I.
Proteins
Monomer

Polymers
Consists of N, C, H, & O
A. Functions:
** Enzymes
speed up & regulate all chemical reactions
tendons, ligaments, muscles
antibodies of immune system
Hormones
chemical messages
hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood
ex  organ transplants
B. Amino Acids

Building blocks of protein
(monomers)

_______ different amino acids

Essential amino acids – must be
obtained through _______________
because our bodies do not
produce them

Each Amino Acid consists of:
1. ________________ group – SAME FOR EVERY AMINO ACID
2. ___________________ group – SAME FOR EVERY AMINO ACID
3. _______ group – unique for each amino acid

Amino acids are held together by a ____________________ bond – covalent bond
resulting when water is removed (links 2 amino acids)
C. ____________________________

Chain of amino acids  POLYMER

Unique sequence of AA

Most polypeptides are 100 AA long; some 1000’s or more
D. Protein Shape

Proteins = Multiple polypeptide chains twisted, folded, or coiled into a _______
shape

**** Protein function depends on the specific _____________ of a protein

Each protein has certain hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Folds in such a way to keep the hydrophobic (nonpolar) parts safe
inside of the hydrophilic (polar) parts (remember- we are made
primarily of water)

Proteins lose the ability to function if their shape changes

____________________________ – polypeptide chain unravel losing specific shape of
protein and function
 Caused by:
 Excessive ___________
 Changes in pH


Ex: Frying egg  clear proteins become solid and white
High fevers  dangerous b/c can denature important enzymes
E. 4 Levels of Protein Folding
1. Primary

Unique sequence of _________________ _____________

If this sequence is changed, the entire shape and structure of the protein
is changed as well
2. Secondary

Polypeptide coils and ___________

Ex: Alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet
3. Tertiary

_________ shape of polypeptide (ONE polypeptide)  multiple alpha helices
or pleated sheets
4. Quaternary

Association of subunits including ______ or more polypeptides put together
F. Enzymes – Type of protein
a. Protein that functions as a biological
____________________ (speeds up chemical
reactions) increasing the rate of reaction
without the catalyst changing or getting
depleted
b. Activation energy – amount of energy
needed to start a chemical reaction
Ex: Hill, wall, barrier
1. Want lowest activation energy –easier for
reaction
2. ** Enzymes _______________ activation
energy
3. Without enzymes, metabolic reactions
would occur too slowly to sustain life.
c. Chemical Reactions
o Chemical Reaction- process
that changes one set of
chemicals into another
 _________________ elements/compounds that
reactions start with
 _________________ -
elements/compounds that are
produced by a chemical
reaction
d.
Enzymes are SPECIFIC

Lock & Key Theory- Enzyme fits only to its specific substrate

_______________________ – specific reactant enzyme acts on

__________________ site – region of an enzyme where substrate fits
e. Induced Fit Model

When substrate binds to enzyme, active site ________________ slightly to
embrace substrate; like hand clasp
G. Cell Environment Affects Enzymes
 Enzyme’s structure and shape are
essential to function
 Functions the best at specific
optimal conditions
 Rate of reaction will be the highest
at these conditions
 Affect Enzyme:
1. Salt concentration
2. pH
3. Temperature
4. Amount of enzyme
1. At what pH does pepsin work optimally?
a. What is the optimal temperature for the
enzyme catalase?
II.
b. What happens as the temperature
Nucleic
Acids
increases?
2.
If pepsin were to be moved to a pH of 11,
what would happen to the enzyme/rate
of reaction?
**Need to Know About Enzymes:
1. Never “used up” or depleted  used for multiple reactions
2. Speed up chemical reactions by …
3. Lowering the activation energy
4. Fits specifically to its substrate (Lock & Key)
5. Function optimally (the best) at specific temperatures, pH and concentration
II. Nucleic Acids



Found in all living things
N. Acids are polymers that serve as the blueprint for ________________________
Examples:
o DNA – genetic code; instructions to make protein
 Double-helix
o RNA – used in process to make proteins
Monomer

Nucleotide (monomer)
o Consists of:

Phosphate

5- Carbon
___________________

Nitrogenous ____________
Polymers
Draw & Label a Nucleotide Here
Enzyme POGIL
AIM:
How does an enzyme influence chemical reactions?
What roles do enzymes play in living things?
Figure 1
B. 1400 m
A.
650 m
INTRODUCTORY SITUATION QUESTIONS:
1. If you’re going hiking this weekend and you have the option of hiking a mountain that is 1400
meters in height and a mountain that is 650 meters in height, BUT you know that you have
limited time because of other plans – which mountain would you choose to hike, A or B?
2.
If you’re hiking at the same pace, which of these mountains would require MORE energy to hike
up (A or B)?
INFORMATION SECTION 1: ACTIVATION ENERGY
Figure 2
The picture above shows someone trying to push a boulder up a hill. In order for the
boulder to reach its final destination at point B, it must be pushed to the top of the
hill because once it reaches the top of the hill it will roll down the rest of the way. A
similar scenario exists in chemistry, before a chemical reaction will take place,
energy must be put into the system. The energy needed for a chemical reaction to
move from point A to the top of the hill is known as activation energy, also written as
Ea.
Figure 3
3. Comparing Figure 3 above to the Figure 1 (comparing the heights of 2 mountains), how
does using an enzyme in a chemical reaction impact the reaction?
a. Does it speed up or slow down the reaction?
b. How does the enzyme impact activation energy?
c. Based on your answers to questions a and b, what do you think the term “catalyzed”
means?
d. Do you know of any other examples of things that “catalyze” chemical reactions?
INFORMATION SECTION 2: LOCK AND KEY THEORY
Figure 4
4. What do you know about keys?
a. What are the characteristics that distinguish one key from another?
b. Where are some places that you use keys?
c. Can a key from one place open the lock of a different key?
d. If you had to choose from the word “specific” or “general” to describe a key, which
would you choose?
Figure 5
5. Looking at Figure 5 above, how is the enzyme similar to a lock and a key?
6. What terms are used in the picture of the enzyme that could be used in the following
analogy. Lock is to key as ….what is to what in the picture above?
7. If the substrate in the first image in the left of the series is a disaccharide such as
sucrose, that is the enzyme doing to the disaccharide?
8. The picture above is showing what is known in biochemistry as the “lock and key
theory.” Explain why you think this theory is used to describe enzymes.
INFORMATION SECTION 3: SHAPE CHANGES
Figure 6
9. What term is used to describe when the shape of the enzyme has been altered?
PROTEINS
Polymer:
Functions:
Elements Made Of:
Color Red  Parts that
are the same for each
monomer
1.
Looks Like:
Monomer:
2.
Looks Like:
3.
Looks Like:
3 Parts:
Color Blue  Parts that
are the same for each
amino acid
Organic Molecules Comparison Chart
Elements Made
of:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Functions:
Monomer:
Polymer:
Examples:
Elements Made
of:
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Functions:
Monomer:
Polymer:
Types/Examples:
Macromolecule Structure Identification
 Identify the following molecules as Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein. Or
Nucleic Acid. EXPLAIN WHY.
 *** (HINT- Look at ratio of C, H & O)
1. _____________________
2. _______________________
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. _____________________
6. _____________________
7. _____________________
8. _____________________