Quiz Quiz 13-14-15 Question 1 2 out of 3 points Daphne has been a member of a research team studying interpersonal aggression among preschoolers for more than a year. In that time, her team has repeatedly employed a consistent set of techniques and procedures to study preschoolers as they interact in a number of settings. The procedures revolve around volunteer mothers bringing their children to the university child development lab for a “play session” that is the basis of the formal observations. Settings they have studied so far include: the university preschool, affluent local day-care centers, and a pre-kindergarten program being offered in the neighborhood school district. All of these settings were fairly racially homogenous. Daphne has just learned that a friend of a friend can help her gain research access, in the near future, to preschoolers in an unusually racially diverse though impoverished preschool setting. Daphne decides she has no time to prepare a formal research proposal before embarking on the study. “Besides,” she thinks, “this study should go just like all the others we’ve done.” Is Daphne leaving herself open to problems in this situation, or is she safe moving ahead with no formal proposal, given how familiar she is with the study techniques and procedures? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: It depends, Daphne is in a tight situation. She has to use her time to best of her ability to use survey and questionaires for the volouteer mothers so that she can get enough data and resources to help her get a start on her proposal. Daphne is setting herself up for potential problems by skipping the formal proposal. Without the exercise of writing the proposal, Daphne may not stop and carefully think through all the ways in which this study may not be like previous studies. For instance, Daphne needs to consider whether the mothers of the children in this more impoverished setting will be willing or available to bring their children to the lab sessions. She also needs to consider whether the techniques being used to record peer interactions are adequate, given that this sample is more racially heterogeneous than previous samples. There may be additional or different questions that should be added to the study to capture the richness of the new situation. It may turn out that the present design will translate fairly seamlessly to the new setting. But without the detailed planning that the well-written proposal forces the researcher to undertake, it is entirely possible that Daphne will encounter a dearth of research participants and data that do not capture the richness of the interactions among the participants that do volunteer. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 2 3 out of 3 points After completing planned analyses, the researcher must interpret the results of statistical tests. Note several steps that are involved in such interpretation. Answer 1. Reading the findings to the original research problem and to the specific Selected research questions and hypothesis. Answer: 2. Reading the findings to pre existing literature, concepts, theories, and research studies. 3. Determing whether the findings have practical significance as well as statistical significance. 4. Identify limitations of study. Correct Steps may include the following: Answer: &νβσπ;Relate findings to the original research problem and study hypotheses. &νβσπ;Relate the findings to existing research literature. &νβσπ;Relate the findings to existing theory. &νβσπ;Determine the practical value of the findings. &νβσπ;Identify the limitations of the study. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 3 3 out of 3 points Conducting rigorous historical research involves more than reading historical documents, taking notes, and organizing those notes. Explain. Answer Selected Answer: In historical research involves getting data sources whether it is primary or secondary. collecting historical meyhods, online databases for historical events, evaluating and interpreting historical data, external evidence, internal evidence, searching for roots, psychological or conceptual historical research. Correct Answer: In addition to gathering and organizing data, the researcher must interpret those data if the resulting report is going to be a historical research study rather than a historical narrative. It is in the interpretation that the string of events takes on meaning. Students may also mention that some material of interest will exist in something other than a written form. For example, the researcher may want to review videotape, look at photographs, visit historical sites, and interview relevant individuals. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 4 3 out of 3 points Throughout your textbook the authors return to the importance of interpreting the findings of a research project. Explain why this is an essential element in a high-quality research report. Answer An important element of interpreting data is asking what new theories, if any, Selected may be suggested by the results of the analyses. Interpretation also should Answer: address the broader implications of the data and the research findings. Medical research, for example, can have important consequences for the practice of medicine, while social science research findings may have public policy implications. Correct Answer: The reader should not be left on his or her own to make sense of the findings of a research project. This leaves the door open for misinterpretation by novice or uninformed readers and calls into question the expertise of the researcher. It is incumbent upon the author, who presumably has expertise in the area of the study, to aid the reader in seeing how the outcomes shed light on the research problem, advance the understanding of the field, call into question other findings or assumptions, and point the way to additional fruitful research problems. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 5 3 out of 3 points Professor Parsnip wants to know more about the mental process students go through as they learn about research methods. She also wants to know which instructional methods are most effective for teaching research methods to her students. Assume that Professor Parsnip decides to take a quantitative approach to studying these questions. State a specific research question related to her general research problem that lends itself well to a quantitative research approach. Then explain why your question is better addressed using a quantitative, rather than a qualitative, methodology. Answer How students find ways to adapt to learning? Selected This question should be in a form of prediction to confirm and validate the Answer: test theory of quantitative data. Correct Answer: Suitable research questions will do one or more of the following: • Represent variables of interest as a score or numeric index • Utilize descriptive and parametric statistics to analyze data • Intend, at least implicitly, to draw conclusions of a general category of people beyond the immediate sample Suitable research questions will NOT rely solely on • Creating rich descriptions of the phenomena of interest • Deep understand of multiple perspectives on a single phenomena • Deep understanding of the participants’ point of view Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 6 3 out of 3 points Why is it important that the researcher articulate, as clearly as possible, all assumptions that affect the research problem? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: It is important for the researcher to articulate, as clearly as possible, all assumptions that affect the research problem because whereas a hypothesis involves a prediction that may or may not be supported by the data, an assumption is a condition that is taken for granted, without which the research project would be pointless. In research, assumptions are self evident truths that any reasonable person might accept. There are at least two reasons to articulate assumptions underlying a research problem. First, these assumptions will guide the selection of research questions and/or the formation of hypotheses, as well as the interpretation of the data. Clearly stating the assumptions assists the reader in evaluating the merits of the study and the conclusions drawn from it. Second, to the extent that the researcher is aware of his/her assumptions, these can be incorporated into the study design as needed to promote the validity of the conclusions drawn from the study. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 7 3 out of 3 points In your opinion, what is the one greatest advantage to society of the information revolution? What is the one greatest disadvantage? Support your answer. Answer The Information Revolution is transforming society - creating new careers, Selected new industries, new academic disciplines and the need for new programs of Answer: education and research. Being an informed citizen in this Information Age requires knowledge of computing systems, global communications networks, and interactive information resources. The requisite level of knowledge goes beyond being comfortable with computing tools. It requires the ability to design, to writing, to experimentation, to artistic expression, and to problem solving. In the Information Age, our ideas are no longer constrained solely by what is physically possible, but by what is computationally realizable However, we see several significant disadvantages with this model. First, we believe that the scale of interactions that are required would be unwieldy for any single department to manage - both in terms of the sheer number of faculty and the intellectual breadth. We envision research connections and new educational programs integrating computing with the arts, the humanities, the social sciences, engineering, the physical sciences, the life sciences, and the professional schools. The number of faculty involved and their disparate backgrounds call for focal areas, such as the three we identified above, that in and of themselves could be as large as many departments. The combination of these focal areas with core computing and information science could be the size of a small college, and far broader intellectually. A second critical problem that we see with the department model is the necessity of maintaining the strength, identity, reputation, and visibility of core activities such as the Computer Science Department and the computer engineering area. Adding a broad range of people to the departments that contain these core activities could easily be perceived as diluting their strength with "soft" or "applications" work. Thus we do not see the common home for broader activities fitting inside any single department. We have also seen, during campus discussions, that the model of diluting a department with a large number of joint appointments is damaging to the fundamental nature and purpose of departments. Correct Advantages might include Answer: • Easier/quicker access to information, which speeds up the research process • Wider access to information, which means more people benefit from the fruits of research • Wider distribution of research findings, which allows broader discussion and critique of the findings Disadvantages might include • Feelings of being overwhelmed in the face of such large quantities of information • The relatively “unpoliced” nature of the Internet (anyone can post any information on any topic regardless of its veracity) • The creation of a “digital divide” between those who have access to computers and Internet resources and those who do not Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 8 3 out of 3 points One of the most challenging aspects of conducting historical research is systematically organizing the hundreds or thousands of notes that are collected in the course of the research project. Describe one method for handling this organizational challenge, including mention of both the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Response Feedback: One method is the paper and pencil approach. This approach is beneficial if the project is small and involves only a small amount of data. Large amount of data would not not be helpful for this approach. Students may mention a paper-and-pencil approach or a computerized approach. Their preference and the strengths and weaknesses they identify with each approach will largely depend on their personal style, particularly their comfort with computers and the strength of their need to see the data literally arrayed around them, rather than invisibly housed on a computer hard drive. [None Given] Question 9 2 out of 3 points Sometimes students believe that taking the time to prepare a complete and carefully designed research proposal is something to be preached, but not really practiced. Identify at least two different problems related to research design that are commonly encountered when doing research. For each problem, explain how a complete and detailed research proposal would help the researcher avoid the problem. Answer Selected Answer: Manipulation of data Every researcher tries or does one or the other kinds of manipulation of data. May bemultiplying the sample size or to make the result in the way they