Bonding
Word
Electronegativity
Definition
The ability of an atom to gain or keep electrons
Electronegativity
difference
Bond
The difference in electronegativity between two elements in a bond.
Valence Electrons
Octet Rule
Stable Octet
Covalent Bond
Polar covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bond
Ionic Bond
Metallic Bond
Dispersion forces
Dipole-dipole forces
Ionic compound
Binary compound
Polyatomic Ion
Anion
Cation
Molecule
Network solid
Polar molecule
Nonpolar molecule
Hydrogen bonding
Intermolecular Forces
A connection between two or more atoms that results in new chemical
properties
An atom’s outer layer of electrons
Atoms are most stable with 8 valence electrons. Exceptions: Hydrogen
and Helium.
Eight valence electrons
A chemical bond formed when two nonmetal atoms share valence
electrons
A chemical bond formed when two nonmetal atoms share valence
electrons unequally.
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons
equally
A chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom
to another, turning both into ions.
A bond where all electrons are shared between all nuclei of a metal.
Often described as “a sea of mobile electrons”.
A weak force of attraction between nonpolar atoms or compounds. Also
known as London or Van Der Waals forces.
An attraction between polar covalent molecules
Compounds consisting of a metal and a nonmetal .
A compound that consists of two elements
An ion formed by atoms bonding together in such a way that a net
charge is formed.
A negatively charged ion.
A positively charged ion.
A particle made of nonmetal atoms covalently bonded together to form
a distinct particle.
A large repeating pattern of covalently bonded nonmetal atoms with no
distinct molecules.
A molecule with asymmetrical electron distribution resulting in partially
charged ends. Also knows as a dipole.
A molecule with symmetrical electron distribution resulting in any polar
bonds canceling each other out to yield no partially charged ends.
A strong attractive force between polar molecules where one molecule
contains H and the other molecule contains N, O or F. The H of one
molecule attracts strongly (almost with ionic strength) to the N, O or F of
the other molecule.
Forces of attraction between particles
Bonding
*Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer valence layer and become more stable*
A. Elements join to form compounds with different chemical and physical properties
1. Dependent on elements involved (metal, nonmetal) and the type of bond formed (ionic, covalent,
metallic)
B. Compounds contain elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion (ex: ammonia always contains a
1:3 ratio of nitrogen atoms to hydrogen atoms) and can only be broken apart by chemical means
C. Compounds have specific chemical formulas, and can be named according to IUPAC rules
D. Physical properties are dependent on chemical bonds and intermolecular forces. These properties
include malleability, solubility, conductivity, hardness, melting point, and boiling point
E. There are three types of bonding
1. Ionic – electrons transferred (between a metal and a nonmetal) - note: ionic compounds which
contain polyatomic ions will have both covalent and ionic bonding
2. Covalent (Nonmetals)– electrons shared
Two different nonmetals (ex: H-O) = Polar bond
The same nonmetals (ex: H-H) = Non-polar bond
3. Metallic (metals) – mobile “sea of valence electrons” shared by all atoms
G. Atoms can gain or lose electrons to become ions
1. An anion is an atom that has gained one or more electrons, thus obtaining a negative charge and a
larger radius
2. A cation is an atom that has lost one or more electrons, thus obtaining a positive charge and a
smaller radius
H. Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams can be used to represent ionic and covalent bonding by showing the
arrangement of valance electrons
I. Atoms bond with one another to release energy, obtaining a stable valance electron configuration.
1. The noble gases with a full valance shell are already stable.
J. How strongly an atom attracts the electrons in a chemical bond is indicated by its electronegativity
1. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
K. The difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms determines the degree of polarity of the
bond.
