Conservation Management Zones
Eastern Australia Woodlands
Prepared by the Department of the Environment
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project and associated products are the result of a collaboration between the Biodiversity Conservation
Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were
provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of the Environment (DotE), Department of
Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the academic
community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks
Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE, Nyree Stenekes and Robert
Kancans (ABARES), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson
(ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the
World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.
Special thanks to CSIRO staff Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns enabled
identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.
© Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.
The Conservation Management Zones of Australia profile is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use
under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the
Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by
third parties, and any images depicting people.
For licence conditions see here.
Contents
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ................................................................ 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4
Zone at a glance .......................................................................................................................... 5
Population characteristics .......................................................................................................... 10
Employment, volunteering and incomes .................................................................................... 15
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice .................. 18
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas ............................................. 21
Zone vegetation characteristics ................................................................................................. 23
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands............................................................................... 24
World and National Heritage ...................................................................................................... 25
Major National Reserve System properties................................................................................ 25
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities ............................................................... 26
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ........................................................................................ 27
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species .......................................................................................... 29
Threatened endemic species ..................................................................................................... 30
Invasive species ........................................................................................................................ 32
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations ........................................................... 35
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country
The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past
and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep
spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including
Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.
Introduction
The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological
and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.
The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will
assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report
on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with
local action.
The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and
socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge
and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about
regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.
The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or
governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental
assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.
Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socioeconomic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to
engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural
resources more effectively.
The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic
landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain
only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In
future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.
Zone at a glance
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
RURAL CENTRES
POPULATION
Bourke
1,726
Coonamble
2,459
Gilgandra
2,662
Goondiwindi
5,508
Lightning Ridge
1,495
Narrabri
1,856
Narromine
3,783
Nygan
2,073
Roma
6,906
St. George
2,647
Walgett
1,632
Warren
1,515
RURAL CENTRES
POPULATION
Wee Waa
1,662
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) REGIONS
Central West Local Land Services
NSW
North West Local Land Services
NSW
Western Local Land Services
NSW
Queensland Murray Darling Committee Inc.
QLD
South West NRM Group Ltd
QLD
Fitzroy Basin Association Inc
QLD
Desert Channels Group
QLD
TOP FIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
VALUE (MILLIONS)
Other broadacre crops
$1,085
Cereals for grain
$961
Beef
$431
Legumes for grain
$148
Wool
$86
Total value of agricultural commodities (including other commodities not listed here)
$2,890
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS*
Mean annual temperature
19.3 Celsius
Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month
34.3 Celsius
Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month
3.5 Celsius
Mean Annual Rainfall
487.9 mm
Dominant rainfall season
Summer
* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of
rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012)
Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of
Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces
version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package).
For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National
Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).
Population characteristics
Population
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME
English
91.18%
Other languages
2.16%
Not stated
6.62%
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Education
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Employment, volunteering and incomes
Employment
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Volunteering
Income
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and
sources of NRM advice
Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility
for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to
assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key
environmental custodians.
Agricultural commodity values
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice
* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey
(LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses
across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area
2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only.
For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4630.0
** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228
broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame.
The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this
reason, the figures presented here are indicative only.
^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents
who identified they sought advice.
For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domesticforestry/prep-for-future/drivers-
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government
Areas
Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping
Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program
(ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to:
http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/
INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council: www.alc.org.au
NATIVE TITLE AND TRADITIONAL OWNERS
Traditional Owners
Registered Native Title Body Corporate
Hectares
% of
zone
Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal
Corporation RNTBC
Gunggari People
102,479
0.55
Source: The Native Title Tribunal Register, October 2013.
For more information please refer to: http://www.nntt.gov.au/Pages/Searchportal.aspx
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS
Bogan Shire Council
NSW
Bourke Shire Council
NSW
Brewarrina Shire Council
NSW
Coonamble Shire Council
NSW
Gilgandra Shire Council
NSW
Gwydir Shire Council
NSW
Inverell Shire Council
NSW
Lachlan Shire Council
NSW
Moree Plains Shire Council
NSW
Narrabri Shire Council
NSW
Narromine Shire Council
NSW
Parkes Shire Council
NSW
Walgett Shire Council
NSW
Warren Shire Council
NSW
Warrumbungle Shire Council
NSW
Balonne Shire
QLD
Banana Shire
QLD
Barcaldine Regional
QLD
Blackall Tambo Regional
QLD
Goondiwindi Regional
QLD
Maranoa Regional
QLD
Murweh Shire
QLD
Paroo Shire
QLD
Western Downs Regional
QLD
Zone vegetation characteristics
The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification
system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and
distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.
Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation
distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation
mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types
across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums
(e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type
occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present
are therefore not represented.
It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is
of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on
vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.
Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater
discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia.
For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia.
In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass
understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone
(58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical
Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately
19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only
provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.
For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-informationsystem
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands
RAMSAR WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
The Macquarie Marshes – Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve
NSW
18,423
Narran Lake Nature Reserve
NSW
5,347
Gwydir Wetlands: Gingham and Lower Gwydir (Big Leather)
Watercourses – Old Dromana
NSW
845
For more information on Ramsar please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our-environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands
NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
CRITERIA
Myola-“Mulga Downs” Salt Lake and Claypans
QLD
53.18
1
Balonne River Floodplain
QLD
23,982.01
1, 2, 3
Culgoa River Floodplain
NSW
14,691.95
1, 4, 5
Gwydir Wetlands
NSW
28,149.70
1, 3, 5
Macquarie Marshes
NSW
218,603.59
1, 3
Morella Watercourse/Boobera Lagoon/Pungbougal Lagoon
NSW
0.11
1, 2, 3, 6
Narran Lakes
NSW
22,854.83
1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria:
1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.
2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major
wetland system/complex.
3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or
provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail.
4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.
5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or
vulnerable at the national level.
6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.
Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more
information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directoryimportant-wetlands-australia-third-edition
World and National Heritage
HERITAGE VALUES
WORLD OR NATIONAL
HERITAGE
TYPE
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
% OF
ZONE
Brewarrina Aboriginal Fish
Traps (Baiames Ngunnhu)
National
Indigenous
NSW
6.29
0.00003
Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these
heritage values:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database
For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage
Major National Reserve System properties
MAJOR NATIONAL RESERVE SYSTEM PROPERTIES
Name
Property type
IUCN
category
Jurisdiction
Hectares
% of zone
Castlevale
Nature Refuge
VI
QLD
51,496
0.28
Pilliga West
CCA Zone 3 State Conservation Area
II
NSW
36,494
0.20
Chesterton Range
National Park
II
QLD
30,969
0.17
Culgoa Floodplain
National Park
II
QLD
30,072
0.16
Pilliga
CCA Zone 3 State Conservation Area
II
NSW
29,540
0.16
Narran Lake
Nature Reserve
IA
NSW
26,831
0.14
Thrushton
National Park
II
QLD
25,625
0.14
Culgoa
National Park
II
NSW
22,437
0.12
Macquarie Marshes
Nature Reserve
IA
NSW
19,489
0.11
Eversfield Station
Nature Refuge
VI
QLD
18,013
0.10
Narkoola
National Park
II
QLD
11,810
0.06
Pilliga
CCA Zone 1 National Park
IA
NSW
10,532
0.06
Ginghet
Nature Reserve
IA
NSW
8,894
0.05
Pilliga West
CCA Zone 1 National Park
II
NSW
7,955
0.04
Tregole
National Park
II
QLD
6,802
0.04
Bikini
NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress
II
NSW
6,158
0.03
Warrinilla
NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress
II
NSW
5,918
0.03
Barwon
State Conservation Area
II
NSW
5,336
0.03
Gwydir Wetlands
State Conservation Area
II
NSW
4,299
0.02
Barwon
Nature Reserve
IA
NSW
4,146
0.02
Weilmoringle
Indigenous Protected Area
IV
NSW
4,062
0.02
Budelah
Nature Reserve
IV
NSW
4,038
0.02
Bunnor Westholme
NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress
II
NSW
2,679
0.01
Macquarie Marshes
State Conservation Area
II
NSW
2,440
0.01
THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Ia Strict Nature Reserve
IUCN protected area management categories classify
protected areas according to their management
objectives. The categories are recognised by international
bodies such as the United Nations and are utilised by
many national governments, including the Australian
Government, as the global standard for defining and
recording protected areas.
Ib Wilderness Area
II National Park
III Natural Monument or Feature
IV Habitat/Species Management Area
V Protected Landscape/ Seascape
VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation:
http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/
For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system
Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities
THREATENED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Name
Listing status
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Coolibah – Black Box Woodlands of the Darling
Riverine Plains and the Brigalow Belt South
Bioregions
Endangered
88.51
8.83
Weeping Myall Woodlands
Endangered
46.5
4.63
Natural grasslands on basalt and fine-textured alluvial
plains of northern New South Wales and southern
Queensland
Critically Endangered
16.01
5.40
Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla dominant and codominant)
Endangered
16.39
0.61
Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt
(North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions
Endangered
9.24
0.14
Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) Grassy Woodlands
and Derived Native Grasslands of South-eastern
Australia
Endangered
14.16
1.33
White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy
Woodland and Derived Native Grassland
Critically Endangered
0.16
0.02
The community of native species dependent on
natural discharge of groundwater from the Great
Artesian Basin
Endangered
0.6
0.04
* % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution
of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community
is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that
the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone.
Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone
in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may
be to find within the zone.
The threatened ecological communities above are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.
For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species
THREATENED MAMMALS
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Pilliga Mouse, Poolkoo
Pseudomys pilligaensis
Vulnerable
45.98
2.13
South-eastern Long-eared Bat
Nyctophilus corbeni
Vulnerable
16.24
98.48
Koala (combined populations of Queensland,
New South Wales and the Australian Capital
Territory)
Phascolarctos cinereus
Vulnerable
13.05
99.93
Large-eared Pied Bat, Large Pied Bat
Chalinolobus dwyeri
Vulnerable
10.61
28.67
Northern Quoll
Dasyurus hallucatus
Endangered
1.95
14.07
Greater Bilby
Macrotis lagotis
Vulnerable
0.02
0.29
Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby
Petrogale penicillata
Vulnerable
0.01
0.01
THREATENED BIRDS
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Superb Parrot
Polytelis swainsonii
Vulnerable
13.04
18.0
Squatter Pigeon (southern)
Geophaps scripta scripta
Vulnerable
11.8
45.6
Star Finch (eastern), Star Finch (southern)
Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda
Endangered
10.89
23.9
Australasian Bittern
Botaurus poiciloptilus
Endangered
6.12
21.7
Red Goshawk
Erythrotriorchis radiatus
Vulnerable
4.15
50.7
Australian Painted Snipe
Rostratula australis
Endangered
3.9
100.0
Regent Honeyeater
Anthochaera phrygia
Endangered
1.31
3.4
Malleefowl
Leipoa ocellata
Vulnerable
1.26
13.4
Swift Parrot
Lathamus discolor
Endangered
0.24
0.9
Thick-billed Grasswren
Amytornis modestus
Vulnerable
0.03
0.1
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species
that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
THREATENED REPTILES
Common Name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Five-clawed Worm-skink,
Long-legged Worm-skink
Anomalopus mackayi
Vulnerable
36.83
15.78
Collared Delma
Delma torquata
Vulnerable
16.21
28.79
Yakka Skink
Egernia rugosa
Vulnerable
12.44
52.96
THREATENED REPTILES
Dunmall’s Snake
Furina dunmalli
Vulnerable
11.86
22.56
Ornamental Snake
Denisonia maculata
Vulnerable
7.84
17.20
Fitzroy River Turtle, Fitzroy Tortoise, Fitzroy
Turtle, White-eyed River Diver
Rheodytes leukops
Vulnerable
3.68
2.83
Border Thick-tailed Gecko,
Granite Belt Thick-tailed Gecko
Uvidicolus sphyrurus
Vulnerable
0.85
0.21
Pink-tailed Worm-lizard,
Pink-tailed Legless Lizard
Aprasia parapulchella
Vulnerable
0.46
0.36
Plains Death Adder
Acanthophis hawkei
Vulnerable
May be
present
May be
present
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Mary River Cod
Maccullochella mariensis
Endangered
0.29
0.002
Trout Cod
Maccullochella macquariensis
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
Murray Cod
Maccullochella peelii
Vulnerable
May be
present
May be
present
OTHER THREATENED FAUNA
THREATENED FLORA
Common Name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
a shrub
Bertya calycina
Vulnerable
100
0.02
None
Calytrix gurulmundensis
Vulnerable
27.48
0.14
None
Bertya opponens
Vulnerable
20.55
0.22
Ooline
Cadellia pentastylis
Vulnerable
19.88
9.75
None
Rulingia procumbens
Vulnerable
12.62
0.65
Slender Darling-pea, Slender Swainson,
Murray Swainson-pea
Swainsona murrayana
Vulnerable
12.54
16.33
None
Eucalyptus virens
Vulnerable
10.3
0.69
Belson’s Panic
Homopholis belsonii
Vulnerable
8.65
0.01
Finger Panic Grass
Digitaria porrecta
Endangered
8.29
2.34
Cobar Greenhood Orchid
Pterostylis cobarensis
Vulnerable
8.04
1.60
Spiny Pepper-cress
Lepidium aschersonii
Vulnerable
6.88
0.04
Red Darling-pea, Red Swainson-pea
Swainsona plagiotropis
Vulnerable
6.37
0.20
None
Philotheca ericifolia
Vulnerable
6.31
1.13
None
Westringia parvifolia
Vulnerable
3.69
0.10
Salt Pipewort, Button Grass
Eriocaulon carsonii
Endangered
2.49
0.01
Basalt Pepper-cress, Peppercress,
Rubble Pepper-cress, Pepperweed
Lepidium hyssopifolium
Endangered
2.12
0.12
None
Tylophora linearis
Endangered
1.71
0.16
Curly-bark Wattle
Acacia curranii
Vulnerable
1.39
0.14
THREATENED FLORA
None
Austrostipa metatoris
Vulnerable
1.23
0.36
a spike rush
Eleocharis obicis
Vulnerable
1.08
0.01
Lobed Blue-grass
Bothriochloa biloba
Vulnerable
0.49
0.02
bluegrass
Dichanthium setosum
Vulnerable
0.42
0.01
Winged Pepper-cress
Lepidium monoplocoides
Endangered
0.32
0.17
Chariot Wheels
Maireana cheelii
Vulnerable
0.26
0.04
None
Atriplex infrequens
Vulnerable
May be present
May be
present
Hairy-joint Grass
Arthraxon hispidus
Vulnerable
May be present
May be
present
a shrub
Homoranthus decumbens
Endangered
May be present
May be
present
a leek-orchid
Prasophyllum sp. Wybong
(C.Phelps ORG 5269)
Critically
Endangered
May be present
May be
present
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species
that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
(EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.
Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a
significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer
to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats
Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species
MIGRATORY BIRDS
Common name
Scientific name
Cattle Egret
Ardea ibis
Fork-tailed Swift
Apus pacificus
Great Egret,
White Egret
Ardea alba
Latham’s Snipe,
Japanese Snipe
Gallinago hardwickii
Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank
Tringa stagnatilis
Painted Snipe
Rostratula benghalensis
(sensu lato)
Rainbow Bee-eater
Merops ornatus
Rufous Fantail
Rhipidura rufifrons
Satin Flycatcher
Myiagra cyanoleuca
White-bellied
Sea-Eagle
Haliaeetus leucogaster
MIGRATORY BIRDS
White-throated
Needletail
Hirundapus caudacutus
Threatened endemic species
THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES
Taxonomic
group
Scientific name
Reservation status
EPBC Act status
IUCN status
Plants
Bertya calycina
Recorded in Reserve
Vulnerable
n/a
Concentrations of unreserved endemic species
The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their
known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be
useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts.
Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural
Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records
held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more
information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australiannatural-heritage-assessment-tool
Invasive species
INVASIVE MAMMALS
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Red Fox, Fox
Vulpes vulpes
3.01
100.00
Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat
Felis catus
2.41
100.00
Pig
Sus scrofa
5.17
98.01
Rabbit, European Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
2.64
78.03
Goat
Capra hircus
5.09
58.81
House Mouse
Mus musculus
3.06
58.73
Brown Hare
Lepus capensis
8.28
44.39
Domestic Cattle
Bos taurus
3.86
35.45
Domestic Dog
Canis lupus familiaris
2.61
35.09
Black Rat, Ship Rat
Rattus rattus
2.51
15.07
Horse
Equus caballus
0.62
4.97
Feral deer species in Australia
Feral deer
0.83
1.72
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
5.73
91.35
Common Starling
Sturnus vulgaris
6.79
79.09
Cane Toad
Rhinella marina
7.33
76.47
Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon
Columba livia
5.09
69.97
Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird
Turdus merula
2.94
14.51
Spotted Turtle-Dove
Streptopelia chinensis
2.48
11.16
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
2.12
8.08
Common Myna, Indian Myna
Acridotheres tristis
2.06
5.75
Skylark
Alauda arvensis
1.52
5.30
European Goldfinch
Carduelis carduelis
0.56
2.70
Asian House Gecko
Hemidactylus frenatus
1.22
1.49
Nutmeg Mannikin
Lonchura punctulata
0.32
0.46
OTHER INVASIVE FAUNA
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
INVASIVE FLORA
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Parthenium Weed, Bitter Weed, Carrot Grass,
False Ragweed
Parthenium hysterophorus
7.35
24.34
Prickly Acacia
Acacia nilotica subsp. indica
3.79
23.54
Blackberry, European Blackberry
Rubus fruticosus aggregate
5.21
23.40
INVASIVE FLORA
Prickly Pears
Opuntia spp.
11.39
23.32
Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass
Cenchrus ciliaris
1.23
22.86
Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and
Sterile Pussy Willow
Salix spp. except
S.babylonica, S.x calodendron
& S.x reichardtii
5.45
19.36
African Boxthorn, Boxthorn
Lycium ferocissimum
5.8
16.45
Athel Pine, Athel Tree, Tamarisk, Athel Tamarisk,
Athel Tamarix, Desert Tamarisk, Flowering
Cypress, Salt Cedar
Tamarix aphylla
4.17
16.26
Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn, Jelly Bean Tree,
Horse Bean
Parkinsonia aculeata
1.26
10.77
Prickly Pears
Cylindropuntia spp.
15.39
5.22
Mesquite, Algaroba
Prosopis spp.
1.58
5.15
Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana,
Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red
Flowered Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage,
White Sage, Wild Sage
Lantana camara
1.58
4.17
Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pine, Wilding
Pine
Pinus radiata
1.21
2.99
Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily
Eichhornia crassipes
3.71
1.88
Prickly Acacia, Blackthorn,
Prickly Mimosa, Black Piquant, Babul
Vachellia nilotica
0.49
1.48
Hymenachne, Olive Hymenachne,
Water Stargrass, West Indian Grass, West Indian
Marsh Grass
Hymenachne amplexicaulis
1.07
1.30
Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Madagascar
Groundsel
Senecio madagascariensis
1.63
1.29
Cotton-leaved Physic-Nut,
Bellyache Bush, Cotton-leaf Physic Nut,
Cotton-leaf Jatropha, Black Physic Nut
Jatropha gossypifolia
0.49
1.05
Rubber Vine, Rubbervine,
India Rubber Vine, India Rubbervine,
Palay Rubbervine, Purple Allamanda
Cryptostegia grandiflora
0.2
0.74
Madeira Vine, Jalap,
Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera, Gulf
Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine
Anredera cordifolia
1.11
0.56
Climbing Asparagus, Climbing Asparagus Fern
Asparagus africanus
7.61
0.51
Cat’s Claw Vine, Yellow Trumpet Vine, Cat’s Claw
Creeper, Funnel Creeper
Dolichandra unguis-cati
1.55
0.47
Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White
Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato
Weed, White Nightshade,
Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry,
Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple,
Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo
Solanum elaeagnifolium
0.54
0.44
Climbing Asparagus-fern
Asparagus plumosus
2.46
0.43
Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus
Protasparagus plumosus
2.46
0.43
Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Watermoss,
Kariba Weed
Salvinia molesta
0.12
0.20
Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock,
Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ)
Nassella trichotoma
0.12
0.19
INVASIVE FLORA
Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper,
Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus
Asparagus asparagoides
0.04
0.19
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the
species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**)
indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone.
For more information on invasive species please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations
Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from
the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and
NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.
The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological
Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of
management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring
and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.
Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
55.41% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus largiflorens; Acacia aneura; Eucalyptus exserta; Eucalyptus
melanophloia; Eremophila mitchellii; Geijera parviflor; Canthium oleifolium; Apophyllum anomalum; Muehlenbeckia
florulenta; Thyridolepis mitchelliana; Aristida jerichoensis; Paspalidium constrictum; Themeda triandra, tussock
grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Avoid highintensity set
stocking and
manage total
grazing
pressure.
Allow natural
regeneration
through fencing
and stock
management.
Protect from
firewood
harvesting.
Protect paddock
trees.
Replant where
Avoid fertiliser drift appropriate using
from adjacent
locally-sourced
crops
seed.
and pastures.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus open woodlands with a grassy understorey vegetation profile
18.68% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus coolabah; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus intertexta; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Acacia stenophylla;
Eremophila mitchellii; Muehlenbeckia florulenta; Chenopodium auricomum; Enchylaena tomentosa; Bothriochloa
decipiens; Bothriochloa bladhii; Chrysopogon fallax; Dichanthium sericeum.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
Purchase
Coolibah, Black
Box and Grey Box
remnants into
reservation.
Protect and
encourage
regeneration of
paddock trees and
riparian zones
Encourage uptake through fencing.
Graze period 3of conservation
agreements on
days on; 28-day
private land.
rest in Summer. 7days on; 56-day
Retain
rest periods
hollow-bearing
throughout
trees and ensure
autumn and
that trees are
always left to grow winter.
to maturity.
Retain fallen
timber.
Encourage wise
water use to
prevent changes
to water flows and
water table levels.
Maintain 80%
groundcover and
a sward height of
10cm at all times.
Avoid herbicide
and pesticide
application in, or
near, remnants.
Do not divert runoff into remnant
areas.
Avoid soil
compaction from
vehicles /
machinery or
stock camps.
Avoid cultivation,
ripping and
excavation.
Limit or exclude
grazing during
drought periods,
and in Spring /
Summer when
native
groundcover is in
flower or seed.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Revegetate gullies
and stream banks
where vegetation
has been cleared
and widen the strip
of riparian
vegetation.
All fire
management
should be in
accordance with
local and State
regulations.
Maintain and
protect paddock
trees as these
provide critical
landscape
linkages for fauna.
Actively manage
perennial invasive
woody and grass
species.
Apply mosaic
burning in small
areas at
staggered
intervals.
If few hollowbearing
trees are present
within remnants,
provide nesting
boxes. Monitor
these regularly for
invasive species.
Control feral
grazers (rabbits,
goats) and erect
fences where
appropriate (e.g.
of stock dams,
individual guards
for targeted
plants).
Manage
underlying causes
of dieback in New
England
Peppermint and
Grey Box, such as
over-population of
leaf-eating insects
through
management of
surrounding exotic
grasses and crop
lands.
Do not revegetate
high quality
condition and/or
derived grassland
sites. These sites
should naturally
regenerate and
planting disturbs
compositional
balance and
natural succession
patterns.
Plant indigenous
species only if the
site shows no
signs of natural
regeneration.
Replicate the
composition and
density of species
evident in local,
good quality
grassy woodland
sites. Use seed of
local provenance if
possible.
Thin tree recruits
once wellestablished,
leaving the
healthiest
specimens. Please
seek advice from
your local NRM
organisation as to
whether this is an
appropriate action
for your site.
Retain unburnt
areas.
Ensure that
appropriate weed
control measures
follow any burning
activity.
A minimum fire
interval of five
years, maximum
of 40 years is
recommended.
However, please
seek advice from
your local NRM
organisation for
advice on burning
regimes.
If fallen timber has
been removed
from sites, replace
coarse woody
debris (e.g.
recycled untreated
timbers).
Monitor and
manage densities
of Eastern Grey
Kangaroos. If the
sward height
reduces below
10cm because of
kangaroo grazing,
seek advice from
your local NRM
organisation on
appropriate
control measures.
Mow/slash
sporadically and
in a mosaic
pattern in late
summer or
autumn after
native ground
layer plants have
seeded.
Hand pulling, spot
spraying and
weed wiping are
appropriate weed
control measures.
Prevent weed
introduction
through adopting
good hygiene
measures and
minimising soil
disturbance.
Don’t stockpile
topsoil within
remnant areas.
Control feral
predators
including foxes,
dogs, cats and
pigs.
