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ENERGY RESOURCES
I.
Energy from Organic Fuels
Common Forms of Energy: _______________,
__________________ and
Other Form of Energy: ___________________,
__________________ and
___________________
____________________.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can only be changed from one form into another form of energy
A. The Need For Energy
Energy you consume as food once came from the ______________.
Sunlight
Chemical Energy Stored in Plants
Animals eat plants & other animals
Energy from food is converted to heat, mechanical energy,
& chemical energy needed for life processes
1. ________________ is any substance from which energy can be obtained.
2. Electricity is generated by the ______________ of
other forms of energy.
3. This conversion is not 100% efficient
 Some energy converted to _____________ ,
_______________ and______________.
4. Non-renewable resource-___________________
___________________________________________
Ex. __________________________________________________________________
5. Renewable resource _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Ex. ______________________________________________________________________________
B. Changing Energy Needs
1. Hunter-Gatherer used _______________ to meet
their energy needs.
2. Agricultural societies utilized domesticated animals
for energy sources for equipment.
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3. Industrial societies increased energy consumption
due to use of _________________________.
C. Organic Fuels
1. Organic fuels:
 _____________________
 ______________________________________________
 _________________________
2. A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen is called a _____________.
Draw molecules below
 CH4 = Methane

C2H6 = Ethane

C8H18 = Octane
3. Hydrogen may contain impurities
 Other chemicals such as ______________ and __________ compounds
 Impurities contribute to the __________________
4. Fossil Fuels - Stored energy from ancient organism can be used today as a fuel source.
Examples of fossil fuels: ___________, ________________, and ___________________________.
D. COAL
plants + swamps + sediment + time = Coal


Formed when ancient plant material is compressed
below sediment
_______________that is an organic fossil fuel

Heat and pressure
 Forces out _______________
 Increases the ___________________
concentration

____________ carbon concentration means
_________energy and less smoke released during
combustion.
1. Stages in Coal formation
a. _______________
b. ________________
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c. ________________________________
d. _____________________
a. Peat
 It is found on the Earth’s surface
 Compressed ____________ material
 ______________ water concentration
 Low ____________ concentration
 Burns ________________
 Brittle & Brown
 Low ______________
 Resembles decaying wood
b. Lignite
 Compressed ______________
 Lower ____________ concentration
 Soft, brown coal composed of about _____________ carbon
 Releases little smoke& burns quickly
 Found below surface and must be _____________
c. Sub-Bituminous coal
 Type of coal whose properties range from those of ________________ to those of
__________________________________
 Used primarily as a fuel for ___________________________________________
d. Bituminous coal
 Soft black coal
 Most abundant type of coal in __________
 It forms deep in Earth's crust
 Less water and fewer impurities than lignite
 Higher _____________ content (85%)
 Releases little smoke and burns _____________ than lignite
 Widely used industries– power plants
e. Anthracite
 __________________________________________
 Shiny black color
 Least water, fewest impurities
 Highest carbon content (_____%)
 Located ______________ in the ground than any of the other forms of coal.
 Burns the hottest with the least amount of ___________ and is the most valuable
 Most expensive
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Homework
1. Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are
(a) fuels;
(b) fossil fuels;
(c) organic fuels;
(d) hydrocarbons.
2. Energy conversion is not 100% efficient because energy is lost in the form of
(a) light
(b) heat
(c) sound
(d) all of the above
3. The type of society that has the greatest energy needs is the
(a) hunting society;
(b) gathering society;
(c) industrial society;
(d) agricultural society.
4. The first stage in the formation of coal is
(a) lignite;
(b) peat;
(c) anthracite;
(d) bituminous coal.
5. The type of coal that has the highest carbon content is
(a) peat;
(b) lignite;
(c) bituminous coal;
(d) anthracite.
6. The most abundant form of coal in the
United States is
(a) peat;
(b) lignite;
(c) anthracite;
(d) bituminous coal.
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E. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
Coal is in the ____________________ phase
Petroleum is in the __________________ phase
Natural gas is in the __________________ phase
1. Petroleum
organic material + shallow seas + sediment + time = Petroleum


Syrupy black liquid fossil fuel
Formed from the remains of ______________________________and other microscopic
_____________, plants, and animals living in shallow seas millions of years ago
Draw an oil trap below:
Impermeable:_____________________________________________________
Permeable : ______________________________________________________
a. Petroleum is separated or refined to make a variety of products.
List some here:
b. Worldwide population increases, so does the _____________ for
petroleum.
2. Natural Gas
a. Mixture:
 ____________ major hydrocarbon
 Ethane and propane may be present as minor hydrocarbons
 Trace amounts :
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Carbon dioxide
 Nitrogen
 Helium
b. Use:




Industry
Homes & businesses for _____________________________________
 _________________________________
Household appliances
Does not have to be converted to electricity first; _______________________
c. Natural gas forms in much the same way as petroleum
 Often found trapped above _________________ pools
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
Sometimes viewed as waste of __________________
F. Problems with Fossil Fuels
1. _________________ and _________________
2. Oil spills and other forms of widespread _________________________________________ are possible
results of exploring for fossil fuels.
An alternative to seeking new fossil fuel sources is to depend on the large deposits of oil that are
already known to exist. Unfortunately for many nations, oil deposits are not always located in the same
country that needs the fuel. In I991, Operation Desert Storm, reminded many Americans of the need to
reduce their dependence on imported oil.
3. Pollution of various kinds, especially _________________, is produced by the use of fossil fuels.
a. Burning releases ______________________
4. Increased use of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution caused the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere to increase by more than ____%.
5. Many scientists, as well as other citizens, think that this increase in carbon dioxide could raise the
temperature of Earth through a process called the _________________effect.
6. Natural gas is extremely _________________
7. Coal miner hazards: suffocation by natural gas, _________________ of natural gas and coal dust
G. Biomass Fuels
1. A fuel formed from the products of living organisms.
2. Ex.____________, _____________, ______________, and _________________
3. Biomass fuels are a _________________resource and can be produced in large quantities specifically
for use as fuels.
4. Wood
a. Cheap, used greatly in developing nations
1. People spend a great deal of time searching for the wood necessary to meet their energy
needs.
b. Wood gives off a great deal of smoke that is high in _________________.
c. Obtaining wood can be damaging to _________________.
5. Garbage
a. Garbage produced in homes is composed largely of _________________materials, such as
paper and food scraps
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b. About 2/3 of the material in garbage can be burned
c. Heat produced from burning garbage is used to change water into steam
d. The steam turns the _________________ that generate electricity.
6. Methane
a. Swamp gas is a naturally produced form of _________________
b. Decaying _____________________ in dumps also produces methane
c. Today, methane is being removed from swamps and garbage dumps for use as a fuel.
7. Alcohol
a. _____________________________ - the conversion of organic materials into fuels
i. Ex. Use of plants (corn & sugarcane) to make ____________________
b. _________________ - made by yeast through the process of _________________
i. A liquid biomass fuel that burns __________________ and is a renewable resource.
ii. Gasohol - mixture of _________________ gasoline to _________________ ethanol.
Homework
1. Coal: fossil fuel as
(a) petroleum: crude oil;
(b) peat: coal;
2. Crude oil is another name for
(a) alcohol;
(b) methane;
(c) methane: swamp gas;
(c) peat;
3. Petroleum: plastics as
(a) alcohol: gasoline;
(b) coal: carbon;
4. Mines: coal as
(a) petroleum: refineries;
(b) corn: alcohol;
(d) alcohol: biomass fuel.
(d) petroleum.
(c) garbage: electricity;
(c) land: agriculture;
5. The use of corn to make alcohol is an example of
(a) bioconversion;
(b) fossil fuels;
(c) hydrocarbon;
(d) industry: fuels.
(d) wells: petroleum.
(d) refining.
6. Of the following the only example of a biomass fuel is
(a) coal;
(b) petroleum;
(c) wood;
(d) natural gas.
7. The process by which alcohol is made by yeast is called
(a) fermentation;
(b) bioconversion;
(c) purification;
8. Unlike fossil fuels, biomass fuels
(a) do not release carbon dioxide;
(b) are renewable resources;
(c) are buried beneath the surface;
(d) distillation.
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(d) are not products of living things.
II. ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITY
A. Atoms:___________________________________________
Composed of:
1. ________________
_______________
2. ________________
3. ________________
_______________ Atom # of p+ = # of –e
B. Atoms and Isotopes
1. AII atoms of the same element have the same number of ____________in their nuclei.
a. Atomic # = ___________________________________________________
Ex. oxygen has 8 ____________, and its atomic number is 8.
b. Atomic Mass/ Mass # - ______________________________________________________
c. Individual atoms of the same element may have different mass numbers because the number of
____________ in the nucleus can vary.
For example, all atoms of the element oxygen have 8 protons. Most atoms of oxygen have 8 neutrons
and a mass number of 16. However, some oxygen atoms may have 9 or 10 neutrons.
d. Isotopes - Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of ___________________
Ex. Uranium has 92 protons, and most uranium atoms contain 146 neutrons and have a mass number
of 238. This form of uranium is commonly called U-238. Another isotope of uranium, called U-235, has
only 143 neutrons and has a mass number of 235.
Change in Number of Electrons
Change in the Number of Neutrons
-
-
-
-
-
-
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C. Radioactivity
1. _______________________ - unstable isotopes of atoms, emitting particles and energy from their
nuclei as they decay
2. The three types of radiation emitted from radioactive atom:
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________-The amount of time it takes for half of the atom in a sample of a
radioactive element to decay is the
D. REACTIONS AND REACTORS
1. Energy holds the nucleus of atoms together
2. _____________________________- splitting the atom; releases energy
a. Can be used to generate electricity.
b. Uranium-235 is the atom used most commonly in fission reactions
c. An atom of U-235 is fissionable
i. ____________ when its nucleus is struck by a ____________.
ii. When U-235 splits, it releases energy and forms new nuclei, called ____________
nuclei.
The steps in the fission of a U235 atom are shown in the
diagram. To begin the
reaction, a neutron is fired into
the nucleus of the atom. The
neutron strikes the nucleus,
which splits, forming two
daughter nuclei. The reaction
also releases energy and
several more neutrons. These
neutrons can strike other U235 nuclei, causing those
nuclei to split and release more energy and more neutrons. This continuous action of neutrons splitting atomic
nuclei is called a chain reaction.
E. Nuclear Reactors
1. Nuclear reactors function very similarly to fossil fuel power plants.
2.____________ is released from the nuclear reaction
__________
___________turns turbines
electricity is _______________
boils water
steam rises
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3. Water performs two functions:
a. Acts as a coolant, absorbing heat and keeps the core from ____________.
b. Slows the movement of the neutrons released during the chain reaction to allow for the
chain reaction to _______________________
c. Control ____________ regulate speed of the chain reaction
i. Made of cadmium, boron, or other materials that absorb neutrons
Homework
1. Protons and neutrons are found together in the part of the atom called the
(a) alpha particle;
(b) electron; (c) nucleus; (d) isotope.
2. Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called
(a) isotopes; (b) nuclei;
(c) electrons; (d) neutrons.
3. One kind of radiation not released by radioactive decay is
(a) alpha particles; (b) free protons;
(c) beta particles;
(d) gamma rays.
4. All isotopes of an element contain the same number of neutrons. TRUE or FALSE
5. Beta particles contain two protons and two neutrons. TRUE or FALSE
6. The fuel most commonly used in fission reactions is
(a) Np-239; (b) U-238;
(c) U-235;
(d) Pu-239.
7. Devices that absorb neutrons and are used to control the speed of a fission reactor are called
(a) reactor vessels;
(b) fuel rods; (c) containment buildings; (d) control rods.
9. A fission chain reaction begins when an atom of U-235 is struck by a neutron. TRUE or FALSE
10. In a fission reaction, some of the mass of the original atom is converted to energy. TRUE or FALSE
F. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
1. Produced by Nuclear power plants

About _____ metric tons of spent fuel is produced by a typical nuclear
reactor each year.
2. Nuclear plants produce large quantities of ______-________ nuclear wastes
during the course of normal operation.
Cells that are actively dividing, such as skin cells and the blood-cell producing cells in
bone marrow, are especially sensitive to radiation. The amount of exposure
determines the extent of damage. Large doses of radiation can cause severe,
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immediate effects, including skin burns and anemia, even death. Radiation also causes changes in DNA,
leading to long-term effects such as cancer and genetic mutation.
4. Radiation exposure is measured in ______________.
5. Most Americans receive between ______-_____ rems per year from background radiation.
G. Types of Waste
1. __________________________ - Radioactive wastes that emit large amounts of radiation
Ex. 1. _________________________________
2__________________________________
3. ______________used to cool and control the chain reactions
a. These wastes are very dangerous to handle and may also be ____________
b. May be ______________________ for tens of thousands of years
2. Medium-level and low-level wastes
a. Not as radioactive as high-level wastes
b. Much ___________ volume is generated (more common)
c. Can be dangerous for 300 years or more
d. Ex.
i. _____________________
ii. Contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker
e. Produced by hospitals and laboratories
H. Waste Disposal
1. The contaminants may have long half-lives, taking _______________of years to decay
Plutonium-239, for example, is a high-level waste product of nuclear reactors. Pu-239 has a half-life of
24,000 years. Plutonium waste will remain dangerous for 192,000 years. Plutonium is also a deadly
poison, even in small amounts.
2. The long half-lives of elements in radioactive wastes pose a serious ______________ problem.
3. Wastes must be sealed in containers that will not corrode for thousands of years.
4. The U.S. government has decided to seal the wastes in thick blocks of __________.
a. Sites must be __________________________
b. Earthquake or ________________________ could spill the stored wastes
c. Must be stored deep _____________________________ , which is costly
Almost all the high-level radioactive wastes in the world have not been disposed of permanently. They
sit in storage tanks outside nuclear power and nuclear plants. In many cases, these tanks have begun to
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leak, contaminating the groundwater and releasing radioactive wastes into the environment. These
wastes must be permanently removed before the contamination gets worse. The government predicts
that the cleanup of 20 of the most contaminated nuclear weapons sites in the United States could cost
$600 billion!
5. Medium-level and low-level wastes also pose disposal problems
6. Low-level wastes are often buried or enclosed in _______________and dropped into the
__________
These methods of disposal expose the environment to contamination. Most medium- level wastes have
not been disposed of permanently. A permanent disposal site for medium-level wastes presents many
of the same problems as does a site for high-level wastes.
I. Safety and Cost
If the _______________ and control systems in a reactor core fail, the chain reaction can no longer be
_______________. The core will grow hotter, causing the fuel rods and even the reactor vessel to melt –
Meltdown.
A full ______________ would release huge amounts of radiation into the environment.
In April I986, however, one core of the _______________ nuclear power plant in Ukraine did melt down. The
plant's control rods were made of graphite. The graphite began to burn, and fire spread radioactivity over a
vast area. More than ___ people were killed immediately, and _______________ people had to permanently
leave their homes. Scientists think that Chernobyl radiation may eventually cause as many as
__________cases of cancer.
The __________plant was old and lacked many of the safety features built into newer plants. The accident
was caused by __________error. The severity of this accident and the problems with radioactive waste
disposal has led many people to question the wisdom of using nuclear power. Nuclear power plants are also
very expensive because the required __________ measures are very costly.
Homework
1. Each year, an average person in the United States is exposed to a radiation level of
(a) 2 rems;
(b) 0.2 rems; (c) 20 rems; (d) 200 rems.
2. Pu-239 has a half-life of
(a) 24 years; (b) 240 years;
(c) 2400 years;
(d) 24 000 years.
3. Losing control of the fission reaction in a reactor core may result in a
(a) cooldown;
(b) meltdown;
(c) draindown;
(d) cooling tower.
4. The number of people forced to evacuate because of the Chernobyl accident was
(a) 1,160;
(b) 11,600; (c) 116,000; (d) 1,160,000.
5. Radon gas is responsible for 25 percent of the radiation in most U.S. homes. TRUE or FALSE
6. Plutonium must be stored for 192,000 years before it is safe. TRUE or FALSE
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7. The cleanup of the 20 most polluted nuclear weapons facilities in the United States will cost $600 billion.
TRUE or FALSE
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Yucca Mountain
Almost one-fifth of the world depends on nuclear power for electricity. But nuclear power also generates
radioactive wastes. For many years, nuclear power plants have stored their own __________, but storage
space is running out.
Several ideas for long-term storage of radioactive waste have
proposed. One idea is to build a __________repository where
be buried several hundred meters deep in solid
__________or salt beds.
been
waste can
In 1987, the U.S. Congress selected Yucca Mountain in the
desert as a possible geologic repository. If the project is
is estimated to cost between ______________ billion and
fully operational by 2010. The proposal of using Yucca
however, has raised many questions.
Nevada
approved, it
could be
Mountain,
Should Yucca Mountain he used for a nuclear-waste repository?
Use Yucca Mountain as a Repository
Geological evidence indicates that the Yucca Mountain area has changed little over the last million years.
Scientists predict it will remain undisturbed for up to __________years after the repository is sealed.
The repository will be __________ deep, within hard rock deposits. At this depth, it is still __________ above
the water table. Little groundwater flows through Yucca Mountain, so the waste canisters will stay dry and
remain intact.
Don’t Use Yucca Mountain as a Repository
Scientists cannot predict every problem that might arise in the repository. Heavy __________ or seismic
movements could raise the water table, causing canisters to corrode and leak waste into the
_______________ . Once in the groundwater, the waste could reach the area's water supply, causing serious
illness to people who drink the water.
Some of these chemicals remain radioactive for thousands of years. Scientists do not know for certain how
long waste can remain buried without affecting the surrounding area.
Consider the Issue
1. Should Yucca Mountain be used to store radioactive wastes? Explain your answer.
2. Would you want to live in the area around Yucca Mountain? Why or why not?
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III. SOLAR ENEREY
A. Energy from the _____________, or solar energy,
 Absorbed by ________________
 Used as fuel by virtually all organisms.
 Transferred into _________________________
 Drive ________________________
o _________________________________________
B. Uneven warming of Earth
 Cause winds to __________
 Wind energy
C. Thermonuclear Fusion
 High temperatures cause hydrogen nuclei to fuse forming _______________ nuclei
 Loss of ____________ occurs – energy production
 ______________________________________
D. Sun as Fuel:
 Generate heat and electricity
 Free, clean and ______________
1. Solar energy Drawbacks
 Equipment expensive
 Not constant - limited sunlight
 ______________________
 _____________
 Size and cost of the equipment may outweigh the benefits
 Technology progresses
o More ________________________________
2. Passive Solar Energy
 Used directly
 Light or heat
 Collected, stored, and distributed naturally in an enclosed
dwelling
 Not used to _____________________________________
 Ex. ____________________________________
South-facing windows can gather the greatest amount of the sun's
energy for the longest number of daylight hours. In addition, these
homes contain building materials and furnishings that best absorb
solar energy. Examples of such materials are stone, brick, and
concrete.
Notice the large, dark, water-filled barrel in the glass enclosure;
barrels are used as energy-absorbing and storage structures. The
barrel absorbs energy during the _____ and releases energy at ________. There is the large overhang to
prevent exposure to summer sun.
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3. Active Solar Energy
Active solar heating
 devices are used to:
o collect, store, and circulate heat
o Produced from _____________________
 greater capacity than a ______________________
 uses tubes, tanks, fluids, fans, pumps, etc.
Ex. Used in Israel, India, Japan, & West Indies to ______________________________________
Can be used to produce ____________ to turn a _____________ to generate electricity
a. Solar Collectors:
 mounted on roofs
o _______________________
o saves space on ground
b. Flat-plate collectors
 A large, flat box
 Base made of a _______________________ covering a layer of insulation.
 Fluid-filled tubes run across top of metal
 Usually ___________, or antifreeze
 Temperatures rise up to _____________
 Circulates like a _____________________
c. Mojave Desert – ___________________
 1800 giant mirrors to concentrate the sun's rays at one position
 Heat to produce steam.
 Steam turns turbines
 Produces _______________ for 10,000 people.
d. Photovoltaic Cells (PV cells) – Solar cells
 Produce electricity directly
 Two thin semiconductor materials joined together.
o ___________ or selenium
 Sunlight causes ____________ to move
 Ex. Solar Powered Calculator
IV Electricity
 Static Electricity
 Direct Current (DC)
 Alternating Current (AC)
A. Static Electricity