1. The greater the electronegativity difference the greater the polarity of the bond
L. Molecular polarity can be determined by the shape of the molecule and the distribution of charge.
1. Symmetrical molecules are non-polar because electronegativity differences cancel each other
out
2. Asymmetrical molecules are polar because of the difference in electronegativity values
M. There are three main types of intermolecular forces
1. Hydrogen bonding is created by the unequal distribution of charge between the hydrogen atom in
one molecule with an extremely electronegative element in another molecule (N,O,F).
a) Strongest IMF highest melting and boiling points
2. Dipole-Dipole forces are the attraction between oppositely charged ends of neighboring polar
molecules
a) The greater the polarity the stronger the IMF
3. Dispersion forces (also called London, or Van Der Waals) are weak forces between nonpolar
molecules
a) Weakest IMF lowest melting and boiling points
N. The different types of bonding influence the properties of materials
1. Ionic Solid
- Force of attraction is quite strong!
- High melting point due to high temp. needed to overcome both inter- and intra- molecular
bonds
-
Poor conductors of electricity - except in the liquid state when the ions are free to move
around
2. Molecular Solid
- Relatively soft, low melting point due to weak intermolecular forces that are easy to
overcome.
- Good insulators
- Does not conduct electricity due to no free moving electrons
3. Metallic Crystals
- Good conductors of electricity
- Malleable and ductile – the attraction between the nuclei and electrons holds the metal
crystal together
4. Covalent Network Solids
- Very hard, high melting points, nonconductors of electricity.
- Share e- but compressed so much that there is a network like diamond
- Complex – very strong
O. Energy always plays a role in simple chemical reactions
1. Chemical changes result in the shift of energy
a.) The formation of bonds is exothermic – energy is released (more stable)
b.) The breaking of bonds is endothermic – energy is
absorbed (less stable)
P. Energy, mass and charge are all conserved in every chemical reaction. “Laws of Conservation”
Caution: There is a difference between BOND Polarity (Classification) and MOLECULE polarity (Classification)
Naming review:
[name of Cation] [name of Anion] change ending to –ide
Note: Polyatomic ions keep their names as is. (see
Table E)
IONIC
COVALENT
Does the cation have
more than one possible
oxidation state?
NO
YES
Use prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra)
to indicate multiple atoms of the
same element.
Note: No prefix is needed on the
cation if there is only 1 of them.
name is complete 
name of the compound must
include the oxidation state in
(roman numerals) immediately
following the element.
1) IONIC BONDING HOMEWORK
1) Draw a dot diagram of an ion of potassium ionically bonding to an ion of chlorine, to make potassium chloride
(KCl).
2) Draw a dot diagram of an ion of calcium ionically bonding to two atoms of fluorine, to make calcium fluoride
(CaF2).
3) Draw a dot diagram of two ions of sodium ionically bonding to an ion of oxygen (oxide), to make sodium oxide
(Na2O).
4) Which species will conduct electricity (is an electrolyte)?
a) NaCl (s)
b) N2 (s)
c) LiF (aq)
d) CaI2 (s)
5) Explain how you determined the answer to #4.
6) Which species will form an anion when forming an ionic bond?
a) O
b) Li
c) S
7) Explain your answer to #6.
8) Why will Al+3 and O-2 attract while Al+3 and Fe+2 repel?
9) What is the charge of an element before it forms a bond? Why?
d) Sr
Topic 2) Properties of Ionic Substances Homework
1) Which substance has a high melting point and conducts electricity when dissolved in water?
a) Mg
b) KBr
c) CH4
d) SiO2
2) List one experiment that can determine whether a substance is ionic or not:
3) What would the expected outcome of the experiment be if the substance was ionic?
4) Complete the following chart:
Ion Formula
Ion Name
Cu+1
Au+3
Cl-1
N-3
K+1
Cs+1
Cr+3
Ag+1
Ion Name
Gold (I)
Zinc
Phosphide
Bromide
Tin (IV)
Scandium
Aluminum
Lead (II)
Topic 3) Ionic Names and Formulas Homework
Formula
NaCl
Na2O
H2SO4
Fe3(PO4)2
HBr
Name
Ion Formula
CaSO4
K2O
ZnSO3
(NH4)2SO4
HCH3COO
PbCl2
CuSO4
Fe2S3
AgNO2
Name
Lead (IV) chloride
Potassium oxide
Sodium phosphate
Ammonium nitrate
Lead (IV) sulfide
Silver chloride
Zinc sulfate
Aluminum iodide
Magnesium hydroxide
Tin (II) acetate
Ammonium oxide
Potassium permanganate
Iron (III) chloride
Sodium cyanide
Formula
Topic 4: Covalent Bonding Homework
1) Complete the following chart, drawing the dot diagram of each element in the molecule and then the dot
diagram of the molecule. If the formula is H2O, make sure you have two atoms of H and one of O in your dot
diagram of the molecule.