Do not push fallen
timber into stacks
or windrows as
these form
harbours for
foxes, rabbits and
cats.
Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile
18.63% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus melanophloia; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Eucalyptus crebra; Angophora
floribunda; Eremophila mitchellii; Geijera parviflora; Bothriochloa decipiens; Themeda triandra; Aristida ramosa;
Tripogon loliiformis; tussock grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements on
private land.
Protect and
encourage
regeneration of
paddock trees and
riparian zones
through fencing.
Revegetate gullies
and stream banks
where vegetation
has been cleared
and widen the strip
of riparian
vegetation.
All fire
management
should be in
accordance with
local and State
regulations.
Maintain and
protect paddock
trees as these
provide critical
landscape
linkages for fauna.
Actively manage
perennial invasive
woody and grass
species.
Apply mosaic
burning in small
areas a staggered
intervals.
If few hollowbearing trees are
present within
remnants, provide
nesting boxes.
Monitor these
regularly for
invasive species.
Control feral
grazers (rabbits,
goats) and erect
fences where
appropriate (e.g.
of stock dams,
individual guards
for targeted
plants).
Retain hollow
bearing trees and
ensure that trees Graze period 3are always left to days on; 28-day
grow to maturity. rest in Summer. 7days on; 56-day
Retain fallen
rest periods
timber.
throughout autumn
Encourage wise
and winter.
water use to
Maintain 80%
prevent changes
to water flows and groundcover and
water table levels. a sward height of
Encourage uptake 10cm at all times.
Avoid herbicide
of conservation
agreements and
and pesticide
covenants on
application in, or
private land.
near, remnants.
Do not divert runoff into remnant
areas.
Do not revegetate
high quality
condition and/ or
derived grassland
sites. These sites
should naturally
regenerate and
planting disturbs
compositional
balance and
natural succession
patterns.
Avoid soil
compaction from
vehicles/
machinery or
stock camps.
Avoid cultivation,
ripping and
excavation.
Plant indigenous
species only if the
site shows no
signs of natural
regeneration.
Replicate the
composition and
density of species
evident in local,
good quality
grassy woodland
sites. Use seed of
local provenance if
possible.
Limit or exclude
grazing during
drought periods,
Thin tree recruits
once wellestablished,
Retain unburnt
areas.
Ensure that
appropriate weed
control measures
follow any burning
activity.
A minimum fire
interval of five
years, maximum
of 40 years is
recommended.
However, please
seek advice from
your local NRM
organisation for
advice on burning
regimes.
If fallen timber has
been removed
from sites, replace
coarse woody
debris (e.g.
recycled untreated
timbers).
Monitor and
manage densities
of Eastern Grey
Kangaroos. If the
sward height
reduces below
10cm because of
kangaroo grazing,
seek advice from
your local NRM
organisation on
appropriate
control measures.
Mow/slash
sporadically and
in a mosaic
pattern in late
summer or
autumn after
native ground
layer plants have
seeded.
Hand pulling, spot
spraying and
weed wiping are
appropriate weed
control measures.
Prevent weed
introduction
through adopting
good hygiene
measures and
minimising soil
disturbance.
Don’t stockpile
topsoil within
remnant areas.
Control feral
predators
including foxes,
dogs, cats and
pigs.
Do not push fallen
timber into stacks
or windrows as
these form
harbours for
foxes, rabbits and
cats.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
and in Spring/
Summer when
native
groundcover is in
flower or seed.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
leaving the
healthiest
specimens. Please
seek advice from
your local NRM
organisation as to
whether this is an
appropriate action
for your site.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) forests and woodlands vegetation profile
18.52% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Acacia harpophylla; Eucalyptus populnea; Casuarina cristata; Carissa ovata; Eremophila mitchellii; Geijera
parviflora; Alectryon oleifolius; Paspalidium caespitosum; Enteropogon acicularis; Paspalidium criniforme;
Nyssanthes erecta; tussock grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
Purchase high
quality/large
remnants into
reservation.
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
Manage grazing
practices and
stocking rates.
Exclude grazing
Encourage uptake entirely from intact
stands where
of conservation
possible.
agreements on
Avoid application
private land.
of fertiliser, or the
Create buffer
aerial/broad scale
zones around
spraying
remnants.
of herbicides.