Involves electrons that are ___________________________________________________
– Usually by ______________________________________ on a __________________
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– Objects may be attracted to each other like ___________________________________
– Or ______________ may occur like a shock or __________________
B. DC - Direct Current

Current that __________________________ through a conductor, such as a
_____________________________.

Usually get ____________________________________________

Produced by ___________________________________________
C. AC – Alternating Current

A ____________________________ movement of _________________ in a _________,
similar to sloshing _______________back-and-forth in a _____________.

Many electrical devices like _______________________ only require that the
__________________________________________

More ____________________________________________________ way of providing
________________________ power.
V. Photovoltaic Cells
A. Photo = _________________
B. Voltaic = ________________

Photovoltaic cells _________________________________________________________.
VI. Photo Voltaic Cells (Solar Cells)
Si

Low _____________________________________ color used

Square cells are made out of ____________________

Each square is cut from an ____________________________________ so there is no waste
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A. Silicon Wafers

A Silicon atom will always look for ways to fill up its last shell (which would like to have
_________________________________).
Si

Si
A wafer of _____________________________ is a ______________________________
because ______________________________________ are free to flow & make a current

__________________________ is sprayed on one wafer

Silicon has _______________________ in its outer shell while _____________________
________________________________ = ____ electrons for outer shell
o Extra Electron causes the wafer to have a __________________________________ =
_______________________________

________________________ is within the wafer

Silicon has ___________________________ in its outer shell while _________________
B
Si
__________________________ = __ electrons for outer shell
o Missing Electron causes the wafer to have a __________________________________ =
__________________________
VII. Our Sun Can Generate Electricity

_____________________ - visible-light particle

Photons from sunlight __________________________________________ causing a
_____________________________________ between the _______________________
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& the ________________________________

This creates a flow of charge through ________________________________
VIII. Solar cells are useful because they:

are _____________________

have ________________________________________

cause _______________________________________ in
operation (recyclable when old)

_______________________________________________

work in __________________________________ and are more
__________________
in _______________________________________________

are not unattractive

can generate power ________________________________________________________,
without the need for electricity pylons and wires.
Homework
1. Of the following, the energy source that can be used in the greatest number of areas is
(a) geothermal energy;
(b) wind energy;
(c) hydroelectric power;
(d) solar energy.
2. How does active solar energy differ from passive solar energy?
3. How can solar-powered automobiles help reduce pollution?
4. Photovoltaic cells convert the energy of the sun to
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(a) heat
(b) light
(c) electricity;
(d) fuel.
5. Photovoltaic cells are used to provide the energy for all of the following except
(a) passive solar heating systems;
(b) space satellites;
(c) calculators;
(d) wristwatches.
6. The tubes in a solar collector are filled with
(a) metal;
(b) solid;
(c) fluid;
(d) insulation.
7. Windows: passive solar heating as
(a) PV cells: active solar heating;
(b) PV cells: flat-plate collectors;
(c) flat-plate collector: active solar heating;
(d) solar energy: sun
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IX. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
A. Energy that is produced from the kinetic energy of moving water is known as ______________________.





____________ energy source
readily available in many areas
less expensive energy production costs than using fossil or nuclear fuels
initial costs of constructing plants can be high
basic concept has been proven for centuries
Ex. ____________________
B. Energy from flowing streams

Late _____________
o Turbines were invented; __________________________


Huge dams generate nearly
Nearly ____% of the world’s electricity
o
How does the running water create electricity? (ask if you do not know)
C. Benefits of Dams:
o Important in _________________
o Determines the speed of water flow
o Can help in navigation of boats
o _____________ areas
o Creates ________________
D. Draws Backs of Dams:
o Altering water depth and flow
o Damns can alter the natural plant life
o Plant life changes alter the animals life
o Affects food chains
o _________________
o Can change shoreline ecosystems
o _______________________________________
o ________________ processes of some fish

Water stored behind dams
o Develops a _________ bottom layer
o Released through the dam
o Cool water mixes with the _____________ water downstream,
o Rapid changes in temperature
o Makes ecosystem _______________________
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E. Energy from Tides
 Tides of the ocean- tidal generator
 Contain huge amounts of ____________________
 Can be converted to electricity
 Turbines turn in both _____________, depending on the
direction of the tide
 In most areas, the difference between ________________
tide is insufficient to power a tidal generator
 _____________ environmental consequences associated
with tidal generators
 Can damage _____________ surrounding the generator and affect the benthic community near the
generator
o Benthic zone- _______________________________________________________________
Homework
1. The production of electricity from moving water is called
(a) solar energy;
(b) wind energy;
(c) hydroelectric power;
(d) geothermal energy.
2. Hydroelectric power: moving water as
(a) solar energy: light;
(b) wind energy: moving air;
(c) heat: geothermal energy;
(d) solar cells: electricity.
3. Dams: hydroelectric power as
(a) solar collectors: passive solar heating;
(b) solar collectors: electricity;
(c) solar collectors: active solar energy;
(d) aerogenerators: geothermal energy.
4. What is hydroelectric power?
5. How might the formation of a reservoir behind a dam affect the environment?
X. THE OCEAN RESOURCE
• Seawater!
• Can be used to make:
• ___________________________________
• Air-condition buildings
• ___________________________________
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•
• _______________________
Ex. Keahole Point, ________________________
• The machinery uses the temperature difference (about _________ in the tropics) between
deep-ocean water and warm surface water to generate electricity
• Pipes plunge 1000 m into cold deep water.
• Other pipes collect warm surface water
• Ocean thermal energy conversion system, or _____________. water flows into a 13 m tall
tower




Warm water enters a _____________ chamber where it becomes vapor
Vapor turns a turbine, generating about _____________ of electricity
Compared to a nuclear reactor, which generates _____________ , this is not much power
OTEC fuel is free____________________________________________________________

Pipes containing cold water make the vapor condense as fresh water

Fresh water-up to 5 L per 1000 L of seawater pumped through OTEC-can be used for
_____________or _____________.

The cool seawater continues its journey for use in air-conditioning.

At the Keahole site, the __________ water cools several buildings, resulting in savings of
_____________each month in electrical bills

Pipes containing cold seawater also run through a _____________

Cool pipes cause water vapor in the humid air to condense and drip onto the soil as fresh
water

Vegetables and fruits grow larger and sweeter than in most gardens as a result of the
_____________temperatures and steady water supply

Note that it is not the seawater itself that is used for _____________. It is the vapor in the
air condensing on the cold pipes that provides fresh water.

Water has now been warmed to about _________. In its final stop, the seawater is pumped
to many small aquaculture businesses.

Nutrient-rich ocean water nourishes _____________, lobsters, and fish

Finally, the water is returned to the __________________
Homework The Ocean Resource
1. Do you think there are environmental problems caused by the OTEC systems described? Explain.
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2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of seawater used to generate electricity and a nuclear
power plant.
XI. WIND ENERGY
 Ancient Egyptians _________________________
 Babylonians _______________________________________________________
 Today used to grind grain, pump water, and generate electricity.

Windmills that are used to generate electricity are called wind turbine generators, or
__________________
A. __________________________________
 Wind __________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________________

Similar Pros/Cons to Solar Power
o Free, unlimited and __________ source of energy
o Inconstant source
o _________ to construct
B.




Today
Constructed of strong, lightweight materials
Vanes of aerogenerators are connected to _____________of wire
Vanes spin
Generator electricity
- Similar to hydroelectric plant.
C. Traditional Aerogenerators
• ____________ axis
• Great speeds and generate
• Large amounts of electricity
• ____ or ____ very long vanes most efficient
D. Darrieus Aerogenerator
• Vertical-axis turbine
• Upside-down eggbeatercan produce electricity at a lower wind speed
E. _____________
 Sites with many aerogenerators
 Located in __________________________________________
 Favorable_______________________________________________
 One such place is Altamont Pass near__________________________ There are more than
________ aerogenerators in this area
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F. Wind Energy Problems
 Inconsistent winds
 Take up a lot of _____________
 Interfere with _____________ and _____________ reception
 _____________ may be severely injured
 High current cost
 Appearance not desirable to everyone
Homework
1. What is an aerogenerator?
2. List several benefits and drawbacks to using wind as a source for producing electricity.
.
3. Aerogenerators are used to produce electricity from
(a) wind;
(b) moving water;
(c) the sun;
(d) heat inside Earth.
4. Wind farms take up a lot of space. True or False
5. The spinning vanes of the aerogenerators are not dangerous to flying animals. True or False
XII. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND NUCLEAR FUSION
 ______________ generates heat energy deep below its surface
 Decay of _____________ elements.
 Releases energy as ________________
 Temperature can rise ____________________________________________________________
 Can ________________________________________
 Rocks are heated
 Water is changed to steam _________________________________________
A. Geysers
 Naturally occurring examples of ___________________________________________________
B. In 1904 1st geothermal electric in Larderello, Italy,
 An engine driven by steam was connected to an electric generator.
 1st attempt to produce electricity from Earth's heat
C. Today, there are about _____ geothermal plants
 ____ nations are using geothermal energy to heat homes
 Strictly __________________________________________
 Iceland- ____________________________________________
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
______________________________________
E. Geothermal energy disadvantages:
• Location
• Not enough ____________________ geothermal heat to be worth the cost of extraction
• Suitable geothermal hard to locate
• Some suitable sites polluted by hydrogen sulfide gas
• Mineral wastes, salts. and toxic metals
• corrode the pipes and boilers
• Lack _______________
XIII. Nuclear Fusion
A. One of the most promising alternatives
 Two atomic nuclei fuse
 Ex. The Sun
 Fuel is usually _______________
 Has not been harnessed yet
 Deuterium
o Abundant in __________________
Note: Do not confuse nuclear fusion with nuclear fission, in which nuclei are split.
In nuclear fusion, the deuterium nuclei are subjected to enormous pressure and temperature, supplied
either by a magnetic field or by laser beams, until the nuclei collapse into a single nucleus.
Nuclear fusion advantages:
 Much less radioactive waste
 Easy to obtain fuel
Also, the fuel is more easily obtained. Unfortunately, technology will have to overcome many roadblocks
before nuclear fusion can become a source of usable energy.
Homework
1. Describe what occurs during the process of nuclear fusion.
2. How can geothermal energy be used to provide usable energy for people?
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3. Iceland is a country that makes extensive use of
(a) solar energy;
(b) nuclear energy;
(c) fossil fuels;
(d) geothermal energy.
4. A characteristic common to all the alternative energy sources discussed in this chapter is that they
(a) can be produced anywhere;
(b) do not use fossil fuels;
(c) are nonrenewable;
(d) must be used along with fossil fuels.
5. The sun is not involved in providing the energy in
(a) wind energy;
(b) hydroelectric energy;
(c) solar energy;
(d) geothermal energy.
6. Nuclear fusion
(a) produces no wastes;
(b) uses fuels that are difficult to obtain;
(c) is not yet available;
(d) is an inexpensive energy source.
7. Nuclear fusion: nuclear fission as
(a) addition: division;
(b) subtraction: multiplication;
(c) division: multiplication;
(d) subtraction: addition.
8. Magma: geothermal energy as
(a) PV cells: active solar energy;
(b) wind: air;
(c) fusion: solar energy;
(d) water: dams.
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Current Events – Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill - 2010
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also known as the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill or the BP Oil Spill) is the largest
marine oil spill in history, and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform
about 50 miles southeast of the Mississippi River delta on April 20, 2010. Most of the 126 workers on the
platform were safely evacuated, and a search and rescue operation began for 11 missing workers.
The Deepwater Horizon sank in about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water on April 22, 2010. On April 23 the U.S.
Coast Guard suspended the search for missing workers who are all presumed dead. After a series of failed
efforts to plug the leak, BP said on July 15 that it had capped the well, stopping the flow of oil into the Gulf of
Mexico for the first time in 86 days!
BP was principal developer of the Macondo Prospect oil field where the accident occurred. The Deepwater
Horizon, owned by Transocean Ltd., was under a contract with BP to drill an exploratory well. BP was the
lessee and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect oil field in which the rig was operating. At the time of
the explosion, BP and Transocean were in the process of closing the well in anticipation of later production.
Halliburton had recently completed cementing of casings in the well. The U.S. Government named BP as the
responsible party in the incident and will hold the company accountable for all cleanup costs resulting from
the oil spill. BP has accepted responsibility for the oil spill and the cleanup costs. However, in a report issued
on September 18, 2010, BP clearly indicated its view that Transocean and Halliburton deserved considerable
blame for the disaster, allegations vehemently denied by those companies
The sinking of the platform caused crude oil to gush out of the riser — the 5,000- foot pipe that connects the
well at the ocean floor to the drilling platform on the surface. Attempts to shut down the flow failed when a
safety device called a blowout preventer (BOP) could not be activated.
The rate of oil release became the subject of intense debate. Throughout the first month of the spill,
government responders officially adhered to what we now know were low and inaccurate estimates. Nongovernmental scientists, on the other hand, used the small amount of publicly available flow data to generate
estimates that have proven to be much more accurate. Live video feeds of the leak from the ocean floor
fueled the controversy over the magnitude of the leak.
The emerging consensus is that roughly five million barrels of oil were released by the Macondo well, with
roughly 4.2 million barrels (176,400,000 gallons) pouring into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
Prior to the Deepwater Horizon, the largest oil spill in U.S. waters was in 1968 when the tanker Mandoil II
spilled about 300,000 barrels into the Pacific Ocean off Columbia River near Warrenton, Oregon. The 1989
wreck of the Exxon Valdez released about 261,905 barrels (11 million gallons) of crude oil into Prince Williams
Sound in Alaska. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused a spill of eight million gallons of crude and refined oil
products from many different point sources into the southern corridor of the Mississippi River and the Gulf of
Mexico. In 1979-80, the Ixtoc 1 exploratory well operated the PEMEX, the Mexican national oil corporation,
experienced a blowout and ultimately released about 3.3 million barrels (140 million gallons) of crude oil into
the Bay of Campeche in Mexico.
The oil slick produced by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill covered as much 28,958 square miles (75,000 square
kilometers), an area about the size of South Carolina, with the extent and location of the slick changing from
day to day depending on weather conditions. By the first week in June, oil had come ashore in Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama and Florida, with significant wildlife fatalities in Louisiana. In the weeks following the
accident, scientists discovered enormous oil plumes in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico, raising concerns
about ecological harm far below the surface that would be difficult to assess.
29
The surface slick threatened the ecosystems and the economy of the entire Gulf Coast region. The U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service reported that up to 32 National Wildlife Refuges were potentially affected by the spill.
Concerns were raised about the environmental impacts of chemicals known as dispersants that have been
used to dissipate the oil slick. By June 2, 2010, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
had banned fishing in about 36% of federal waters, or 86,895 sq mi (229,270 sq km) of the Gulf.
By June 9, BP stock had lost close to half its value, more than $82 billion, in the seven weeks since the spill
started, although the stock rebounded somewhat on the fall of 2010. According to BP, the cost of the
response to September 29 amounted to approximately $11.2 billion, including the cost of the spill response,
containment, relief well drilling, static kill and cementing, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid and federal
costs.
The three month saga of BP's attempts to stem the flow of oil made it clear that the oil industry's impressive
ability to extract oil from ever deeper offshore environments had not been accompanied by an equally
effective capability to predict and respond to accidents. As drillers pushed the boundaries, regulators didn't
always mandate preparation for disaster recovery or perform independent monitoring. Documents and
testimony from Congressional hearings revealed a series of potential failures and warning signs at the well site
in the hours leading up to the rig explosion, as well as questions that had been raised years earlier about the
reliability of deepwater technology and the ability of the industry to deal with "worse-case scenarios" of
accidents. The Minerals Management Service, the government agency with lead oversight of offshore oil and
gas activity, came under heavy criticism for lax environmental planning and for sacrificing sound stewardship
of a public natural resource for the narrow economic gain to private industry.
(http://www.eoearth.org, “Deepwater Horizon oil spill”, 1/22/2011)
Getting Around
Each year, the average American travels about 9000 mi by car, One-fourth of all the energy consumed in this
country is used for transportation. In fact, the use of urban public transit has declined by more than 50
percent since the early 1970s.
Tax money pays for both the building and maintenance of roadways and mass transit. However, because this
money is limited, governments and citizens must decide if the money should be spent on roadways or on mass
transit systems.
SHOULD MONEY BE SPENT ON PRIVATE OR PUBLIC TANSPORTATION?
SIDE 1
The Economy is Supported by Private Transportation Use.
The use of private transportation supports jobs such as building, selling, and repairing cars. Twenty-two
percent of American workers depend on the automobile industry for a living. An increase in the use of mass
transit would mean fewer cars, which would cause automobile workers to lose their jobs.
Private transportation is the only way some people can get to their jobs. In addition, many people complain
that mass transit is not time efficient. Buses and trains make many stops, which makes taking mass transit
slower than driving a car.
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SIDE 2
The Environment is Protected by Public Transportation Use.
If more people used public transportation, fewer cars would be on the road. This would decrease the amount
of automobile exhaust, which is a major source of carbon monoxide and other pollutants. Cars also release
large amounts of carbon dioxide. This gas is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.
Fewer cars on the road would also ease traffic problems. Because it can carry more people than a car, a bus is
1.5 times more fuel efficient. The use of public transportation also saves gasoline. Petroleum must be
removed from underground, refined, and shipped to wherever it is needed. Reducing the use of petroleum
will reduce the chances of serious environmental damage.
CONSIDER THE ISSUE
Do you think tax money should be spent to build roads for automobiles or to improve public transportation?
How would better public transportation affect your area?