Chapter 8 homework answers (Zumdahl andZumdahl)
7. done in class
10. A chemical bond is a force of attraction holding 2 atoms together. Atoms form bonds with each
other to lower their potential energy. This is due to the fact that most elements are higher in energy
(have unpaired e- or unfilled orbitals) than bonded atoms.
24. True statements: a and c
26. True statement: c only
a) XeF2 is linear and has 180 degree angle
b) there are different bond angles
d) they adopt a geometry to minimize repulsion
28. a)
Rb, K, Na
b) Ga, B, O
c) Br, Cl, F
d) S, O, F
80, 82, 88, 89 see scanned page
92. all bonds are a hybrid of single and double bonds (see structures on scanned page)
110. a) square pyramid (90 degree angles)
b) square planar ( 90 degree angles
c) octahedron ( 90 degree angles)
114. Which molecules are polar?
116 a) polar
b) polar
a only
c) linear and nonpolar d) polar
e) nonpolar
f) polar
138. a) only CCl4 is nonpolar
b) CO2 is nonpolar
c) both are polar
Chapter 9 answers
16. resonance structures show 2 single and 1 double bond. The true molecules is a hybrid of the 3
resonance forms so all bonds are equivalent.
24. All molecules in #82 have sp3 hybridization. In #88, sp2 hybridization.
26. All have sp3d2 hybridization.
38 a) see scanned page
b) piperine has 0 sp, 11 sp2, 6 sp3
capsaicin has 0 sp, 9 sp2, 9 sp3
c) the nitrogens are sp3 hybridized in each molecule
60. a) see scanned page
b) sulfurs have sp3 hybridization
C’s with triple bonds: sp
Most other C’s use sp2, the C in CH3 uses sp3
66. F2ClO2- is see saw (sp3d)
F4ClO- is square pyramid (sp3d2)
F2ClO+ is trigonal pyramid (sp3)
F2ClO2+ is tetrahedron (sp3)