Protect paddock
Implement water
trees and clumps
management,
of regrowth.
sediment erosion
Protect shrubby
and pollution
understorey and
control actions.
maintain dense
stands of
vegetation.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
Connect shadelines to one
another and keep
them as wide as
possible (ideally
more than 100 m).
Retain standing
dead trees and
allow fallen timber
and leaf litter to
rot where it falls.
Manage high
Manage foxes,
biomass exotic
feral pigs and
grasses (buffel
cats.
grass, Rhodes
grass, green panic
grass).
Facilitate
restoration of high
value regrowth
sites and
revegetation of
degraded sites.
Encourage
woodland
regeneration close
to areas of existing
woodland.
In general, the
most appropriate
fire regime for
Brigalow stands is
fire-exclusion.
Re-introduce
microhabitat
features (e.g.
rocks, logs and
other woody
debris) to sites
that have been
disturbed.
Protect woodland
birds from noisy
miners.
Prevent soil
disturbance.
Use spot
application
of herbicides.
Minimise tree
thinning.
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Mulga (Acacia aneura) woodlands and shrublands +/- tussock grass +/- forbs
vegetation profile
38.43% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Acacia aneura; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus melanophloia; Eremophila mitchellii; Thyridolepis mitchelliana;
Dodonaea viscosa subsp. Angustissima; Aristida jerichoensis; Cheilanthes sieberi; Thyridolepis mitchelliana;
tussock grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Do not high
intensity set stock.
Protect aquifers,
surface waters
and overland flow
from changes in
water flow/water
table level.
Protect from soil
disturbance and
water flow
changes caused
by livestock
trampling and
track construction.
Avoid fodder overharvesting.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Protect firesensitive mulga
shrublands from
replacement with
fire-tolerant
spinifex when
implementing fire
regimes. Seek
advice from your
local NRM
organisation on
appropriate fire
management
practices.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Identify and
mange key refugia
and wildlife
habitats.
Manage exotic
plants.
Undertake exotic
predator and
rabbit eradication
in key refugia
particularly
following major
rainfall events.
Manage native
species (e.g.
Kangaroos)
Manage rubber
vine (Cryptostegia
grandiflora),
mother of millions
(Bryophyllum
tubiflorum), and
parkinsonia
(Parkinsonia
aculeata).
Prevent weeds
from establishing
in high-value
refugia and
wildlife habitat.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Other Acacia forests and woodlands vegetation profile
46.87 Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Acacia cambagei; Acacia maranoensis; Acacia pendula; Eucalyptus thozetiana; Eremophila mitchellii; Eucalyptus
exserta; Geijera parviflora; Enchylaena tomentosa; Croton phebalioides; Aristida caput-medusae; tussock grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Use lopping
methods that do
not result in the
death of
acacia species.
Keep stock away
from known
nesting sites of
ground
dwelling birds.
Manage sites to
prevent
introduction
of invasive
plant species.
Control Bag
shelter moth
outbreaks in
significant stands
of Weeping Myall.
Prioritise
protection of
Weeping Myall
remnants.
Prevent trampling
and excessive
grazing pressure
at known
Weeping Myall
Woodlands sites.
Replant
understorey
species (such as
chenopods) where
they have been
depleted.
Allow fallen timber
and leaf litter to
remain on ground
to provide
fauna habitat.
Manage grassy
weeds such as
Buffel grass
(Cenchrus ciliaris)
and Coolatai
grass
(Hyparrhenia
hirta).
Control introduced
pest animals at
known sites.
Protect acacia
species from
clearing and
lopping for
drought fodder.
Avoid firewood
collection and
retain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
Use strategic
grazing, including
stock exclusion,
to allow
regeneration
to occur.
Avoid fertiliser and
herbicide
application in or
near remnants.
Repair and
expand and
connect remnants.
Collect and store
seeds for future
plantings.
Implement fire
regimes that
protect chenopod
shrubs (e.g.
saltbushes and
native cotton
bushes).
Do not remove
mistletoe from
Weeping Myall
trees and other
acacias and
eucalypts as
these provide
important
food resources
for birds and
mammals.
Avoid cultivating
or disturbing the
soil to prevent
weed invasion.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT