PHILGOV
HAND-OUTS (PRELIM EXAM)
THE FOUNDATIONS OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 History Defined
 Purposes of Studying History
 Sources of Historical Data
 External and Internal Criticisms
 Causative Interpretations of History
Definitions
 It is a discipline which deals with the
study of significant events in the past in
order to ascertain the truth.
 It refers to the study of chronological
events that happened in the past. It is
also a descriptive study of recorded
events.
 It is the study of texts which are
presented in narrative form.
Purposes
 It narrates the events that happened in
the past in order to understand the
present and somehow predict and/or
influence the future.
 It helps us understand people and
societies because it offers a wide range
of information on how people and
societies behave.
 It teaches us to appreciate our heritage
in a broad perspective.
 It enables us to think critically.
Sources of Historical Data
Written Sources
o Primary- by-products of events that
have taken place
o Secondary- materials that interpret and
analyze primary sources
Orally Transmitted Materials
o Unwritten historical accounts which are
passed on from generation to
generation through word of mouth
Artistic Production
o Historical sources that are in the form
of visual arts and sculptures
Electronic Data
o Historical sources that can be acquired
from films, documentaries, television
shows, etc.
Relics and Remain
o Historical sources that can be extracted
from artifacts, fossils, bones, potteries,
etc.
Criticisms of Historical Sources
External Criticism
o It examines the material authenticity of
a source.
o It focuses on the physical attributes of
the recovered materials of the past.
Internal Criticism
o It verifies the authenticity of the
available information provided by the
source.
o Sources are mostly in the forms of
writing and dialogue/discourse.
Causative Interpretations of History
Greeks and Romans
 Events in history are determined and
controlled by destiny.
Christians
 They believed that all historical events
lead to the universality of a true
religion.
Francois-Marie Arouet (a.k.a. Voltaire)
 Historical events unfold not because of
a divine entity but are the results of
chance and luck/misfortune.
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
 The continuity of historical events is
brought about by a dominant and
inferior idea.
Charles Darwin
 The rule of the survival of the fittest
applies
and
that
acquired
characteristics of society are passed on
to succeeding generations.
Change
Quantitative- changes that can be measured
 Growth in the economy, literacy rate,
and poverty incidents
Qualitative- modification of the characteristics,
trials, and attributes of particular person or
identity
 Quality of life, voting behavior of the
people and buying attitude of the
consumer
THE PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
 The Country's Natural Wealth
 Theories on the Origin of the Philippines
 The Country's Geography and Regions
 Natural Resources
Land Resources
 There are 8,400,000 hectares of land in
the Philippines that can be used as
agricultural land.
 The primary agricultural crops in the
Philippines are rice, corn, sweet potato,
sugar cane, coffee, tobacco and abaca.
Fish and Marine Resources
 Fish is one of the staple foods of the
Filipinos.
 There are total of 174,000 hectares of
fish farms and aquaculture spaces in
the Philippines.
 The common marine products in the
Philippines include milk fish, mussels,
shrimp, etc.
Mineral Resources
 The country's mineral exports can be
classified as metal and non-metal.
 There are also oil explorations in the
Philippines and one of them is in
Palawan where oil firms extract as
much as 10,000 BPD (barrels per day)
Forest Resources
 The Philippine forest offers 3,500
varieties of trees.
 It is the major producer of Philippine
wood, which is known for its quality and
sturdiness.
 Theories on the Origin of the Philippines
Theories on the Origin of the Philippines
Mu or Lemuria Theory
o The Philippines came from a lost
continent named Mu or Lemuria (Pacific
Ocean).
Pacific or Magmatic Theory
o The Philippine archipelago came about
due to volcanic eruptions beneath the
ocean.
Asiatic Theory
o The Philippines was a part of the Asian
continent through land bridges
Strategic Location
 Southeast of the Asian continent
 4 30' N and 21 20' north latitude and
116 55' E and 126 36' east longitude or
13 00 N, 122 00 E (CIA's World
Factbook)
 Latitude- measures the distance of a
specific location/point from the
equator.
 Longitude- measures the distance of a
specific location/point from the prime
meridian.
 The Philippines measures 300,242,943
square kilometers (or 115,830 square
miles).
 The Philippines is bounded on the north
by Bashi Channel, on the west by West
Philippine Sea, on the east by the Pacific
Ocean and on the south by the Celebes
Sea and the Sulu Sea.
 The northernmost point of the
Philippines is Y'Ami Isle which is about
78 miles from the Taiwan while the
southernmost point is Saluag Isles,
which is only 34 miles east of Borneo.
THE PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
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Early Settlers in the Philippines
Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays
Economic Life
Social Life
Government
Culture
Land Bridges Theory
 This theory explains that the waters
around the Philippines fell about 155.84
feet (or 47.5 meters) below its original
level during the Ice Age.
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Stone tools and animal fossils in
Cagayan Valley
200 years ago
Collectively they were called “Cagayan
man or homo erectus philippinensis”.
Skull cap of Tabon Man
Discovered in 1962 by Robert Bradford
Fox
Discovered at the Tabon Caves in
Palawan
It referred as the skull cap of Tabon
Man
Exist about 22,000 years ago
NEGRITOS
o They came from the southern part of
the Philippines (particularly Palawan,
Borneo, Sulu, and Mindanao) through
the land bridges.
o Physical characteristic: broad nosed,
dark and kinky hair, short, blackskinned, round black eyes
o Their tools were made up of stones.
They also used blow guns and blow
arrows as their primary instruments
that were used in hunting and gathering
and other agricultural activities.
INDONESIANS
o The first group of settler who reached
the Philippines by sea.
o
o
Physical characteristics: five to six feet
high (relatively taller than Negritos), fair
complexioned, high-bridged nosed,
protrude forehead.
The Indonesians were settled in just
one area. Their food supply was usually
from hunting, fishing, and farming. The
also used tools such as shields, spears,
and knives.
MALAYS
o Their arrivals was composed of three
waves:
 First group – arrived from 200
B.C to 100 A.D (head-hunting
malays).
 Second group – arrived from
100 A.D to 13th Century
(alphabet-user malays).
 Third group – arrived from 14th
to 16th century ( Muslim
Malays)
o Physical characteristics: medium in
height, brown complexioned, straight
and black hair, dark brown eyes and
flat noses.
ECONOMIC LIFE
Agriculture
o Various crops were raised such as
banana. Sugar cane, cotton, coconut,
rice, vegetables, hemp (tough fiber
from abaca), and others.
o Land cultivation has been popular in the
Philippines as early as the existence of
the ancient Filipinos.
o Antonio Pigafetta noted in his journal
some agriculture crops that he saw in
Sugbo (Cebu).
o Ancient Filipinos were engage in
progressive irrigation system to ensure
that there is continuous crop
production.
Industries
 Mining
 Early Filipinos worked in various
mines of gold, copper, iron, silver
etc.
 Shipbuilding and logging
 Early Filipinos were also engaged in
shipbuilding and logging.
 Antonio de Morga stated that the
natives are skillful in constructing seabased vessels.
 This skill may be attributed to the rich
presence of hardwood in the Philippine
forest.
Kaingin System – involves burning the wild
bushes of grass in order to clear the land that
will subsequently be used to plant a valuable
crop.
Tillage System – involves plowing and
harrowing the land then followed by planting a
crop.
According to Antonio de Morga, a Spanish
lawyer and author of the book de las Islas
Filipinas who occupied a high-ranking position
in the Philippines during the Spanish
occupation, Stated that the Filipino natives
were skillful in constructing sea-based vessels.
SOCIAL CLASSES
Nobles
 Occupied the upper class in the precolonial Filipino society.
 Nobles were highly-honored by the rest
of the society.
o Lakandula (Lakan Dula)
o Lakanilaw (Lakan Haw)
o Gatmaitan (Gat Maitan)
o Gatchalian (Gat Saiian)
o Gatbanton (Gat Bunton)
Freemen
 Considered as society’s middle class
 Didn’t have to pay tribute to the nobles
Dependents
 Occupied the lowest social status in the
Filipino Pre-colonial society.
 Full
dependent
(parentsboth
dependents)
 One –half dependent (only one parentdependent)
 Semi-dependent (one parent – one-half
dependent, other parent- free)
 Tagalogs
(aliping namamahay and aliping sagigilid)
 Visayans
(tumataban,tumarampuk,ayuey)
Women’s Position in Society
o Women were permitted to occupy key
position in the society.
o Entitled to the rights and privileges
enjoyed by men.
 They were permitted to inherit, own,
and sell properties.
 Permitted to become village chiefs in
the absence of male heir
 Had a right to give names to their
children
 Highly-respected and revered by men
Marriage Customs
o Customary to marry a person who was
in the same social class
o A man had a right to marry as many
women as he could support
o Before a man could marry a woman, he
should render household services to the
woman’s family.
o Groom should give dowry (bigay kaya)
and gift (panghimuyat) to the bride’s
parents.
GOVERNMENT
Barangay
o Term “barangay” comes from the
malay/Austronesian word “balangay”,
which means “sailboat”.
o It is the basic unit of the government
during the pre-colonial period. It is
o
usually composed of 30 to 100 families
in one unit.
Families within the tribes are
accumulated in a single political unit
(barangay).
Chieftain
o Protect and promote the interests of his
subjects.
o Processed the executive, legislative, and
the judiciary powers in a barangay unit.
o As a legislator, the chieftain was usually
assisted by the council of elders who
would give advice to issues concerning
his barangay.
Trial by Ordeal
 It refers to the primitive method of
determining a person’s innocence or
guilt through the use of treacherous
test.
Sanduguan – a pre-colonial ritual where Filipino
natives would cut their wrist and pour their
blood into a cup and drink each other’s blood in
honor of friendship, brotherhood and alliance.
CULTURE
Clothing
o For men, their clothing was consisted of
lower and upper parts.
o The upper part usually a jacket, was
known as the kangan.
o The lower part of clothing on the other
hand was called bahag.
o For women, only had one piece of
clothing and that was saya. Visayan
usually called this lower part of clothing
patadyong.
Education and System of Writing
o Pre-colonial alphabet is called baybayin
or alibata.
o Baybayin o alibata – composed of 17
symbols (three vowels /patinig and 14
consonats/katinig.
o
o
Orientation of writing of the ancient
alphabet is still subject for debate.
Ancient Filipinos wrote on large leaves.
Used sticks with sharpened end as their
main writing instrument and colored
tree saps as ink
Early Literature
o Oral
Sabi
Bugtung
Talindaw
Tagumpay
Uyayi and hele
Ihiman
Kumintang
o
Written
Hudhud epic (ifugao)
Alim epic (Ifugao)
Blag ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano)
Music and Dance
o Negritos of Zambales and Bataan were
fond of playing kullibaw, which
resembled the jew’s harp made of
bamboo; the bansic, a sort of flute
made of bamboo; and the gangsa, a
kind of guitar.
o Kinnallogong and the kinnoton –
favorite dances of Ilocanos
o Balitaw (exchange of extemporaneous
love verse)
o Dandansoy (courtship dance), favorite
dance of the visayans.
Religious Beliefs
o They also believed that there was a
Supreme Being name “Bathala”.
o Idiyanale (god of agriculture)
o Sidapa (god of death
o Agni (god of fire)
o Balangaw (god of rainbow)
o Mandarangan (god of war)
o Lalahon (goddess of harvest)
o Siginarugan (god of hell)
o Ancient Filipinos also worshipped
the sun, the moon, the animals, and
others. They believed that each part
of the environment had to be
respected.
Burial
o Manunggul jar, a container for bones of
the dead, is a manifestation of the early
Filipinos’ reverence towards their dead.
o Mourning for a woman is called morotal
while mourning for a man was called
maglahi.
o For the chieftain, the mourning was
called laraw.
Quality of porcelain were made during Sung
Dynasty was high as compared to the porcelain
were produced during the Yuan Dynasty.
o
o
o
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o
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Chinese Influences and Relations
Professor H. Otley Beyer (Father of Philippine
Anthropology) noted that the products
manufactured during the Tang Dynasty were
brought by Arab merchants who also had a
strong trade relation with the Chinese.
o Tang Dynasty were discovered in
Cagayan de sulu, Jolo, Cebu, Bohol,
Mindanao, Manila etc.
o New Stone Age – Chinese started to
established trade contacts with the
people in some areas of the Southeast
Asian.
o 10th century A.D. – Filipino-Chinese
relations began
o Relations between the Philippines and
china flourished during the Tang
Dynasty, which was around 618 to 907
A.D.
Tang Dynasty – belonged to the military elite
grcup during the reign of Sui emperors. This was
preceded by the second Zhou Dynasty in 690
A.D to 705.
Production of gunpowers
Use of tin, silver, lead, gongs, and
porcelain
Method of artificial incubation of eggs,
which can be linked to duck culture
around Pateros and Taguig
Use of firecrackers on New Year’s Eve.
Beating of gongs that signal the start of
a festival
Collection of tong (percentage fee) by
the owner of gambling joint
Indian Civilization’s Relations
o Orang Dampuans
Men
from
Champa
(an
indianized
kingdom
in
Indochina)
Began their trade relations with
the people in Sulu (Buranuns)
between 900-1,200 A.D.
o Orang Bandjar
Focused their interest to
Buranuns’ abundant supply of
pearls.
o
o
Orang Dampuans settled in Taguima
(presently Basilan)
Orang Dampuans and Orang Bandjar
introduced Indian culture in Sulu.
HINDUISM
- Hindus
living
Subcontinent.
o
Trade was conducted on a whole sale basis in
which Tondo became the main trading center
during that time.
o
Jade, coins, scales, mirrors, and porcelain wares
were most common trade products.
o
in
the
Indian
The term “Bathala” was based on the
Sanskrit word “Bhattara”, means “Great
Lord”.
Bathala refers to the supreme being of
the tagalog during the pre-colonial
period.
Sanskrit refers to the sacred/holy
language of Hinduism, Jainism, and
Mahayana Buddhism.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Aside from enumerated fables, Indian
literature had influenced the epic
narratives of the Filipino natives such as
the Darangan of Lanao, Lam-ang of
Ilocandia and Ibalon of Bicolandia.
Giving fresh flower garland to the
visitor.
Giving of a bigay kaya or dowry and
rendering personal household services
by the groom to his bride’s family
before marriage.
A number of superstitious beliefs such
as seeing a cat cleaning is face wound
indicate that there is a visitor and a girl
who eats twin bananas would give birth
to twins.
Filipino-Japanese relations began as
early as 654 A.D.
Some traders settled permanently in
Cagayan, Lingayen, and Manila because
according to them the Philippines was a
great place to live.
Japanese traders, one who introduced
leather-making, manufacture of tools
and weapons, and artificial place of
ducks and fish.
purify themselves so they could
enter Paradise after death.
Life in the world is only
temporary and one’s good
deeds as well as bad deeds are
listed by angel for final
judgment on the last day of the
entire humanity.
Qur’an forbids and human or
animal representation in their
art.
Eating pork, drinking wine,
gambling and other vices are
forbidden in islam.
Islam forbids loans and usury.
Muslims are duty-bound to help
the poor, the orphans and
widows.
Telling lies, stealing, adultery,
and murder are all grave sins
that
deserved
serious
punishment.
Every Muslim must have
goodness expressed in faith in
God and virtues such as
patience, faithfulness, honesty,
industry, honor, and courage.
Rituals/obligations
 Shahada – declaration
of faith in the oneness
of God.
 Salah – prayer facing
the east (Mecca) five
times a day.
 Sawn – fasting
 Zakat – giving alms
 Hadjja
one-time
pilgrimage to Mecca.
ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES
o
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o
o
Qur’an (Koran)
It is the central religious text of Islam
Collection of teaching of the Supreme
Creator (Allah) as directly conveyed by
the Prophet Mohammad.
Islam means Peace
Islam’s Fundamental principles can be
found in the Qur’an (Koran)
As-Salaam – Alaikum
Means “peace” or “peace be with you”.
Teaching of Islam
There is only one Supreme
Being, Allah, the creator of the
universe and all of human kind.
Allah is just and merciful God
and it is Allah’s desire that all
should repent of their sins,
According to Tarsila, Jolo was already occupied
by foreign Muslim communities as early as the
13th century.
ISLAM IN SULU
TARSILA – refers to the early genealogical
record of Muslim people as well as the
introduction and propagation of Islam in Sulu
and Maguindanao.
beautiful princesses in the
community.
He built madrasahs (school
founded on the teaching and
doctrines of Islam) to further
his mission in propagating the
Islamic faith.
Tarsila is also known as Salsila.
o
o
o
o
Tuan Masha’ka
A trader from Malayan
Peninsula who is said to be the
one who introduced Islam in
the Philippines.
He married one of the
daughters of a local leader in
Jolo.
He
went
outside
the
community and introduced the
Islamic faith to the Tausugs.
Karimul Makhdum
An arab trader and missionary
who arrived in Jolo in 1380.
As compared to Tuan Masha’ika
, he was more successful in
propagating the Islamic faith to
the Filipino natives as he
strengthened its foundation to
foreign and local communities
in Sulu.
He also established a mosque in
Tubig Indangan, Tawi-Tawi.
Makhdum comes from an
Arabic word which means
“father” or “leader”.
Shariff ul’ Hasim/ Abu Bakr
He arrived in jolo by the middle
of the 15th century.
He married a princess named
Paramisuli and brought up a
family.
He established the “Sultanate
of Sulu’ and was bestowed the
title of Sultan Sharifful’ Hashim
Abubakar.
Baginda
A prince from Menangkabaw,
Sumatra
Arrived in 1480 together with
his warriors.
He established a village in Jolo
and married a number of
ISLAM IN MAGUINDANAO
o
Sheriff Mohammed Kabungsuwan
He propagated the Islamic faith
in Maguindanao
He was the son of sheriff Alu
Zainul Abidin, who was one of
the great grandsons of the
Prophet Mohammad.
Shariff Alu Zainul Abidin
migrated from Handramut,
Saudi Arabia to Johore/Jahore.
o
In Arabic language, Shariff means “holy”
or “great”. It is the title given to the
descendants
of
the
Prophet
Mohammad.
It is said that two of Shariff Mohammed
Kabungsuwan’s siblings established a
sultanate in Brunei while other one
founded a sultanate in Sulu.
Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan
Diplomacy was his tool in
propagating the Islamic faith in
Maguindanao.
Under his rule, Islam was
propagated
in
Cotabato,
Saranggani, Davao, Northern
Mindanao, and Lanao.
o
o
o
Some of the ethnic groups who refused
to accept the faith:
 Manobos (now in Agusan del
sur, Davao, Bukidnon and North
and South Cotabato.
 Bilaans (South Cotabato)