Formula
Dot diagram for:
Dot diagram for:
F2
F
F
HBr
H
Br
Dot Diagram of Molecule
H
O
N
H
H2O
NH3
2) Identify the following bonds as being polar covalent or nonpolar covalent. For the polar covalent bonds, label
the + and - ends.
Bond
Polar or Nonpolar?
If polar, label the + and - ends
H–H
H–H
H–C
H–C
H – Cl
H – Cl
C – Cl
C – Cl
P – Cl
P – Cl
Cl – Cl
Cl – Cl
H–P
H–P
H–O
H–O
O–O
O–O
3) When two atoms of nitrogen bond, how many pairs of electrons will be shared between them?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
4) When two atoms of fluorine bond, how many electrons will be shared between them?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
5) When an atom of H and an atom of F bond together:
a) The H will be partially positive, because it has higher electronegativity than F.
b) The H will be partially negative, because it has higher electronegativity than F.
c) The F will be partially positive, because it has higher electronegativity than H.
d) The F will be partially negative, because it has higher electronegativity than H.
6) Which of the molecules listed below has the most polar bond between the bonded atoms, in terms of greatest
END?
a) HF
b) HCl
c) HBr
d) HI
7) Explain, in terms of electronegativity difference, why Cl2 contains nonpolar covalent bonds.
8) Explain, in terms of electronegativity difference, why H2O contains polar covalent bonds.
Topic 5: Covalent Compounds Homework
1) For each of the following molecules represented by structural formulas indicate
a) if the molecule is polar or nonpolar.
b) If polar, label which side is partially positive and which side is partially negative.
c) Identify the shape of the molecule
d) identify the type of attractive force that will hold molecules of this substance together in the liquid and
solid phase.
e) Name the molecule
If nonpolar, b) and c) do not get done.
Molecule (do B here) Polar or Nonpolar Shape
H – Cl
H–H
H–O
|
H
H-N–H
|
H
Cl
|
Cl – C – Cl
|
Cl
O=C=O
H - Br
IMF Type
Name
2) As a general rule, the boiling point of a molecular substance increases as the molecular mass increases.
Create a graph with molecular mass on the X axis and the boiling point on the Y axis. Start temperature at 100K
and molecular mass at 0 grams/mole. Plot the data below:
Substance
Molecular Mass (grams/mole)
Boiling Point (K)
H2S
34
211
H2Se
81
229
H2Te
130
271
a) H2O has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol. Extrapolate the
curve and estimate the boiling point of water, putting an X in a
circle on the extrapolated line at 18 g/mol.
b) Water actually boils at 373 K. Put an “A” where the actual
boiling point of water is, at 18 g/mol, NOT on the extrapolated
line.
c) Is the actual boiling point of water higher or lower than the
extrapolated estimate?
d) Explain why this difference exists in terms of the specific
kind of attractive force that holds water molecules to each other
in the solid and liquid phase.
3) Identify the type of compound indicated in the table of properties below and explain how you arrived at that
determination (these include metallic and ionic, from previous units):
Compound
A
B
Melting
Point
1074 K
42 K
Boiling
Point
2556 K
88 K
Electrical
Conductivity (s)
No
No
Electrical
Conductivity (l)
Yes
No
C
303 K
2676 K
Yes
Yes
D
3820 K
5100 K
No
No
A_______________________________________________
Why:
B_______________________________________________
Why:
C_______________________________________________
Why:
D_______________________________________________
Why: