SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL A-G
Title
Different species traits produce diverse spatial functional diversity patterns of amphibians
Author names and affiliation
Mariana A. Tsianou & Athanasios S. Kallimanis
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100
Agrinio, Greece
Email Addresses
mtsianou@upatras.gr (M.A. Tsianou), akallim@upatras.gr (A.S. Kallimanis)
Corresponding Author
Mariana A. Tsianou, e-mail: mtsianou@upatras.gr
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100
Agrinio, Greece. Tel. +30 26410 74224
1
Supplementary Material A. List of 150 papers on functional diversity reviewed to register the number of traits and the functional trait group (morphological, reproductive,
physiological, habitat-related and behavioural) used in each study. The taxon studied is also referred (Plants (P) - Animals (A) - Bacteria (B)).
Trait Groups
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Reference
Morphology
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indicators of tropical forest restoration success: Is it possible to
recover species and functional diversity? Biological Conservation,
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Barbaro, L., Giffard, B., Charbonnier, Y., Halder, I., Brockerhoff, E.
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Berke, S.K., Jablonski, D., Krug, A.Z., Valentine, J.W. (2014).
Origination and immigration drive latitudinal gradients in marine
functional diversity. PLoS One, 9, e101494.
Bernard-Verdier, M., Flores, O., Navas, M-L., Garnier, E. (2013).
Partitioning phylogenetic and functional diversity into alpha and beta
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Bhaskar, R., Dawson, T. E., Balvanera, P. (2014). Community
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Böhnke, M., Kröber, W., Welk, E., Wirth, C., Bruelheide, H. (2014).
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Bu, W., Zang, R., Ding, Y. (2014). Functional diversity increases
with species diversity along successional gradient in a secondary
tropical lowland rainforest. Tropical Ecology, 55, 393-401.
x
Reproduction
Physiological
x
x
x
2
x
x
Habitat
Behavioural
Number
of Traits
Plants (P)
- Animals
(A) Bacteria
(B)
x
x
5
A
x
x
7
A
x
x
5
A
8
P
x
x
x
3
P
x
x
26
P
x
x
6
P
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Buisson, L., Grenouillet, G., Villéger, S., Canal, J., Laffaille, P.
(2013). Toward a loss of functional diversity in stream fish
assemblages under climate change. Global Change Biology, 19, 387–
400.
Calba, S., Maris, V., Devictor, V. (2014). Measuring and explaining
large-scale distribution of functional and phylogenetic diversity in
birds: separating ecological drivers from methodological choices.
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 669–678.
Cantarel, A. A. M., Bloor, J. M. G., Soussana, J.-F. (2013). Four
years of simulated climate change reduces above-ground productivity
and alters functional diversity in a grassland ecosystem. Journal of
Vegetation Science, 24, 113–126.
Carboni, M., Acosta, A. T.R., Ricotta, C. (2013). Are differences in
functional diversity among plant communities on Mediterranean
coastal dunes driven by their phylogenetic history? Journal of
Vegetation Science, 24, 932–941.
Carroll T.M., Thorp J.H. (2014). Ecotonal shifts in diversity and
functional traits in zoobenthic communities of karst springs.
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Carvalho, G.H. et al. (2014). Are fire, soil fertility and toxicity, water
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Catorci, A., Cesaretti, S., Malatesta, L., Tardella, F. M. (2014).
Effects of grazing vs mowing on the functional diversity of subMediterranean productive grasslands. Applied Vegetation Science,
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Cavanaugh, K. C., Gosnell, J. S., Davis, S. L., Ahumada, J., Boundja,
P., Clark, D. B., Mugerwa, B., Jansen, P. A., O'Brien, T. G., Rovero,
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tropical forests correlates with taxonomic diversity and functional
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x
x
x
x
13
A
x
x
x
x
22
A
x
3
P
x
16
P
3
A
x
7
P
x
9
P
x
2
P
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3
x
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Chalmandrier, L., Münkemüller, T., Gallien, L., de Bello, F., Mazel,
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Chanteloup, P., Bonis, A. (2013). Functional diversity in root and
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Concostrina, L., Pescador, D.S., Martı´nez, I., Escudero, A. (2014).
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Daneshgar, P.P., Polley, H.W., Wilsey, B.J. (2013). Simple
plant
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
4
x
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x
3
P
9
P
8
A
5
P
6
P
6
A
4
A
6
P
9
A
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
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Journal of Animal Ecology, 82, 781–790.
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Impacts of logging and conversion of rainforest to oil palm on the
functional diversity of birds in Sundaland. Ibis, 155, 313–326.
x
Edwards, K.F., Klausmeier, C.A., Litchman, E. (2013). A three-way
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C., Depraetere, M., Pavoine, S. (2013). Assessing biodiversity with
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34
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B
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Arnold, N. (2005). Collins Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins,
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Published Paper
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Published Paper
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Arnold, N. (2005). Collins Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins,
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Book
Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Available
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Arnold, N. (2005). Collins Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins,
London
Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Available
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Website
AmphibiaWeb – AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. amphibiaweb.org.
(Accessed 20.02.2013).
Arnold, N. (2005). Collins Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins,
London
Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Available
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Arnold, N. (2005). Collins Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins,
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Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Available
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Book
Website
Book
Website
Website
Book
Website
Website
Website
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Arnold, N. (2005). Collins Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins,
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Book
mobility mode
Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Available
from http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/ (Accessed: 25.04.2013)
Website
Reptiles and amphibians of France - www.herpfrance.com. (Accessed 20.09.2013)
Website
AmphibiaWeb – AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. amphibiaweb.org.
(Accessed 20.02.2013).
Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Available
from http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/ (Accessed: 25.04.2013)
Reptiles and amphibians of France - www.herpfrance.com. (Accessed 20.09.2013)
Trochet A et al. (2014) A database of life-history traits of European amphibians. Biodiversity Data Journal 2:
e4123.
23
Website
Website
Website
Published Paper
Supplementary Material C. Distribution of FD indices (functional dendrogram, FDiv and RaoQ) for
different functional trait groups (FTGs).
Fig. 1 The distribution of three functional diversity (FD) indices of functional richness, divergence and
dispersion (Functional dendrogram, FDiv and RaoQ) calculated using three functional trait groups
(FTGs) a. Morphological, b. Reproductive, c. Habitat-related and d. the complete set of traits for
amphibians of European Union at 40 km x 40 km grid cell resolution
24
Supplementary Material D. Distribution of FD indices (functional dendrogram, FDiv and RaoQ) for
different combinations of functional trait groups (FTGs).
Fig. 1 The distribution of three functional diversity (FD) indices of functional richness, evenness and
dispersion (FRic, FEve and FDis) calculated using combinations of the three functional trait groups
(FTGs) a. Morphological-Habitat-related, b. Reproductive-Habitat-related, c. MorphologicalReproductive and d. the complete set of traits for amphibians of European Union at 40 km x 40 km grid
cell resolution
25
Fig. 2 The distribution of three functional diversity (FD) indices of functional richness, divergence and
dispersion (FRic, FDiv and RaoQ) calculated using combinations of the three functional trait groups
(FTGs) a. Morphological-Habitat-related, b. Reproductive-Habitat-related, c. MorphologicalReproductive and d. the complete set of traits for amphibians of European Union at 40 km x 40 km grid
cell resolution
26
Table 1 Correlation coefficients (Spearman's r with degrees of freedom corrected using the method
proposed by Clifford et al. 1989) between combinations of functional trait groups (FTGs):
Morphological-Habitat-related, Reproductive-Habitat-related, Morphological-Reproductive and the
complete set of traits used to calculate the different functional diversity measures (functional
dendrogram index, FRic, FEve, FDiv, FDis and RaoQ). Results are shown for amphibians of Europe.
Functional
Diversity
Measure
FRic
Functional
Dendrogram
FEve
FDiv
FDis
RaoQ
Functional
Trait Group
(FTG)
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
ReproductiveHabitat-related
0.857***
MorphologicalReproductive
0.783***
Complete set
0.915***
0.674***
0.929***
0.717***
0.967***
0.959***
0.991***
0.976***
0.984***
0.981***
-0.076***
0.221***
0.671***
-0.324***
-0.201***
0.329***
0.167***
-0.507***
-0.174***
-0.066***
0.526***
0.362***
0.908***
0.844***
0.951***
0.852***
0.97***
0.924***
0.167***
-0.507***
-0.174***
-0.066***
0.167***
-0.507***
*p< 0.05 ; **p < 0.01; ***p< 0.001
27
Supplementary Material E. Summary of spatial overlap of hotspots and coldspots between the different FTGs
Table 1 Congruence (% spatial overlap) of hotspots and coldspots between the different FTGs of tree functional diversity aspects (richness, evenness and dispersion) and six
FD indices. The hotspot and coldspot definition was based on 5% threshold of the grid cells with the highest or lowest FD values.
Hotspots
FD Metric
FRic
FTG
Morphological
Reproductive
Habitat-related
Morphological
Reproductive
Habitat-related
Complete Set
2.84
22.70
41.84
27.66
61.70
93.62
36.17
35.46
Morphological
2.84
3.55
Reproductive
Complete Set
Functional
dendrogram
34.75
74.47
Morphological
12.77
46.81
18.44
42.55
Reproductive
Complete Set
FEve
15.60
Morphological
Complete Set
29.79
3.55
15.60
2.13
2.84
Morphological
Complete Set
0.00
63.12
5.67
7.80
9.93
78.01
64.54
7.80
1.42
Reproductive
RaoQ
Morphological
94.33
95.74
93.62
95.04
98.58
2.84
1.42
10.79
58.87
65.25
68.09
0.71
2.84
24.11
1.42
0.00
0.00
Morphological
Complete Set
99.29
6.38
Reproductive
FDis
61.70
7.09
Reproductive
FDiv
Coldspots
0.71
37.59
58.87
74.47
0.00
12.06
49.65
8.51
75.89
62.41
7.09
1.42
Reproductive
45.39
28
58.87
32.62
58.87
73.05
0.00
15.60
58.87
Supplementary Material F. Summary of the results for the relationships between latitude and FD indices for different FTGs
Table 1 Generalized linear models between latitude and six FD indices for different FTGs: Morphological, Reproductive, Habitat-related, the complete set of traits and
combinations of FTGs for amphibians of European Union at 40 km x 40 km grid cell resolution. Parameter estimate ± standard error, p-value with asterisk(s) in the
parameters estimate (*p< 0.05 ; **p < 0.01; ***p< 0.001) and pseudo-r2 - as a measure of model fit, are shown in the table.
FRic
Morphological
Reproductive
Habitat-related
MorphologicalHabitat-related
ReproductiveHabitat-related
MorphologicalReproductive
Complete set of
traits
Value
-0.0021*
-0.0020
-0.0016
-0.0011
-0.0011
-0.0022
-0.0009
SE
0.0024
0.0006
0.0024
0.0014
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
2
0.946
0.718
0.933
0.923
0.91
0.93
0.912
Value
-0.0049
-0.0057
-0.0028*
-0.0038
-0.003
-0.0035
-0.0028
SE
0.0183
0.0058
0.0207
0.0226
0.0183
0.0167
0.0221
2
0.773
0.89
0.81
0.783
0.823
0.802
0.835
Value
-0.0003
0.0006***
-0.0007
0.0003
-0.0010
0.0005
0.0004**
SE
0.0012
0.0011
0.002
0.0006
0.0014
0.0004
0.0004
2
0.803
0.815
0.889
0.819
0.888
0.834
0.821
Value
-0.0016**
-0.003
0.0007
-0.00004
0.0015
-0.0042***
-0.0001
SE
0.0008
0.0014
0.0009
0.001
0.0006
0.0008
0.0004
r2
0.411
0.507
0.576
0.548
0.477
0.701
0.356
Value
-0.0064*
-0.006***
-0.0068*
-0.0063*
-0.0065**
-0.0063**
-0.0063**
SE
0.0030
0.0012
0.0028
0.0025
0.0022
0.0022
0.0021
r
Functional
dendrogram
r
FEve
r
FDiv
FDis
2
0.948
0.969
0.937
0.949
0.968
0.975
0.969
Value
-0.0014
-0.0015**
-0.0014*
-0.0012*
-0.0012**
-0.0012**
-0.0012**
SE
0.0008
0.0002
0.0006
0.0005
0.0002
0.0004
0.0004
2
0.956
0.959
0.952
0.97
0.97
0.975
0.979
r
RaoQ
r
29
Supplementary Material G. Summary of the results for the relationships between species richness and
FD indices for different FTGs
Table 1 Generalized linear models between species richness and six FD indices for different FTGs a.
Morphological, b. Reproductive, c. Habitat-related and d. the complete set of traits for amphibians of
European Union at 40 km x 40 km grid cell resolution. (F-value, p-value, df and pseudo-r2 - as a
measure of model fit, are shown in the table).
Functional Trait Groups (FTGs)
FRic
Functional
dendrogram
Morphological
Reproductive
Habitat-related
Complete set
F-value
p-value
2002.05
0.0001
340.32
0.0001
1902.58
0.0001
2317.12
0.0001
df
2813
2813
2813
2813
r2
0.929
0.489
0.941
0.95
F-value
12999.70
2102.42
25133.21
33326.31
p-value
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
df
2813
2813
2813
2813
2
0.66
0.13
0.736
0.744
F-value
p-value
62.2941
0.0001
16.6586
0.0001
39.2425
0.0001
4.5694
0.0326
df
2813
2813
2813
2813
r2
0.001
0.007
0.365
0.009
F-value
3.92
156.25
20.72
1.77
p-value
df
0.0479
2813
0.0001
2813
0.0001
2813
0.1836
2813
r2
0.001
0.276
0.069
0.006
F-value
745.78
568.30
545.54
972.14
p-value
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
df
2813
2813
2813
2813
2
0.464
0.281
0.462
0.445
F-value
p-value
748.70
0.0001
274.43
0.0001
564.83
0.0001
1084.16
0.0001
df
2813
2813
2813
2813
r2
0.464
0.195
0.457
0.414
r
FEve
FDiv
FDis
r
RaoQ
30