01.07 DBA and Exam
Module Study Guide
Lesson 01.01 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
What are the two major fields of study for anatomy?
List four specialties within physiology.
How would an anatomist and a physiologist study the skin differently?
How would they study the small intestine differently?
Lesson 01.02 Understanding Anatomy & Physiology
Word Meanings
Appendicular Axial Homeostasis and Metabolism
Maintaining ___________ is so important to the body that it uses up most of the body's ___________
energy.
Metabolism Apply what you’ve learned (this is NOT directly in the lesson):
Give some examples of how your body maintains homeostasis. I’ve done the first one for you.
1. My body uses hormones to regulate how much glucose is in my blood.
2.
3.
Body Positions
Anatomical Position Supine Position Prone Position Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane Frontal Plane Relative Direction
Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Bilateral Distal - away from the center of the body
Proximal - nearer to the center of the body
Lesson 01.03 Tissues
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Levels of Body Organization
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Cell Tissue Types of Tissues
Fill-in the empty boxes:
Tissue Type
Function(s)
Epithelial
 protection
 secretion
 absorption
 excretion
Muscle
movement
Location(s)
Connective
distributed
throughout the
whole body—
including in the
dermis skin layer
Nervous
 brain
 spinal cord
 nerves
Characteristic(s)
Example(s)
 blood
 bone
 cartilage
 tendons
 ligaments
 fat
 organ framework
Apply what you’ve learned (this is NOT directly in the lesson):
Many body tissues are related. Give some examples of tissue types working together in your body.
I’ve done the first one for you.
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1. Connective tissues (such as tendons) help my muscle tissues work so that I can move.
2.
3.
Engineering Tissues
Use the full article found on lesson PAGE 6 to answer these questions.
It was essential for doctors to make an exact ___________of Beyene’s windpipe before attempting to
create a new one so that the stem cells would create his new organ in the correct size and
___________. Getting the right scaffold is essential.
What are some logistical challenges that need to be overcome before “growing organs” can become
an everyday medical reality?
NOTE: Despite what the article may lead you to believe, stem cells from bone marrow are somewhat
limited. In the article, stem cells were taken from Beyene's bone marrow and used to create his new
windpipe. However, it’s important to know that adult stem cells are generally less versatile than
embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells (which are taken from a fertilized egg) can develop into
almost every type of cell in the human body! Whereas adult stem cells may only develop into a limited
number of cell types. Embryonic stem cell use is highly controversial because once the stem cells are
harvested, the embryo is destroyed.
Apply what you’ve learned (this is NOT directly in the lesson):
Biotechnology is a relatively new area of science. List some potential questions/concerns people
have about it. You may include practical and moral/ethical questions. I’ve done the first one for you.
1. I wonder how long these engineered organs will last once transplanted (might there be
complications with the engineered organ down the road?).
2.
3.
Lesson 01.04 Skin – The Largest Organ
The Skin
The skin, also called the ___________is considered an organ because it consists of all four tissue
types. It also contains accessory organs, such as ___________, hair, and nails.
Fill in the information below as you view the video on PAGE 2. (You may want to use the text version
of the video to help.)
1. The skin and its accessory organs make up the ___________system.
2. The skin is made up of three distinct layers, the ___________, ___________, and ___________.
Epidermis (outer layer)
General function Why is it water resistant?
Function of stratum layers Role of melanocytes and melanin Function of Merkel cells Dermis Layer (middle layer)
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Composed of How does the dermis help with thermoregulation?
How do sweat glands help with thermoregulation?
Role of blood vessels in the dermis Role of nerves in the dermis layer Hypodermis (inner layer)
Composed of Primary function Lesson 01.05 The Human Skeleton
The ___________ skeleton contains the cartilage and bones that support the organs of the head,
neck, and trunk.
Skull Hyoid bone Vertebral column Sacrum Rib cage The ___________ skeleton consists of the bones in the upper and lower limbs, as well as the bones
that anchor those limbs to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle Upper limb HumerusRadius and Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvic girdle Os coxae Lower limb Femur Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges ++++++++++ Regular track students may skip over this blue section. ++++++++++
Lesson 01.05 HONORS Bone Markings
Types of Bone Markings
Projections Depressions Openings 4
Structure
The ___________ of a bone marking is related to its function. Such functions include:
Projections for Movement:
Head Facet Condyle Ramus Projections as Attachment Sites:
Tuberosity Tubercle Crest Epicondyle Spine Trochanter Depressions and Openings:
Sinus Fossa Sulcus Fissure Foramen Suture Growth Plate
What is the function of the bone marking known as the epiphyseal plate?
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Lesson 01.06 Bone Tissue
Bone Matrix
Be sure to click the “bone cell chart” for additional help defining some of these terms:
Osteogenesis Osteogenic stem cells Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) Osteocytes Haversian canals Canaliculi Osteoclasts Compact and Spongy Bone
During early bone development, bone tissue arises and replaces most ___________ structure (or
cartilaginous structures) to form a bony skeleton. This is called ___________.
There are two types of bone tissues that form during ossification: ___________ and ___________
bone.
Fill in the information below as you view the video on PAGE 4. (You may want to use the text version
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of the video to help.)
Bone Layers
Periosteum
What does the outer layer contain?
What is the function of the outer layer?
What does the inner layer contain?
What is the function of the inner layer?
Compact Bone
What is the structure of the osteon?
What is the structure of the Haversian canals?
Medullary Cavity
What is the structure of the medullary cavity?
What is found at the end of long bones?
Bone Cells
Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Bone Repair
When a bone breaks, blood vessels are damaged and blood leaks into the area forming a
___________, or pool of blood, that develops into a clot. ___________, disturbed by the fracture,
communicate changes in the bone to the osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells. As blood
vessels infiltrate the site, a soft fibrous granulation tissue is laid down, and a soft callus of
fibrocartilage (collagen) begins to form. ___________ produce a hard callus that adheres to the dead
bone at the injury site. They also form a temporary bridge of spongy bone to hold the ends together.
Finally, ___________ act to remove any excess bone and callus. Within four to six months from the
date of injury, repair is complete.
Lesson 01.07 DBA and Exam
Now it’s time to call me for the DBA (oral assessment). After the DBA, I’ll give you the
password for the module exam.
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