Supporting file
Green approach: An efficient synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted-1,3-thiazoles and selenazoles
in aqueous medium under ultrasonic irradiation
Ramesh Gondru · Janardhan Banothu · Rajitha Bavantula*
Cavitations effect
Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that creates localized hot spots in a reaction liquid
core by the fast growth and implosions of micro-reactors like bubbles, that generates transient
high temperatures and pressures and also leads to the formation of highly reactive radical
intermediates at the localized hot spots. This rapid oscillation of formation, expansion and
implosion of bubbles occurs beyond a certain threshold of pressure and constitutes acoustic
cavitations. Such cavitations induce the reaction rapidly by accelerating the mixing of the
reactants between two different phases by diffusion process at interfacial region in
heterogeneous reactions. Generally ultrasounds generate the temperature in a reaction
medium, which facilitates the acceleration of reaction. But beyond the optimum level,
utilization efficiency of ultrasound considerably decreases due to the generation of large
cavities with low oscillating energy and heavy crowding of active bubbles in a small space
scatters the sound waves and lowers the focusing energy on the reaction vessel. Thus the
yield of the product formation increases in shorter reaction times.
Spectra
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 4c
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1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 4c
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 10a
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 10b
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 10c
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 10c
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 12a
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 12b
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 12b
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 12c
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 13a
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 13a
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 13b
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 13b
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 13c
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 14a
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 14a
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 14b
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 14b
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 14c
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 14c
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 15a
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 15a
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 15b
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 15b
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 15c
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 15c
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 16a
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 16a
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 16b
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 16b
IR (KBr) spectrum of compound 16c
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H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) spectrum of compound 16c