed and sent to Essex Police Intelligence
Unit.
Is this symptomatic, coerced or criminal offending?
Invite to strategy/locality panel meetings include in risk assessment
High Risk
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Refer to Children’s Social Care
Joint investigation with the Police and Children’s Social Care.
Update initial/core assessment and use the risk assessment toolkit to guide or
update assessment
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Use Key Disruption Tactics
Information Report Form to be completed and sent to Essex Police CSE Triage
Team
Child Abduction Warning Notices.
Alerts
UK Human Trafficking Centre/UK Border Agency
Cross ref i/c teenage pregnancy/DV strategies
Harm reduction/Detox programmes
Psychiatric assessment/intensive support
Reinforce criminality of offender and gather information for police and social care.
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Thresholds and Appropriate Intervention
In every case an appropriate assessment should be undertaken to
identify risk and level of intervention required
Standard Risk
This child or young person requires intervention by a professional, parent or carer that has
a good relationship with them to carry out some healthy relationships and rights work.
Depending on the indicators they present with, they will also require some basic
awareness raising work on CSE, sexual health, risk taking behaviours and consequences.
If there is a person/s posing a risk to them ensure they are disrupted and information about
them recorded and passed to the appropriate persons.
Suggested Responses
 Discuss with line manager/CSE Champion
 Ensure that this child or young person is listed on file as at risk of CSE.
 Carry out basic intervention work – example above, over a 4-6 week period.
 Consider local assessment.
 The child or young person is to be assessed for changes to risk status every 4-6
weeks. Risk Matrix to be monitored until the child or young person is safe or the risk is
removed
 If risk is escalating report to Children’s Social Care and follow procedures below for
Medium or High Risk cases.
Medium Risk
This child or young person is likely to require a multi-agency assessment and intervention.
If they present immediately with Medium Risk indicators the suggested responses may be
considered in addition to more intensive work on CSE, Grooming, Positive Choices, Safety
and Contingency planning. Work is likely to be required on any additional vulnerability
factors and with the family, siblings and peers. These cases should always be subject to a
multi-agency assessment and intervention. Consideration should always be given to
whether the case meets the threshold for referral to Children’s Social Care or the Police. If
the child or young person is already open to Children’s Social Care assessments are to be
updated and if required, a child protection enquiry to be undertaken.
Suggested Responses
 Discuss with line manager
 Discuss with CSE Champion
 Refer for multi-agency intervention or Children’s Social Care
 Police discussion regarding investigation needs/MISPER
 Strategy meetings under SET Child Protection Procedures where appropriate
 Seek guidance/advice and refer to CSE Specialist Voluntary Sector Services
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Collate and share information on any perpetrators, hotspots and associations involved
with the young person
Regular multi agency meetings until child/young person is protected or desists from risk
taking behaviours
High Risk
Always requires referral to Children’s Social Care and/or Police
Core assessment and Coordinated Intensive support of child or young person and family
through a Child in Need/Child Protection Plan
Suggested Responses
 As above and
 Referral to Children’s Social Care
 Referral to Essex Police CAIT
 Child Protection investigation
 Regular review under Child Protection or Children in Need until child is protected from
abuse
 Police to run case via Crown Prosecution Service for evidential thresholds for
prosecution
 Ensure child is immediately protected e.g. use of police or other powers if required
NOTE:
Remember Social Care and the Police will lead the investigation and any formal
interviews.
The effectiveness of any current interventions should be assessed to determine whether
they are sufficient to:
 Prevent the young person from going missing;
 Protect the young person from being exposed to any further risk
 Prevent the sexual exploitation;
 Change risk taking behaviour.
Good Practice:
 Intensive support around the child, family and peers
 Equal focus on the three pronged governmental approach to CSE, Prevention,
Protection and Prosecution.
 Awareness raising with any professional, family or community
 Note and disrupt Hot Spots, Houses, Hotels, Shopping Centres being used and report
to licensing bodies where appropriate
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If interventions are failing to change the behaviours or risks to the child or young
person, it is not acceptable to carry on trying the same things. More radical
interventions should be considered.
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Professionals need to read this guidance in conjunction with:
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Safeguarding Children who may have been Trafficked (DFE 2011)
Working Together to Safeguard Children (DfE 2015)
SET Child Protection and Safeguarding Procedures (2015)
Safeguarding children and young people from Sexual Exploitation (DCSF 2009)
The UK Action Plan (2011) Supplementary to (DCSF 2009)
Children and Young Person’s Missing from Home or Care (2014)
Sexually Active Children (Part B3 section 27 of the SET Child Protection Procedures
2015)
SET Child Sexual Exploitation Procedures (2012)
SET Child Sexual Exploitation Disruption Toolkit (2012)
CSE Information Report Guidance
The information report form offers a multi-agency system of sharing information with Essex
Police and Children’s Social Care to aid keeping young people safe. This form should be
used to provide details of any crimes or concerns about those people who groom or
sexually exploit young people.
The form focuses specifically on the behaviours or actions of alleged or known
perpetrators and can act to corroborate the statement of the child or young person.
Once completed this form will go via secure email (details at bottom of form) to the ESSEX
POLICE CSE TRIAGE TEAM.
You must also share it with any other person involved with the young person.
If the information is about significant harm to a child or young person then normal
children’s social care referral systems must be used to report those concerns.
The information can also include low level, soft “whisperings” and gut feelings, something
that does not sit well with you or co-workers but has nowhere else to go but please ensure
that the information is as accurate and current as possible.
Please ensure that full names and details of victims and where possible perpetrators are
provided. If you are unsure of the information then make checks before completing the
form and sending it to Essex Police CSE Triage Team
If the information is unreliable or you are uncertain about the content, you may wish to
discuss the case at a Locality Panel meeting before completing the Information Report
Form and sending to the relevant persons. (Southend)
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NEVER assume someone else has passed on the information you have,
duplicate information is better than none.
Definition of Sexual Exploitation
"The sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18 involves exploitative
situations, contexts and relationships where young people (or a third person or persons)
receive ‘something' (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts,
money) as a result of performing, and/or others performing on them, sexual activities.
Child sexual exploitation can occur through use of technology without the child's
immediate recognition, for example the persuasion to post sexual images on the
internet/mobile phones with no immediate payment or gain. In all cases those exploiting
the child/young person have power over them by virtue of their age, gender, intellect,
physical strength and/or economic or other resources."
(Paragraph 1.3 Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation;
DCSF 2009)
"Children and young people who are sexually exploited are the victims of child sexual
abuse, and their needs require careful assessment. They are likely to be in need of
welfare services and - in many cases - protection under the Children Act 1989. This group
may include children who have been sexually abused through the misuse of technology,
coerced into sexual activity by criminal gangs or the victims of trafficking."
(Paragraph 6.2 Working Together to Safeguard Children; DCSF 2010)
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Glossary of Terms
ACPO
ASSET
CAF
CEOP
CIN
CP
CSC
CAIT
CSE
CSE Champion
Clipping
CYP
Disruption
DCSF
EPO
Gang
Groomed
Hot spot
Information Report Form
MISPER
Perpetrator
PPO
Procuring
Pseudo Imagery
Red Light District
Risk Indicator
Association of Chief Police Officers
Youth Justice Board Offending Assessment Tool
Common Assessment Framework
Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre
Child in Need
Child Protection
Children’s Social Care
Child Abuse Investigation Team
Child Sexual Exploitation
Dedicated person in agencies with lead for CSE
CYP targeting specific persons to rob by offering to have sex
for monies then running when they receive payment before
sexual activity takes place
Children and Young People
Tactics used to divert or stop perpetrators exploiting young
people where there is little or no evidence to prosecute
Department for Children Schools and Families. (Now
Department for Education)
Emergency Protection Order
Organised groups with an element of status, membership and
criminality or 2 or more young people involved in delinquent
peer groups.
A systematic process used to engage young people and coerce
them to provide sexual favours. (See DCSF Guidance for
definition)
Specific areas, streets or houses used to target young people
Template for sharing information about risks to CYP with the
Police
Missing Persons
Any person who poses a risk or commits crimes against a
young person
Police Protection Order
Adults and older peers groom the young person to procure
younger children for them to sexually abuse and exploit.
Occasionally parents and carers who themselves are or have
been adult ‘sex workers’ or sexual abusers may procure their
child for abusers and exploiters.
Includes sharing sexualised cartoon images or other CYP’s
bodies and placing CYP face on sexualised images, then
sharing via the internet or texts (See CEOP for more
information)
Local area used for the purposes of soliciting
Common or known signs of child sexual exploitation
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SET
Sexting
SERA
Soliciting
S47
STI
Targeting
Trafficking
UKBA
UKHTC
Southend Essex and Thurrock
Sharing sexualised photos and language/photographs
Sexual Exploitation Risk Analysis
Legal term for exchanging and selling sexual favours
(prostitution)
Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 (indicative of concerns
about significant harm)
Sexually Transmitted Infections
An adult or older peer involved in CSE identifies a vulnerable
CYP and alone or with a cohort will develop a relationship with
that young person with the intention of sexually exploiting them
International trafficking into or out of the country and domestic
trafficking, moving young people from one place to another
within a city or across city borders for the purposes of sexual
activity. No minimum movement required.
United Kingdom Borders Agency
United Kingdom Trafficking Centre
Useful Numbers:
Children’s Social Care Contact details
Thurrock First Contact Team
01375 652802 / 01375 652 634
irt@thurrock.gov.uk
Essex Family Operations Hub
0845 603 7627
foh@essex.gcsx.gov.uk
Southend First Contact Team
01702 534496 / 01702 534707 / 01702 534506
Fax 01702 611478
fct@southend.gcsx.gov.uk (secure)
fct@southend.gov.uk (unsecure)
Locality Coordinators (Southend only)
Jane Arnold - janearnold@southend.gov.uk
01702 212503
Victoria Pallen -victoriapallen@southend.gov.uk
Cathy Braun - cathybraun@southend.gov.uk
Essex Police including missing children and CSE Triage Team
Emergency 999 Non Emergency 101
Sexual Assault Referral Centre
01277 240620
NSPCC Child Protection Help line
0808 800 5000
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Childline
0800 1111
NHS Health Advice
111
Victim Support
0845 456 5995
Useful Websites:
CEOP
www.ceop.co.uk
UKHTC
http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/crime-threats/human-trafficking
UKBA
www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk
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Who should use this Risk Assessment?
CHILDREN ABUSED THROUGH SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
PRACTITIONERS - RISK ASSESSMENT
Guidance on the use of the Risk Assessment
These indicators are a guide and do not replace, but should assist the
exercise of professional judgment.
Completion of the Risk Assessment by the professional identifying the
concerns should involve liaison with other agencies to ensure that there is
multi-agency information sharing and support.
If a child or young person presents with an indicator of CSE action is
required. The earlier the intervention the better the chances of success. Not
all indicators of CSE may require social care or specialist intervention but a
record must be kept of the case and what interventions have taken place
and kept on the young person’s file.
The purpose of the assessment toolkit is to enable professionals to assess a
child or young person’s level of risk of child sexual exploitation (CSE) in a
quick and consistent manner. Children and young people under the age of
18 (Children Act 1989) are considered under the scope of this guidance and
toolkit. The framework needs to be used flexibly to take account of each
child’s individuality, the uniqueness of his / her circumstances and the
changes that may occur for him / her over time.
This document is for all professionals who work with children and young
people who are at risk of or being sexually exploited. Important points to
remember when assessing Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE):
•
Both girls and boys can be victims of child sexual exploitation and
can be equally vulnerable
•
The coercers and perpetrators are usually an adult, but can be
children and young people in a position of power of either gender.
•
It should be considered that those who appear to be coercing others
into child sexual exploitation may be victims of it themselves.
•
Young people may exchange or sell sex as a result of constrained
choices such as poverty, isolation and historic abuse.
•
Parents/Carers may be involved in the sexual exploitation of their
children and young people or fail to prevent/protect from it.
•
Groups of children and young people and multiple perpetrators may
be involved (organised abuse).
•
Children and Young People under the age of 18 (Children Act 1989)
are considered under the scope of this guidance and toolkit.
•
No child under 13 years can be assessed as Lower Risk if behaviours
indicate involvement in CSE.
•
Children and Young People with additional needs require special
consideration up to the age of 21 years.
•
No child with a learning disability will be assessed as Low Risk if
behaviours indicate involvement in or risk of CSE.
•
Be aware: disclosure of information by the young person may take
time and evident risks may only emerge during ongoing.
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Step 1 – Identify the Risk Indicators
RISK LEVEL
BEHAVIOURS
Y/N
COMMENTS
Truanting from school
Regularly coming home late or
going missing
Overt sexualised dress
Standard risk cases do
not usually meet the
threshold for social care
intervention but should
have a single agency
assessment to identify
whether the threshold is
met for individual or
multi-agency
intervention.
One or more indicators
Standard Risk
Sexualised risk taking including on
the Internet
Unaccounted for monies or goods
Associating with unknown adults or
other sexually exploited children or
young people
Reduced contact with
family/friends and other support
networks
Sexually transmitted infections
Experimenting with drugs/alcohol
Poor self-image, eating disorders
some self- harm
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Medium risk
As indicated above, the
indicators are a guide to
assisting the exercise of
professional judgement.
In relation to the medium
level indicators,
professional judgement
should determine
whether the case meets
the threshold for referral
to Children’s Social Care
or other multi-agency
procedures. You should
always consult with your
Champion or other
designated Safeguarding
professional
BEHAVIOURS
Any Standard Risk Indicators and one or more Medium Risk Indicators
RISK LEVEL
Y/N
COMMENTS
Getting into cars with unknown
adults
Associating with known CSE adults
Being groomed on the internet
Clipping- (offering to have sex for
money or other payment and then
running before sex takes place)
Disclosure of a physical assault
with no substantiating evidence to
warrant a child protection enquiry,
then refusing to make or
withdrawing a complaint
Being involved in CSE through
being seen in hotspots (i.e.
Houses, recruiting grounds)
Having an older
boyfriend/girlfriend
Non school attendance or
excluded due to behaviour
Staying out overnight with no
explanation
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Breakdown of residential
placements due to behaviour
Unaccounted for money or goods
including mobile phones, drugs
and alcohol
Multiple Sexually Transmitted
Infections
Self-harming that requires medical
treatment
Repeat offending
Gang member or association
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High Risk
All cases should be
referred to Children’s
Social Care. Appropriate
multi agency
intervention will be
undertaken in each case
BEHAVIOURS
Any Low or Medium Risk indicators and one or more High Risk Indicators
RISK LEVEL
Y/N
COMMENTS
Child under 13 engaging in sexual
activity
Pattern of street homelessness and
staying with an adult believed to
be sexually exploiting them
Child under 16 meeting different
adults and exchanging or selling
sexual activity
Removed from known ‘red light’
district by professionals due to
suspected CSE
Being taken to clubs and hotels by
adults and engaging in sexual
activity
Disclosure of serious sexual assault
and then withdrawal of statement
Abduction and forced
imprisonment
Being moved around for sexual
activity
Disappearing from the ‘system’
with no contact or support
Being bought/Sold/trafficked
Multiple miscarriages or
terminations
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Indicators of CSE in conjunction
with chronic alcohol and drug use
Indicators of CSE alongside serious
self-harming
Receiving rewards of money or
goods for recruiting peers into CSE
Step 2 – Identify the child and the assessor
DETAILS OF CHILD AT RISK
Name:
Date Of Birth:
Age:
Place Of Birth:
Home Address:
Telephone Number:
School:
G.P. and Surgery:
Ethnicity:
Gender:
DETAILS OF ASSESSING INDIVIDUAL
Name:
Organisation:
Role / Position:
Address & Telephone:
Date of Assessment:
Secure Email:
(Include direct email as addition if the
secure option is not personal to you).
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Step 3 – Identify additional vulnerability factors
UNDERLYING VULNERABILITY FACTORS
Y/N
COMMENTS
Witnessing/experiencing domestic abuse
Children and young people ‘Looked After’
Patterns of abuse and/ or neglect in family
Homelessness/sofa surfing/
Substance misuse by Parents/Carers/child
Learning disabilities, special needs or mental health issues
Homophobia
Breaks in adult relationships
Death, loss or illness of a significant person in the child’s life
Financially unsupported
Some form of family conflict
Lack of love and security
Adult soliciting (prostitution)
Migrant/refugee/asylum seeker
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Step 4 – What to do next – CSE Risk Assessment Flowchart
Practitioners CSE Risk Assessment Toolkit completed
Is there identified risk of significant harm?
Yes
No
Discuss with CSE Champion/Safeguarding lead
Follow SET Procedures:
Make referral to Social Care
Review assessment of risk of significant harm?
Yes
Contact police
No
Record concerns in line with agency record keeping policy
Share relevant information with appropriate agencies referring to your agency information governance policy regarding consent.
Consider what information can be shared Police CSE Triage Team – CSETT@essex.pnn.police.uk
Identify support network of professionals for child/young person and family in partnership with child/young person and family,
including option of social care early intervention team
Refer when appropriate to local missing / CSE forum: Thurrock – Missing Children Panels, Southend – CSE & Missing group, Essex –
Missing and Children Exploited group in each quadrant (MACE).
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Sexual Exploitation Risk Assessment (SERA) Model
Description of young person with risk indicators in level 1
Smaller number of risk factors identified or movement from levels 2 or 3. For example: sexualised risk taking
behaviours, beginning to truant from school, occasionally going missing, going to known places of concern,
early signs of problem drugs or alcohol use.
Description of young person with risk factors identified in level 3
Description of young person with risk factors in level 2
Multiple risk factors. For example: entrenched in one or more
abusive relationships, contact with known perpetrators, going
missing and running away from home regularly, problem alcohol
and/or drug use, experience of violence, intimidation and fear.
Fewer risk factors or signals (or reduction from level 3). For
example: regularly going missing, swapping sex for goods, monies.
Truanting regularly from school. Going to places of concern 'HOT
SPOTS', involved with vulnerable peers, experiencing violence,
intimidation and fear. Developing drug and alcohol use.
DCSF Guidance 2009 (J. Pearce)
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CSE ANALYSIS
Name of YP:
DOB:
DATE OF ANALYSIS:
YP RISK TAKING BEHAVIOURS/INDICATORS
ASSOCIATES/ADDRESSES/HOTSPOTS
ALLEGED PERPETRATOR/S
POLICE ACTIVITY
CSE 1 – Information reporting (July 2015)
Information Report from External Agency or Organisation to Essex Police
(In line with your agencies information sharing policy and the principles of the seven golden rules for information sharing)
PART 1 DETAILS OF PERSON COMPLETING REPORT
Name:
Agency:
Address:
Telephone:
Date Completed:
PART 2 SUBJECT’S DETAILS
Family name:
First name:
Middle name:
Alternative name(s):
Date of birth:
Address &
Telephone:
Parent/Guardian
Ethnicity (See Code)
Schools/Education
establishments/
Year
Page 1 of 6
CSE 1 – Information reporting (July 2015)
Health Worker
Are Parent (s)/
Guardian aware of
the report?
Looked after status
Lives with family, no
experience of care
Lives with family members,
previous experience of care
Care Leaver
Unknown
Young person is looked after: foster family
Young person is looked after: residential unit
Young person is in Secure Accommodation
Section 20 -Voluntary
Section 38 -Interim Care Order
Section 31 -Care Order
Basis of concerns regarding sexual exploitation
Disclosure of exploitation
Incident or suspected incident
of sexual exploitation
Concerns about relationship
with older male/female
Going missing
Breakdown in communication with carers
Unexplained money or items
Alcohol/drug use
Changed behaviour
Peers involved in prostitution
Preventative work
Other (please state below
Experience of violence in past
Domestic Abuse
Physical violence from family
Sexual Abuse
Violent towards others
Physical violence from
boyfriend/girlfriend
Peers are violent
Unknown
Page 2 of 6
CSE 1 – Information reporting (July 2015)
PART 3 DETAILS OF CASE/ INCIDENT/ INTELLIGENCE
(Please include source of information, names, nicknames, ages, descriptions, vehicle details, addresses,
activities, locations, events seen or reported.
Page 3 of 6
CSE 1 – Information reporting (July 2015)
PART 4 DETAILS OF AGENCY INVOLVEMENT (either involved in the case or with whom this information
has been shared with).
Name
Agency and Address
Telephone Number
Referrer’s Name :
Signature
Date:
Please email completed form (via secure email or Password Protected) to:
CSETT@essex.pnn.police.uk as per protocol
Code - Ethnicity
CODE
W1
W2
W9
M1
M2
M3
M9
A1
A2
A3
A9
B1
B2
B9
01
09
DESCRIPTION
British
Irish
Any other white background
White and Black Caribbean
White and Black African
White and Asian
Any other mixed background
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Any other Asian background
Caribbean
African
Any other black background
Chinese
Any other ethnic background
Guidance to Agencies/Organisations providing information in respect of Sexual Exploitation
Authorities under which information is shared
•
The county wide ‘Essex Trust Charter’ is the overarching information sharing agreement under
which all information sharing agreements across the county are based.
•
Information shared in respect of a risk to children will be shared under the SET Safeguarding
children information sharing guidelines and the Caldicott Guidance
Page 4 of 6
CSE 1 – Information reporting (July 2015)
•
•
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Information shared in respect of a risk to vulnerable adults will be shared under the auspices of
the SET Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults Guidance
The manner in which information can be disclosed takes into account the following:.
To meet the policing purpose of protecting life and property; preserving order; preventing the
commission of offences; bringing offenders to justice, or fulfilling a duty or responsibility arising
from common law or statute.
The Data Protection Act 1998 (the processing of personal information).
The Human Rights Act 1998, Articles 2 and 3 and 8 for the rights of life, to be free from torture
and the right to have a private life without suffering violence.
Race Relations Amendment Act 2000
Section 115 Crime and Disorders Act 1998
Section 120 Learning and Skills Act 2000
Section 325 Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Duty to co-operate)
Sections 39 & 39a Police Act 1996 (Code of Practice on the Management of Police Information)
What information can be shared?
Any information which may relate to sexual exploitation of a child or vulnerable adult can and should be
shared.
This may be clearly significant in nature; e.g. the name of a suspected abuser or victim, or the make,
colour and registration number of a vehicle used by a suspected abuser.
In some cases the significance or clarity of the information may be less clear; e.g. a child reporting they
have seen a potential victim getting into a blue car on their way home from school or a pattern of
unexplained behaviour.
What if the source of the information does not want their details disclosed to the police?
If the source is another professional or third sector worker who has obtained this information as part of
their role, they should not be considered as a confidential source and their details should be disclosed.
Any information about risk posed by disclosure of this information should be included on the
information sharing form. The police will then be in a position to make an informed judgement on risk
and further contact.
If the source is not a professional and does not wish their details to be passed to the police this can be
respected in the majority of cases.
However the originating agency / organisation MUST keep details of the source and record on the
information sharing form where that information can be found and any reference number. In some
cases there will need to be discussions with the originating organisation about risks to the source if their
details are not disclosed and further information may be required to judge any risk to the source of the
information.
How do I send the information to the police?
Partner Agencies sending the information
1.
Need to ensure that they have secure e-mail addresses e.g .gsi/.pnn /.nhs.net
OR
2.
Send the document password protected and then telephone Essex Police CSE Triage team with
the password.
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CSE 1 – Information reporting (July 2015)
What will the police do with the information?
•
•
•
•
The police will enter the information onto their intelligence database under the category of
‘Sexual Exploitation’.
They will review the new information against all previously held intelligence relating to sexual
exploitation and also against any specific references contained within the information document.
If this new information provides sufficient intelligence to allow a further oversight of information
held and additional investigation this will be referred to the most appropriate department for
continuing investigation.
Information on the police database will be securely held in accordance with the Management of
Police Information Act (MoPI) and will be disposed of under timescales and procedures agreed
under the auspices of the Act.
Will the police pass the information to other agencies?
If the information or development of the information shows a defined risk to a child or vulnerable adult,
the police will make a safeguarding referral to the relevant Local Authority in the usual way. The LA will
then be responsible for safeguarding in accordance with the guidance relating to safeguarding children
and vulnerable adults.
If the information or development of the information shows a potential criminal offence may have been
committed, information will be shared with the most appropriate agencies.
This may include on a case by case basis organisations such as: UK Human Trafficking Agency, CEOP,
another police force, any Local Authority where the adult or child resides, Health agencies, the Salvation
Army (for human trafficking), the Missing People charity and others who may be able to provide
additional information or assist in a specific investigation.
Page 6 of 6
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Disruption letter to known or alleged perpetrator/s
Issues to consider when using this template letter
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Part of multi agency plan
This letter applies when the local authority does NOT have parental responsibility
There should be written and informed consent from the person(s) with parental
responsibility and from the young person, taking into account their Fraser
competence.
Should a decision be made to send the letter without the consent of the young
person, there needs to be a clear assessment of risk and what issues have been
balanced in deciding to send the letter without the young person’s consent?
We cannot require/order people to do any actions if we are not able to enforce
this, hence the language of request. If we do have evidence that the person does
present an immediate risk (ie has a Risk to children status) we should be looking
to other legal actions ie EPO or Police Protection to ensure the young person is
removed.
We have to be clear what we can enforce through our civil and legal
responsibilities and what the police can enforce through criminal action, hence
stating we will refer to the police and the act under which they will consider any
action.
Where we have put that the person should contact the police, we need to be
confident that the police will act appropriately on that contact.
Where the young person is subject to a care order, then again different legal
actions can be applied, in terms of recovery orders (Ss 49-50 CA)
To Whom It May Concern:
The young person named above is under 16 years of age and s/he and his/her
family are being supported by local children and young people’s services. We are
working closely with his/her parents/carers to reduce any episodes of running away
and prevent any risk to him/her from known or unknown persons.
His/her parent(s)/carers do not wish him/her to have contact with you, and this
position is supported by the agencies working with xxxx and their family. The
purpose of this letter is to request that you should not contact or associate with xxxx
again. If s/he turns up at your address we would request that you ask him/her to
leave and if s/he refuses please call the Police on xxxx to report him/her.
If you do not comply with this request, we will refer the matter to the police who will
consider taking action against you under Section 2 Child Abduction Act 1984.
Yours sincerely
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Intervention Strategies
Common strategies include:
1)
Disrupting the young person’s relationship with other young people suspected of introducing them to adults involved
in violence, gang activity drugs and sexual exploitation.
2)
Disrupting the young person’s contact with adults suspected of being involved in violence, drugs and sexual
exploitation.
3)
Gather and record information to assist prosecution and disruption of adults or other young people suspected of
being involved in violence, gang activity drugs and sexual exploitation. Corroboration of evidence is very important
to prevent reliance on the young person’s statement.
4)
Promote’ positive relationships with family, friends and Carers.
5)
Physically protect the young person. Use emergency legal powers (e.g. EPO, PPO) if required and at the discretion
of the relevant authority
6)
Maintain contact whilst absent
7)
Enhance the return procedure to ensure it is a positive experience.
8)
Set clear boundaries to acceptable behaviour and motivate positive behaviour through reward
9)
Empower the carer/ foster carer, remember they are a key partner in protecting child or young person and gathering
information to disrupt perpetrators.
10)
Build the young person’s self-esteem.
11)
Raise the young person’s awareness of CSE and the dangers of risk taking behaviours.
12)
Consider health needs of young person.
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13)
Involve the young person in diversionary activities.
14)
Make home a more attractive place to live.
15)
Achieve normality.
16)
Make school a more attractive place to go.
17)
Provide specialist support through other agencies.
18)
Plan on positive change for the future and set small targets to achieve monthly
19)
Where a young person is refusing or reluctant to engage, and is involved in soliciting or grooming peers discuss
with the Police. If they are a persistent offender the case should be referred to a Police Gold Group Meeting.
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Disruption Strategies
This tool identifies which disruption tactics may be used on a single or multi agency basis for the individual child; who is
responsible; and who will monitor the progress.,
Strategic Aim
Disrupt the young
person’s relationship
with other young people
suspected of
introducing them to
adults involved in
violence, gang activity
and sexual exploitation.
Disrupt the young
person’s contact with
adults or young people
suspected of being
involved in violence,
drugs and sexual
exploitation.
Intervention Options
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Gather information to
assist prosecution and
disruption of adults
suspected of being
involved in violence,
gang activity drugs,
sexual exploitation.


Identify whom the young person is spending time with
and recognise negative relationships.
Prevent visits to the home by other young people who
may either deliberately or unwittingly be recruiting the
young person.
Screen telephone calls to the home.
Complete information report forms on known associates
and any risk they pose.
Implement the abduction warnings and orders strategy
Recognise and acknowledge abusive relationships.
Deny individuals suspected of abusing, grooming, or
recruiting the young person access to the children’s
home.
Secure mobile phones and Sim cards, particularly if
supplied by abusers and pass to the Police.
Consider removing mobile phones at night for the
purpose of charging the batteries and monitor internet,
call and text use.
Obtain as much information as possible to identify
associates and those who pose a risk to child or young
person. Good information includes, full names, nick
names, telephone numbers, addresses and car
registrations etc.
Keep accurate records and retain the information on
child or young person personal files – it is important to
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Responsible
R
A
G
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
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
Promote positive
relationships with
family, friends and
Carers.

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
Physically protect the
young person.


date and time the information and note who is involved
in incidents and any interventions.
Send Information Report Forms to Essex Police
Intelligence Unit
Note down any licensed body or property on the
Information Report Form and send information to Essex
Police Intelligence Unit
Ensure all locality panel/core group members are
updated at meetings and as and when information is
accessed.
Be aware of specific agency responsibility and
interventions re abduction orders, licensing remedies,
checks on persons etc.
Carers/Parents should be actively engaged in searching
for the young person to show that they care.
Promote positive relationships with family and friends.
Promote the need for Carers/Parents to show attention.
Encourage honesty. Reinforce the nature of the crime
Involve Parents/Young Person in tackling the problem
and in core group meetings where appropriate.
Identify suitable long-term Key Workers who can
befriend the young person.
It is permissible to physically intervene to prevent a
young person running from care as an emergency
intervention.
However, physical intervention does not offer a longterm risk management strategy and if the only way to
prevent the young person repeatedly running away is by
physically restraining the young person on a regular
basis, an alternative or reciprocal placement should be
considered.
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
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Maintain contact whilst
absent.

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
Enhance the return
procedure to ensure it is
a positive experience.

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
Consider removing and preserving clothing and passing
it to the Police if it will aid the police in an investigation
Police and Social Care Protection Powers to be used as
appropriate
Ring the young person’s mobile phone.
There must be 24/7 contact available so that the young
person does not feel isolated during evenings or at
weekends.
Ensure the number of the Missing helpline and Childline
is in the young person’s mobile phone address book or
text the numbers to them.
Send text messages to the young person. Consider
using ‘text language’ that the young person relates to,
tell them you are worried and care about their safety
and encourage them to contact you or another adult.
Consider informing appropriate outreach workers,
Bulletins, Border alerts (UKBA/UKHTC) and agencies in
other cities such as social care, police and specialist
services.
Consider publicity and posters if whereabouts is
unknown – National Missing Helpline. Their design
should be young person centred.
Follow Children Missing from Care or Home protocol
Identify an individual that the young person respects
and wants to talk to. This person should conduct the
return interview on every occasion wherever possible.
This will ensure consistency and facilitate a positive
relationship between the young person and the
interviewer.
Interviews by Police officers that are no more than an
admonishment of the young person should be avoided,
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
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
Set clear boundaries to
acceptable behaviour
and motivate positive
behaviour.

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
Empower the carer/
foster carer.

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
as these may exacerbate the situation. Threats to
prosecute for wasting Police time or threats to take out
an ASBO are rarely effective at engaging young people
who regularly go missing and are unlikely to positively
change their behaviour.
Independent interviews should be arranged and would
preferably be conducted by staff who have received
specialist training and have a good relationship with the
young person.
Return interviews should be followed up by active
support of the young person to ensure the return
interview is seen as a positive experience.
Where child or young person are involved in petty
offending consider Restorative Justice Solutions as the
offending could be symptomatic of abuse. – Particularly
recognised in young males.
Consider reward schemes – monetary/ vouchers.
Be flexible.
Consult the young person and agree rewards and
penalties.
Adopt a behaviour management strategy.
Give the young person more independence in response
to responsible behaviour.
Raise the awareness of carers and foster carers of
relevant policies, procedures, their responsibilities,
duties, legal powers, their options and restrictions upon
them.
Consider family support services.
Maintain active support of carers and foster carers.
Raise the awareness of parents to help them to identify
the signs of child sexual exploitation and encourage use
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Build the young
person’s self-esteem.

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
Raise the young
person’s awareness of
the dangers.

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
of the Information Report Forms.
Consider Parenting Orders.
Provide training in self-protection.
Identify and encourage positive activities that the young
person may engage in and encourage the young person
to make positive contributions at home, school, leisure
or work (positive activities should build self-esteem, not
just entertain).
Assist the young person to look at the consequences of
their behaviour.
Take time to explain the issues and keep the young
person informed.
Involve the young person in looking at alternatives and
decision making.
Work with schools to raise awareness of risk.
Develop or identify internet sites aimed at young people
to raise their awareness of the dangers of going
missing. They must be young person focussed,
accessible and user friendly to ensure that young
people will be attracted to them and motivated to use
them (similar to the ‘Ask Frank’ and Think U Know
websites).
Arrange inputs by professionals to groups or individuals
explaining the dangers.
Organise individual or group discussions with adults that
the young person respects.
Facilitate peer mentoring (buddies) by young people
who have been through similar experiences and learnt
how to cope and protect themselves from exploitation.
Arrange personal safety training for the young person
and family
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Consider the health
needs of the young
person.
Involve the young
person in diversionary
activities.

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
Make home a more
attractive place to live.

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
Achieve normality.

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
Contraceptive advice.
Medical treatment if suffering neglect, injury or poor
health.
Therapeutic Interventions
Enable the young person to participate in exciting
positive activities and leisure activities such as drama or
dance.
Activity weekends or team building exercises through
multi agency provision.
Arrange work experience opportunities or vocational
training.
Use all agencies involved such as YOS, Police,
Voluntary sector, and Children’s Social Care
Identify push/pull factors and deal with them.
Tackle relationship problems.
Address domestic abuse issues.
Tackle drug/ alcohol problems of other family members.
Consider an alternative placement that gives the young
person a feeling of more independence and
responsibility.
Consider a placement that has continuity of staff and
extra support for evening shifts.
Consider extended stay with a family member in a
different city to break the cycle.
Consider specialist placement options.
Enforce bed times.
Enforce waking times.
Promote attendance at school.
Encourage young people to eat together at meal times.
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Make school a more
attractive place to go.

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Provide specialist
support through other
agencies.

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Plan on positive
change and set small
targets to achieve
monthly

Tackle bullying, truancy and peer pressure.
Provide ‘Personal, Social and Health Education’.
Encourage engagement with alternative and
educational provision
Provide funding for after school activity
Sexual, Drug and Alcohol Counselling and other
Services.
Therapeutic Services.
Advocacy Services.
Mentoring Services.
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).
Involve Education Welfare.
Raise awareness of “Drop In” support groups.
Refer to Youth Services.
Refer to Voluntary Sector for support.
Positive activities
Consider Barnardo’s 4 A’s Model (Access, Advocacy,
Assertive outreach and Affection).
Provide self-referral systems so that young people can
refer themselves.
Provide parent-referral systems that deal with parent’s
concerns that their young people will be taken into care
if they report abuse.
Targets need to be agreed with Young Person and
Parents
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Where a young person
is refusing or reluctant
to engage, and is
involved in soliciting or
grooming peers, ensure
all engagement and
disruption activities
detailed above have
been considered.

Where the police are considering criminal action against
children and the final decision rests with the police, they
should consult with partner agencies to ensure that all
alternatives and appropriate actions have been
considered for that child, in line with Association of
Chief Police Officers guidance in relation to not
criminalising young people where possible.
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