Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
1
2
1
Supplemental Table 4. Studies Used for Prevalence Meta-Analysis
Study
Group
Definition
Author
Year
Community
(1) vs Subpopulation
(0)
Vet
(1)
vs
NonVet
(0)
Patient
(1) vs
nonPatient
(0)
%
Female
Mixed
(1) vs.
One
Trauma
(0)
Type
N Linked
to
Prevalence
Subthresh.
PTSD
PTSD
Prevalen
ce
Prevalence
A
1
Baranyi, A., Leithgob, 2010
O., Kreiner, B., Tanzer,
K., Ehrlich, G., Hofer,
H. P., &
Rothenhausler, H.
(2010). Relationship
between posttraumatic
stress disorder, quality
of life, social support,
and affective and
dissociative status in
severely injured
accident victims 12
months after trauma.
Psychosomatics, 51(3),
237-249.
0
0
1
26.9
1
52
26.90%
38.50%
A
1
Barth, J., Kopfmann,
S., Nyberg, E.,
Angenendt, J., &
Frommberger, U.
(2005). Posttraumatic
1
0
0
41.4
0
70
14.20%
10%
2005
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
2
stress disorders and
extent of psychosocial.
GMS Psycho-SocialMedicine, 2, 1-11.
A
1
Cohen, L. R., & Hien,
D. A. (2006).
Treatment outcomes
for women with
substance abuse and
PTSD who have
experienced complex
trauma. Psychiatric
Services, 57(1), 100106.
2006
0
0
1
100
1
107
12%
88%
A
1
Cukor, J., Wyka, K.,
Jayasinghe, N., &
Difede, J. (2010). The
nature and course of
subthreshold PTSD.
Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 24, 918923.
2010
0
0
0
3
0
3360
9.70%
8.20%
A
1
Grubaugh, A. L.,
Magruder, K. M.,
Waldrop, A. E., Elhai,
J. D., Knapp, R. G., &
Frueh, B. C. (2005).
2005
0
1
1
6.6
1
733
4.60%
11.70%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
3
Subthreshold PTSD in
primary care:
Prevalence, psychiatric
disorders, healthcare
use, and functional
status. The Journal of
Nervous and Mental
Disease, 193(10), 658664.
A
1
Hepp, U., Gamma, A.,
Milos, G., Eich, D.,
Adjacic-Gross, V.,
Russler, W., . . . J.,
Schnyder, U. (2006).
Prevalence of exposure
to potentially traumatic
events and PTSD.
European Archives of
Psychiatry and
Clinical Neuroscience,
256, 151-158.
2006
1
0
0
55.86
1
128
1.30%
0%
A
1
Spitzer, C., Dudeck,
M., Liss, H., Orlob, S.,
Gillner, M., &
Freyberger, H. J.
(2001). Post-traumatic
stress disorder in
2001
0
0
1
3.77
1
53
23%
36%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
4
forensic inpatients. The
Journal of Forensic
Psychiatry, 12(1), 6377.
A
1
Zinzow, H. M.,
Rheingold, A. A.,
Byczkiewicz, M.,
Saunders, B. E., &
Kilpatrick, D. G.
(2011). Examining
posttraumatic stress
symptoms in a national
sample of homicide
survivors: Prevalence
and comparison to
other violence victims.
Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 00, 1-4.
2011
1
0
0
45
1
921
8%
8%
A
1
Zinzow, H. M.,
Rheingold, A. A.,
Byczkiewicz, M.,
Saunders, B. E., &
Kilpatrick, D. G.
(2011). Examining
posttraumatic stress
symptoms in a national
sample of homicide
2011
1
0
0
45
0
921
11%
15%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
5
survivors: Prevalence
and comparison to
other violence victims.
Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 00, 1-4.
A
2
Alcorn, K. L.,
O'Donnovan, A.,
Creedy, P. D., &
Devilly, G. J. (2010).
A prospective
longitudinal study of
the prevalence of posttraumatic stress
disorder resulting from
childbirth events.
Psychological
Medicine, 40, 18491859.
2010
0
0
0
100
1
776
1.68%
3.60%
A
2
Gudmundsdottir, B., &
Beck, J. G. (2004).
Understanding the
pattern of PTSD
symptomatology: A
comparison of between
versus within-group
approaches. Behavior
Research and Therapy,
2004
1
0
0
69.09
0
165
19.39%
43.03%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
6
42, 1367-1375.
A
2
Hamann, H. A.,
Somers, T. J., Smith,
A. W., Inslight, S. S.,
& Baum, A. (2005).
Posttraumatic stress
associated with cancer
history and BRAC1/2
genetic testing.
Psychosomatic
Medicine, 67, 766-772.
2005
1
0
0
100
0
65
4.60%
3.10%
A
2
Inniss, D., Steiger, H.,
& Bruce, K. (2011).
Threshold and
subthreshold posttraumatic stress
disorder in bulimic
patients: Prevalence
and clinical correlates.
Eating and Weight
Disorders, 16, E30E36.
2011
0
0
1
100
1
139
41%
17.90%
A
2
Inniss, D., Steiger, H.,
& Bruce, K. (2011).
Threshold and
subthreshold posttraumatic stress
2011
0
0
1
100
1
139
14.80%
6.60%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
7
disorder in bulimic
patients: Prevalence
and clinical correlates.
Eating and Weight
Disorders, 16, E30E36.
A
2
Martin, M., Marchand, 2009
A., & Boyer, R.
(2009). Traumatic
events in the
workplace: Impact of
psychopathology and
healthcare use of police
officers. International
Journal of Emergency
Mental Health, 11(3),
165-176.
0
0
0
15.72
1
159
7%
8%
A
2
Martin, M., Marchand,
A., Boyer, R., &
Martin, N. (2009).
Predictors of the
development of
posttraumatic stress
disorder among police
officers. Journal of
Trauma and
Dissociation, 10, 451-
0
0
0
14.39
1
132
6.80%
7.60%
2009
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
8
468.
A
2
Matsuoka, Y., Nishi,
2008
D., Nakajima, S., Kim,
Y., Homma, M., &
Otomo, Y. (2008).
Incidence
and
prediction of
psychiatric morbidity
after a motor vehicle
accident in Japan: The
Tachikawa cohort of
motor vehicle accident
study. Critical Care
Medicine, 36(1), 74-80.
A
2
Nishi, D., Hashimoto,
K., Noguchi, H.,
Matsuoka, Y. (2014).
Serum neuropeptide Y
in accident survivors
with depression or
posttrauamtic stress
disorder. Neuroscience
Research, 83, 8-12.
2014
A
3
Alcorn, K. L.,
O'Donnovan, A.,
Creedy, P. D., &
Devilly, G. J. (2010).
2010
1
0
0
29
0
100
16%
8%
0
0
1
28.3
0
138
11.59%
6.52%
0
0
0
100
1
776
0.52%
3.60%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
9
A prospective
longitudinal study of
the prevalence of posttraumatic stress
disorder resulting from
childbirth events.
Psychological
Medicine, 40, 18491859.
A
3
Favaro, A., Tenconi,
E., Colombo, G., &
Santonastaso, P.
(2006). Full and partial
post-traumatic stress
disorder among World
War II prisoners of
war. Psychopathology,
39, 187-191.
2006
A
3
Gelkopf, M., Roe, D.,
Werbeloff, N., HansonOhayon, I., Mueser, K.
T., Caspi, A., Weiser,
M. (2013). The
prevalence of full and
partial posttraumatic
stress disorder among
2013
people with severe
0
1
0
16.67
1
66
48.48%
19.70%
0
0
1
16
1
122
20%
19%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
10
mental illness in Israel.
The Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disease, 3,
244-250.
A
3
Martin, M., Marchand, 2009
A., & Boyer, R.
(2009). Traumatic
events in the
workplace: Impact of
psychopathology and
healthcare use of police
officers. International
Journal of Emergency
Mental Health, 11(3),
165-176.
0
0
0
15.72
1
159
7%
8%
A
3
Martin, M., Marchand,
A., Boyer, R., &
Martin, N. (2009).
Predictors of the
development of
posttraumatic stress
disorder among police
officers. Journal of
Trauma and
Dissociation, 10, 451468.
0
0
0
14.39
1
132
6.80%
7.60%
2009
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
11
A
3
Pietrzak, R. H.,
Goldstein, R. B.,
Southwick, S. M., &
Grant, B. F. (2011b).
Prevalence and axis i
comorbidity of full and
partial posttraumatic
stress disorder in the
United States: Results
from wave 2 of the
national epidemiologic
survey on alcohol and
related conditions.
Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 25, 456465.
2011
1
0
0
52.2
1
34,653
6.60%
6.40%
B
1
Adams, R. E.,
Boscarino, J. A., &
Galea, S. (2006).
Alcohol use, mental
health status and
psychological wellbeing 2 years after the
World Trade Center
attacks in New York
City. The American
Journal of Drug and
2006
1
0
0
58.77
1
1681
19.80%
5.65%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
12
Alcohol Abuse, 32,
203-224.
B
B
1
1
Chung, M. C. & Allen,
R. D. (2013).
Alexithymia and
posttraumatic stress
disorder following
epileptic seizure.
Psychiartic Quarterly,
84, 271-285.
Cukor, J., Wyak, K.,
Jayasinghe, N.,
Weathers, F., Giosan,
C., Leck, P., . . .
Difede, J. (2011).
Prevalence and
predictors of
posttraumatic stress
symptoms in utility
workers deployed to
the World Trade
Center following the
attacks on September
11, 2001. Depression
and Anxiety, 28, 210217.
2013
0
0
1
44
0
71
30%
51%
2011
0
0
0
2.1
0
2960
9.30%
8.00%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
13
B
1
Forray, A., Mayes, L.
C., Magriples, U., &
Epperson, C. N.
(2009). Prevalence of
post-traumatic stress
disorder in pregnant
women with prior
pregnancy
complications. The
Journal of MaternalFetal and Neonatal
Medicine, 22(6), 522527.
2009
0
0
0
B
1
Gellis, L. A.,
2010
Mavandadi, S., &
Oslin, D. W. (2010).
Functional quality of
life in full verses
partial posttraumatic
stress disorder among
veterans returning from
Iraq and Afghanistan.
The Primary Care
Companion to the
Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry, 12(3), 112.
0
1
1
100
0
76
28.60%
12.50%
0
245
15.10%
48.98%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
14
B
B
1
1
Gluck, T. M., Tran, U.
S., Lueger-Schuster, B.
(2012). PTSD and
trauma in Austria's
elderly: influence of
wartime experiences,
postwar zone of
occupation, and life
time traumatization on
today's mental health
status - an
interdiscipliary
approach. European
Journal of
Psychotraumatology,
3, 1-10.
Jones, B., Muller, J., &
Maercker, A. (2006).
Trauma and
posttraumatic reactions
in German
development aid
workers: Prevalence
and relationship to
social
acknowledgement.
International Journal
2012
0
1
0
62.3
0
308
8.80%
1.90%
2006
0
0
0
52.88
1
312
0.96%
4.49%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
15
of Social Psychiatry,
52(2), 91-100.
B
B
1
1
Kasckow, J., Brown,
C., Morse, J., Begley,
A., Bensasi, S.,
Reynolds, C. F. (2012).
Post-traumatic stress
disorder symptoms in
emotionally distressed
individuals referred for
a depression
prevention
intervention:
Relationship to
problem-solving skills.
International Journal
of Geriatric
Psychiatry, 27, 11061111.
2012
Knefel, M. & LuegerSchuster, B. (2013).
An evaluation of ICD11 PTSD and complex
PTSD criteria in a
sample of adult
surviviors of childhod
institutional abuse.
2013
0
0
1
71.3
1
244
6%
3%
0
0
0
22.7
1
229
24%
17%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
16
European Journal of
Psychotraumatology,
4, 1-11.
B
B
1
1
Matsuoka, Y., Nishi,
D., Noguchi, H., Kim,
Y., Hashimoto, K.
(2013). Longitudinal
changes in serum
brain-derived
neurotrophic factor in
acciedent survivors
with posttraumatic
stress disorder.
Neuropsychobiology,
68, 44-50.
Pietrzak, R. H.,
Goldstein, M. B.,
Malley, J. C., Johnson,
D. C., & Southwick, S.
M. (2009).
Subsyndromal
posttraumatic stress
disorder is associated
with health and
psychosocial
difficulties in veterans
of Operation Enduring
2013
0
0
0
33
0
103
9.71%
7.77%
2009
0
1
0
10.85
0
557
22.30%
21.50%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
17
Freedom and Iraqi
Freedom. Depression
and Anxiety, 26, 739744.
B
1
Schnurr, P. P., Ford, J. 2000
D., Friedman, M. J.,
Green, B. L., Dain, B.
J., & Sengupta, A.
(2000). Predictors and
outcomes of
posttraumatic stress
disorder in World War
II veterans exposed to
mustard gas. Journal of
Consulting and
Clinical Psychology,
68(2), 258-268.
0
1
0
0
0
363
10%
32%
B
1
Silove, D., Brooks, R.,
Steel, Z., Blaszcynski,
A., Hillman, K., &
Tyndall, K. (2006).
Can structured
interviews for
posttraumatic stress
disorder assist clinical
decision-making after
motor vehicle
0
0
1
39.76
0
83
28.90%
37.30%
2006
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
18
accidents? An
exploratory analysis.
Comprehensive
Psychiatry, 47, 194200.
B
1
Yarvis, J. S., Bordnick, 2005
P. S., Spivey, C. A., &
Pedlar, D. (2005).
Subthreshold PTSD: A
comparison of alcohol,
depression, and health
problems in Canadian
peacekeepers with
different levels of
traumatic stress. Stress,
Trauma, and Crisis: an
International Journal,
8, 195-213.
B
2
Chung, M.C. & Wall,
N. (2013). Alexithymia
and posttraumatic
stress disorder
following asthma
attack. Psychiatric
Quarterly, 84, 287302.
2013
0
1
0
0
0
1101
13%
18%
0
0
0
62.26
0
106
42%
2%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
19
B
2
Gillock, K. L., Zayfert,
C., Hegel, M. T., &
Ferguson, R. J. (2005).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder in primary
care: Prevalence and
relationships with
physical symptoms and
medical utilization.
General Hospital
Psychiatry, 27, 392399.
2005
0
0
1
69
1
232
25%
9%
B
2
Gold, J. I., Douglas, M.
K., Thomas, M. L.,
Elliott, J. E., Rao, S.
M., Miaskowski, C.
(2012). The
relationship between
posttraumatic stress
disorder, mood states,
functional status, and
quality of life in
oncology outpatients.
Journal of Pain and
Symptom Management,
44(4), 520-531.
2012
0
1
1
12
0
289
18%
27%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
20
B
2
Horsch, A., McManus,
F., Kennedy, P., &
Edge, J. (2007).
Anxiety, depressive
and posttraumatic
stress symptoms in
mothers of children
with type 1 diabetes.
Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 20(5), 881-891.
B
2
Jin, S. G., Yan, L. N.,
Xiang, B., Wen, T.F.,
Zhao, J. C., Xu, M. Q.,
Yang, J. Y. (2012).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder after liver
transplantation.
Hepatobiliary &
Pancreatic Diseases
International, 11, 2833.
B
2
Jones, B., Muller, J., &
Maercker, A. (2006).
Trauma and
posttraumatic reactions
in German
development aid
2007
0
0
0
100
0
60
15%
10%
2012
0
0
1
19
0
241
5%
4%
2006
0
0
0
52.88
1
312
2.88%
4.49%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
21
workers: Prevalence
and relationship to
social
acknowledgement.
International Journal
of Social Psychiatry,
52(2), 91-100.
B
2
Kimerling, R., Trafton,
J. A., & Nguyen, B.
(2006). Validation of a
brief screen for PostTraumatic Stress
Disorder with
substance use disorder
patients. Addictive
Behaviors, 31, 20742079.
B
2
Knefel, M. & LuegerSchuster, B. (2013).
An evaluation of ICD11 PTSD and complex
PTSD criteria in a
sample of adult
surviviors of childhod
institutional abuse.
European Journal of
Psychotraumatology,
2006
0
1
1
2
0
97
12.80%
33%
2013
0
0
0
22.7
1
229
27%
17%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
22
4, 1-11.
B
2
Manne, S., DuHamel,
K., Ostroff, J., Parsons,
S., Martini, D. R.,
Williams, S. E., . . .
Redd, W. H. (2004).
Anxiety, depressive,
and posttraumatic
stress disorders among
mothers of pediatric
survivors of
hematopoietic stem
cell transplantation.
Pediatrics, 113(6),
1700- 1708.
B
2
McCarthy, M. C.,
Ashley, D. M., Lee, K.
J., Anderson, V. A.
(2012). Predictors of
acute and
posttraumatic stress
symptoms in parents
following their child's
cancer diagnosis.
Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 25, 558-566.
2004
0
0
0
100
0
111
7.20%
11.70%
2012
0
0
0
64.83
0
145
40%
19.30%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
23
B
2
Mellman, T. A.,
Brown, D. D., Jenifer,
E. S., Hipolito, M. M.,
& Randall, O. S.
(2009). Posttraumatic
stress disorder and
nocturnal blood
pressure dipping in
young adult African
Americans.
Psychosomatic
Medicine, 71, 627-630.
B
2
Mitchell, K. S.,
Mazzeo, S. E.,
Schlesinger, M. R.,
Brewerton, T. D.,
Smith, B. N. (2012).
Comorbidity of partial
and subthreshold
PTSD among men and
women with eating
disorders in the
National Cormorbidity
Survey-Replication
Study. International
Journal of Eating
Disorders, 45(3), 307-
2009
0
0
0
60
0
30
10%
3.30%
2012
1
0
0
58.05
1
5702
43.79%
13.30%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
24
315
B
2
Nishi, D., Matsuoka,
2010
Y., Yonemoto, N.,
Noguchi, H., Kim, Y.,
& Kanba, S. (2010).
Peritraumatic distress
inventory as a predictor
of post-traumatic stress
disorder after a severe
motor vehicle accident.
Psychiatry and
Clinical
Neurosciences, 64,
149-156.
0
0
0
21.88
0
64
12.50%
B
2
Peres, J. F., Foerster,
B., Santana, L. G.,
Domingues Fereira,
M., Nasello, A. G.,
Savoia, M., . . .
Lederman, H. (2011).
Police officers under
attack: Resilience
implications of an
fMRI study. Journal
of Psychiatric
Research, 45, 727-734.
0
0
0
0
0
97
29.60%
2011
7.80%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
25
B
2
Smith, S. K.,
Zimmerman, S.,
Williams, C. S.,
Preisser, J. S., & Chip,
E. C. (2008). Posttraumatic stress
outcomes in nonHodgkin’s Lymphoma
survivors. Journal of
Clinical Oncology,
26(6), 934-941.
2008
0
0
1
50.58
0
868
8.90%
7.60%
B
2
Stein, M. B., Walker, J. 1997
R., Hazen, A. L., &
Forde, D. R. (1997).
Full and partial
posttraumatic stress
disorder: Findings
from a community
survey. The American
Journal of Psychiatry,
154(8), 1114-1119.
1
0
0
52.3
1
1,002
1.90%
2%
B
2
Stuber, M. L., Meeske,
K. A., Leisenring, W.,
Stratton, K., Zeltzer, L.
K., Dawson, K., . . .
Krull, K. R. (2011).
Defining medical
0
0
1
52.3
1
6,542
4.80%
9%
2011
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
26
posttraumatic stress
among young adult
survivors in the
childhood cancer
survivor study.
General Hospital
Psychiatry, 33, 347353.
B
2
Stuber, M. L., Meeske,
K. A., Leisenring, W.,
Stratton, K., Zeltzer, L.
K., Dawson, K., . . .
Krull, K. R. (2011).
Defining medical
posttraumatic stress
among young adult
survivors in the
childhood cancer
survivor study.
General Hospital
Psychiatry, 33, 347353.
2011
0
0
0
52.4
1
374
3.21%
2.14%
B
2
Van Loey, N., Van
Son, M., Van Der
Heijden, P., & Ellis, I.
(2008). PTSD in
persons with burns: An
2008
0
0
1
31
0
90
13%
8%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
27
explorative study
examining
relationships with
attributed
responsibility, negative
and positive emotional
states. Burns, 34, 10821089.
B
B
2
2
Varela, V. S., Ng, A.,
Mauch, P., Recklitis,
C. J. (2013).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) in
survivors of Hodgkin;s
lymphoma: Prevalence
of PTSD and partial
PTSD compared with
sibling controls.
Psycho-Oncology, 22,
434-440.
Varela, V. S., Ng, A.,
Mauch, P., Recklitis,
C. J. (2013).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) in
survivors of Hodgkin;s
lymphoma: Prevalence
2013
0
0
1
50.48
0
105
35.20%
13%
2013
0
0
0
53.47
0
101
17.80%
6.90%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
28
of PTSD and partial
PTSD compared with
sibling controls.
Psycho-Oncology, 22,
434-440.
B
3
Adams, R. E.,
Boscarino, J. A., &
Galea, S. (2006).
Alcohol use, mental
health status and
psychological wellbeing 2 years after the
World Trade Center
attacks in New York
City. The American
Journal of Drug and
Alcohol Abuse, 32,
203-224.
B
3
Betts, K.S., Williams,
G. M., Najman, J. M.,
Alatr, R. (2013).
Exploring the female
specific risk to partial
and full PTSD
following physical
assault. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 26,
2006
0
0
0
58.77
1
1681
8.10%
5.65%
2013
1
0
0
48.69
1
2549
2.63%
6.32%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
29
86-93.
B
3
Breslau, N., Lucia, V.
C., & Davis, G. C.
(2004). Partial PTSD
versus full PTSD: An
empirical examination
of associated
impairment.
Psychological
Medicine, 34, 12051214.
2004
1
0
0
50.5
0
1606
20.40%
9.46%
B
3
Cook, J. M., Elhai, J.
D., Cassidy, E. L.,
Ruzek, J. I., Ram, G.
D., & Sheikh, J. I.
(2005). Assessment of
trauma exposure and
post-traumatic stress in
long-term care
veterans: Preliminary
data on psychometrics
and post-traumatic
stress disorder
prevalence. Military
Medicine, 170(10),
862-866.
2005
0
1
1
0
1
32
15.60%
9.40%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
30
B
3
Corapcioglu, A., Tural
U., Yargic, I., &
Kocabasoglu, N.
(2004). Subthreshold
post traumatic stress
disorder in survivors of
Marmara earthquake.
Primary Care
Psychiatry, 9(4), 137143.
2004
0
0
0
48.1
0
1288
28%
13.80%
B
3
Davidson, J.,
Tharwani, H. M., &
Connor, K. M. (2002).
Davidson trauma scale
(DTS): Normative
scores in the general
population and effect
sizes in placebocontrolled SSRI trials.
Depression and
Anxiety, 15, 75-78.
2002
1
0
0
62
1
630
4.10%
2.20%
B
3
Favaro, A., Zanetta, C., 2004
Giovanni, C., Paolo, S.
(2004). Surviving the
Vajont disaster:
Psychiatric
consequences 36 years
0
0
0
30.77
0
39
31%
21%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
31
later. The Journal of
Nervous and Mental
Disease, 193(3), 227231.
B
B
3
3
Ford, J., Chang, R.,
Levine, J., & Zhang,
W. (2013).
Randomized Clinical
Trial Comparing
Affect Regulation and
Supportive Group
Therapies for
Victimization-Related
PTSD With
Incarcerated Women.
Behavior Therapy,
262-276.
Ford, J. D. (2011).
Ethnoracial and
educational differences
in victimization
history, trauma-related
symptoms, and coping
style. Psychological
Trauma: Theory,
Research, Practice,
and Policy, 4(2), 177-
2013
0
0
0
100
1
80
12%
28%
2011
0
0
1
100
1
145
20%
80%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
32
185.
B
3
Gillock, K. L., Zayfert,
C., Hegel, M. T., &
Ferguson, R. J. (2005).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder in primary
care: Prevalence and
relationships with
physical symptoms and
medical utilization.
General Hospital
Psychiatry, 27, 392399.
B
3
Gluck, T. M., Tran, U.
S., Lueger-Schuster, B.
(2012). PTSD and
trauma in Austria's
elderly: influence of
wartime experiences,
postwar zone of
occupation, and life
time traumatization on
today's mental health
status - an
interdiscipliary
approach. European
Journal of
2005
0
0
1
69
1
232
25%
9%
2012
0
1
0
62.3
0
308
12%
1.90%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
33
Psychotraumatology, 3,
1-10.
B
3
Hoffman, S. N., Zhang,
X., Erlich, P. M.,
Boscarino, J. A.
(2012). Graphemecolor synthesthesia and
PTSD: Preliminary
results from the
Veterans Health Study.
Psychosomatic
Medicine, 74(9), 912915.
2012
0
1
1
4
1
700
11%
7%
B
3
Huang, G., Zhang, Y.,
Momartin, S., Cao, Y.,
& Zhao, L. (2006).
Prevalence and
characteristics of
trauma and
posttraumatic stress
disorder in female
prisoners in China.
Comprehensive
Psychiatry, 47, 20-29.
2006
0
0
0
100
1
471
7.64%
10.60%
B
3
Jakupcak, M.,
Hoerster, K. D., Varra,
2011
0
1
0
8.7
0
275
17.10%
37.10%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
34
A., Vannoy, S., Felker,
B., & Hunt, S. (2011).
Hopelessness and
suicidal ideation in Iraq
and Afghanistan war
veterans reporting
subthreshold and
threshold posttraumatic
stress disorder. The
Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease,
199(4), 272-275.
B
3
Jeon, H. J., Suh, T.,
Lee, H. J., Hahm, B.,
Lee, J., Cho, S., . . .
Cho, M. J. (2007).
Partial versus full
PTSD in the Korean
community:
Prevalence, duration,
correlates,
comorbidity, and
dysfunctions.
Depression and
Anxiety, 24, 577-585.
2007
1
0
0
20.18
1
6258
2.70%
1.70%
B
3
Kim, H. G., Harrison,
P. A., Godecker, A. L.,
2014
0
0
1
100
1
745
4%
7%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
35
Muzyka, C. N. (2014).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder among women
receiving prenatal care
atthree federally
qualified health care
centers. Maternal and
Child Health Journal,
18, 1056-1065.
B
3
Landolt, M. A., Ribi,
K., Laimbacher, J.,
Vollrath, M., Gnehm,
H. E., & Sennhauser,
F. H. (2002). Brief
report: Posttraumatic
stress disorder in
parents of children
with newly diagnosed
type 1 diabetes.
Journal of Pediatric
Psychology, 27(7),
647-652.
B
3
Otis, C., Marchand, A.,
Courtois, F. (2012).
Risk factors for
posttraumatic stress
disorder in persons
2002
0
0
0
50.68
0
73
46.58%
23%
2012
0
0
1
21.1
0
71
20%
11%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
36
with spinal cord injury.
Topics in Spinal Cord
Injury Rehabilitation,
18(3), 253-263.
B
B
3
3
Pietrzak, R. H.,
Goldstein, R. B.,
Southwick, S. M.,
Grant, B. F. (2012).
Physical health
conditions associated
with posttraumatic
stress disorder in U.S.
older adults: Results
from wave-2 of the
National
Epidemiologic Survey
on Alcohol and Related
Conditions. Journal of
the American
Geriatrics Society, 60,
296-303.
2012
Roberge, M., Dupuis,
G., & Marchand, A.
(2010). Post-traumatic
stress disorder
following myocardial
infarction: Prevalence
2010
1
0
0
53.2
1
9463
6%
5%
0
0
1
24.9
0
477
12%
4%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
37
and risk factors. The
Canadian Journal of
Cardiology, 26(5),
E170-E175.
3
B
3
Stein, M. B., Walker, J. 1997
R., Hazen, A. L., &
Forde, D. R. (1997).
Full and partial
posttraumatic stress
disorder: Findings
from a community
survey. The American
Journal of Psychiatry,
154(8), 1114-1119.
1
0
0
B
3
Zhang, W., Ross, J., & 2004
Davidson, J. R. (2004).
Posttraumatic stress
disorder in callers to
the anxiety disorders
association of America.
Depression and
Anxiety, 19, 96-104.
0
0
0
52.3
1
1,002
1.90%
1
288
11.10%
Note: Studies that are repeated in this table vary in either reporting multiple definitions, trauma types or other categories
8%
Running head: SUBTHRESHOLD POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
38