want. The lack of confidence over the result they may get after the completion of study is the reason for manipulation of result. This never reveals the reality, as the intuition of the researcher is guided by mere theoretical knowledge. In reality sometimes theory and practicemay be contradictory. Some researchers just finish off their study by simply sitting intheir home; they don’T t even interact with their subject or have any one. Lack of availability or access to literature needed. This is a major problem faced during the literature review. The lack of availability of access to Internet, ignorance of the way to search needed articles from journals andother databases are other problems. Searching books and newspaper articles fromc o n v e n t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s c o n s u m e s a l o t o f t i m e a n d e f f o r t . T h e s e k i n d o f l i b r a r i e s , especially which are situated away from the capital cities lack copies of new acts/rules published by the government. There is also timely unavailability of publisheddata. Correct Answer: Common problems may include the following: • Variables of interest are not well or fully represented by the chosen measurement instruments. • Chosen instruments are not valid or reliable. • A representative sample is not available to the researcher. • The researcher is unsure how to analyze the data that have been gathered. • The data in hand do not lend themselves to the planned analyses. • The researcher is unsure how to interpret the results of the statistical analyses. Each of these problems could be avoided if the researcher prepared a detailed research proposal that included close scrutiny of all issues related to measures, sampling, analysis, interpretation, and so on. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 10 3 out of 3 points There are unique challenges associated with conducting research on data that are already in existence (e.g., historical research). Discuss some of these unique challenges, pointing out pitfalls the researcher should be careful to avoid. Answer Selected Answer: The two biggest challenges of historical research are determining the external and internal evidence of a piece of datum (artifact). Determining the external evidence is the first priority and involves deciding whether an artifact is genuine or not. This analysis can be performed with tools such as carbon dating, hand writing analysis or material analysis. Validating the genuineness of a historical article in turn validates the research. Once it has been determined that an article is genuine, the next challenge is to determine its internal evidence. This involves analyzing what the historical artifact means. These two types of evaluation are of utmost importance to historical research, but also pose real challenges to this field of study. Correct Answer: Response Feedback: When using existing documents or records, it is sometimes difficult to find out exactly where the documents or records physically exist and exactly what information is contained in them. This impedes the ability of the researcher to say for sure whether such sources will shed light on the research problem. Sometimes obtaining access to existing records or documents is difficult due to inaccessible location or heavy restrictions on access. [None Given] Question 11 3 out of 3 points In regard to quantitative research proposals, novice researchers often find it very challenging and tedious to explain in detail how the data will be analyzed and interpreted in their study. Explain why it is essential that the researcher not cut corners in this section of the proposal. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: It is important not to cut corners during the research proposal because it will not bring out the best in a proposal. By cutting corners it can keep the reader lost by lacking essential details like precision and logic of the final document. Providing a detailed look at this methodology will ensure an efficient and productive manner in which the data will be analyze and interpreted. This can serve several purposes. The methodology for this step of the research is stated prior to the research and therefore out in the open when the research begins. If there were any contradictions or opposing opinions to the methodology used then the research would not be held responsible. This also ensures that the researcher does not forget to include any analyzing or interpreting techniques that are listed in the methods. The helps the researcher complete this step without forgetting anything. By clearly specifying in advance how questionnaires will be scored or other measurements used, the researcher avoids gathering data that turn out to not lend themselves easily to quantification. By specifying in advance what statistical techniques will be used, the researcher avoids a situation in which the data gathered are not suitable to the planned analysis (e.g., wrong level of measurement—ordinal, interval, etc.—in the outcome measures, grouping information not available, sample size too small). By specifying in advance how the results of statistical tests will be interpreted in light of the research question, the researcher avoids ending up with results that do not fully or adequately address the research problem set forth. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 12 3 out of 3 points Describe an example of the word research being used inappropriately. Be clear about how your example deviates from the definition of research offered in the chapter. Answer 1.Research is not merely gathering information. Selected e.g a teacher sent a student to a library to do research on black holes. The Answer: student took as going to the library and finding facts. Its is considered information facts but not research. Research is not merely rummaging around for hard to locate information. e.g Finding research of a property a realtor tells you about. This is considered not research. Research is not merely transporting facts from one location to another. e.g a college student transfering info as a source to another Correct Student examples will likely include uses such as these: Answer: • “Research paper,” referring to a paper based on information found in a library • “Do research on product X,” which might include reading Consumer Reports or consulting relevant professionals or salespeople • “Research the family history,” which involves the collection of information related to family history In none of these cases has the “researcher” produced new information through the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 13 3 out of 3 points In writing the cover letter to accompany a mailed survey, novice researchers often stress the immediacy of their need for the data. Is this the best approach to take in the cover letter? If not, what do you recommend instead? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Response Feedback: In my opinion I would recommend a cover letter for an academic job has a function similar to one for a business job, but the content differs significantly in quantity and kind. While the general advice for business cover letters—such as tailoring your letter for the specific job and selling your strengths—still applies, a cover letter for an academic position should be long enough to highlight in some detail your accomplishments during your graduate education in research, teaching, departmental service, and so on. A better approach is to address the needs and interests of the respondent. If the information in the survey or following from the study might be of personal interest to the potential respondent, point this out and say how s/he can gain access to your findings. If the study is linked to attaining goals the respondent may value (better schools, safer neighborhoods, more efficient local government, etc.), point this out in the cover letter. At a minimum, acknowledge the potential respondent’s willingness to invest time in your project, and give him or her an estimate of how long it will take to complete the survey. Always be courteous. [None Given] Question 14 3 out of 3 points A medical researcher is concerned about mistakenly concluding that a new medication is effective when it really is not. What type of error is the researcher concerned about making (Type I or Type II)? Describe what the researcher might do to decrease the likelihood of making that type of error. Discuss ramifications of your suggested approach for other types of error in the study. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: If the researcher is concerned about mistakenly concluding that a new medication is effective Type I error (rejecting the null hypothesis when he should have accepted it). To decrease the probability that he will make a Type I error the researcher can decrease the risk level of his hypothesis test from say 0.05 to 0.01. Type II error (accepting a null hypothesis when it should have been rejected) increases and would not be useful. The researcher is concerned about making a Type I error: concluding that there are differences between the medication and placebo groups when these are really due merely to chance. The researcher can reduce her chances of making a Type I error by reducing her probability (alpha) level—from .05 to .01 or even .001, for instance. The more stringent the probability level, the less likely the researcher will be to make a Type I error. However, Type I and Type II errors exist in an inverse relationship. So as the chance of making a Type I error decreases, the chance of making a Type II error (concluding that the medication is not effective when, in fact, it is) increases. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 15 2.7 out of 3 points Kirby is conducting a literature review in preparation for his study of “expectations regarding the sharing of financial and practical responsibilities among married and cohabiting couples in which both partners are between the ages of 20 and 29.” Conducting a keyword search on “couples” and “responsibility,” Kirby has generated a lengthy list of research articles. He decides to shorten the list of potential articles by eliminating all articles that were not published in prestigious research journals. He will include all the remaining articles in his literature review. What is your opinion of Kirby’s approach to selecting articles for the literature review? Explain. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Response Feedback: This approach was a good by rcognizing the keywords that lead to thousands of resources for his review. as he shortens his his list. This would allow him to break down his article in recognizing which direction to go in whether it is using library catalogs, using indexes and abstracts and online databasis. Kirby is right that the quality of the journal in which articles are published is one factor worth noting when making decisions about what to include in the literature review. However, there were more important distinctions Kirby should have made before taking that particular step. The keywords Kirby used in his search were overly general. His list of articles undoubtedly contains many that are only remotely related to his research problem, as well as many that are closely related. To maintain appropriate focus in the literature review, Kirby needs to first narrow his list of articles to those most relevant to his particular research problem. It may later make sense to eliminate additional articles from the list on the basis of journal quality, but that decision is premature at Kirby’s present state. [None Given] Question 16 2.5 out of 3 points Factorial designs allow researchers to study the effects of more than one independent variable simultaneously. Why is this advantageous? What information can factorial designs yield that nonfactorial designs cannot? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Factoial design is advantageous because in many situations it provides a researcher to examine the two effects of two or more independent variables in a single study. This is advantageous because researchers are often interested in more than one effect on the dependent variable. Oceanographers may want to study effects related to both water temperature and salinity. Child welfare workers may want to study the effects of family income, mother’s education level, and history of abuse on coping ability. The factorial design not only allows researchers to study these various factors independently, but their interactions can be studied as well. Studying interactions allows researchers to investigate the extent to which two or more factors influence each other. Perhaps whales encounter health problems in warmer water only at certain levels of salinity. Perhaps parents cope more successfully with stress when both family income and/or education level surpass a certain threshold. Or perhaps family income influences coping ability only when there is no history of abuse. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 17 2 out of 3 points A researcher is studying the effectiveness of two different resident adolescent drug treatment programs. Program A is used at Summerhill adolescent facility. Program B is used at Winterdale adolescent facility. Because random assignment to treatments is not possible in this situation, what can the researcher do to minimize possible effects of sample bias? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Acknowledge the design bias in your research. First, try to include as many variables as possible to lessen the effects of design bias. Second, understand that it is nearly impossible to create the perfect, unbiased research paper no matter how hard you try. Lessen the effects of design bias by acknowledging the shortcoming of the experimentation in the research paper. This will give additional credibility to your paper Suggestions may include the following: &νβσπ;Use a pretest–posttest design to assess the equivalence of the two groups on variables relevant to the study. &νβσπ;Identify matched pairs across facilities, and use only these people in the study. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 18 3 out of 3 points Imagine that you just completed a research project in which the data failed to support your chief hypothesis. Why might this have happened? Discuss several possibilities. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: If the data fails to support your hypothesis it doesn't mean tht is wong. Look once again at your methodology and statistical analyses to see if you can identify one or more weaknesses in what you have done. Your measurement instruments had lower validity or reliability than you had anticipated and therefore was not yielding accurate and dependable measures of a critical variable in your study. Perhaps you gave participants misleading instructions or asked them misleading questions. This can also be considered a type II error. Possibilities include the following: &νβσπ;The instruments had poor reliability or validity. &νβσπ;The procedures for data gathering were violated or were not sound to begin with. &νβσπ;The power of statistical tests was low due to small sample size. &νβσπ;The data were analyzed in an inappropriate manner. &νβσπ;An inappropriate sample was used for investigating the research problem. &νβσπ;Thee hypothesis was wrong. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 19 3 out of 3 points Describe three benefits of conducting a thorough review of existing literature before writing a research proposal. Answer 1. It can reveal sources of data you may not have known existed. Selected 2. It can introduce you to measuremnt tools that other researchers have Answer: developed and used effectively. 3. It can reveal methods of dealing with difficulties similar to those you are facing in tackling your research problem Correct Answer: Response Feedback: Benefits noted might include &νβσπ;Determining whether the question of interest has already been addressed in some fashion &νβσπ;Discovering new insights, perspectives, approaches, or methodologies that are relevant to the research proposal &νβσπ;Becoming informed about related work done by others &νβσπ;Discovering valuable sources of data &νβσπ;Aiding interpretation of findings Avoiding the pitfalls encountered by others doing similar research [None Given] Question 20 3 out of 3 points A goal of qualitative research is to uncover the “multiple truths” that characterize any complex phenomenon or situation. What does the term “multiple truths” refer to in this usage? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Response Feedback: In a qualitative world, no single, determinable truth exists. Instead, there are truths to be found, and these truths are bound by the time, the context, and the individuals who believe them. Often, shared beliefs or shared realities are what constitute truth. Qualitative methodologists generally do not believe in one objective “Truth.” Rather, they understand that there are many truths, depending on point of view, circumstance, motivation, and so on. Particularly in regard to complex phenomena or situations, it is important to look for lots of “truths”—from people who hold different points of view and exist in different relationships with the phenomenon or situation. Only in this way can the researcher hope to approach some completeness of understanding [None Given] Quiz 1 Question 1 2 out of 2 points (1) What is the main purpose for RESEARCH? (2) List and explain four categories that describe the existing types of research: Methodology, Applicability, Locality, and funding. (3) Describe the two types of research based on Methodology: Empirical and Theoretical. Answer Selected Answer: Research has given rise to various, enormously beneficial products through the fields of science and technology. Research, in science and technology, is one of the most important factors responsible for changes in society. Methodology: Empirical versus theoretical research. Applicability: Basic versus applied research and development. Locality: University versus non-university research. Funding: Public versus private funding of research. Basic research embraces research in which the scientists pursue their investigations with the main purpose of finding out how nature works. In applied research and development, the goal is to extend the findings from basic research into useful techniques that may be developed into products to cover needs in society. There is little doubt that society wants useful products as end results from any kind of research, whether it be basic or applied Correct Answer: [None] Question 2 0 out of 0.5 points Which of the following types of research is conducted to evaluate specific courses of action or forecast current or future value? Answer Selected Answer: Prediction studies Correct Answer: Description studies Question 3 0.5 out of 0.5 points Are any of the following not a good reason for managers to be well grounded in basic research? Answer Selected Answer: All are good reasons. Correct Answer: All are good reasons. Question 4 0.5 out of 0.5 points which of the following is not an example of research? Answer Selected Answer: a decision to change the firm's method of accounting. Correct Answer: a decision to change the firm's method of accounting. Question 5 0.5 out of 0.5 points Applied research: Answer Selected Answer: Is problem directed and closely related to policy or action needs. Correct Answer: Is problem directed and closely related to policy or action needs. Question 6 0.5 out of 0.5 points Which of the following observations on research is correct? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Increasing complexities in technology and business increase the need for research. Increasing complexities in technology and business increase the need for research. Question 7 0.5 out of 0.5 points Data was analyzed and it showed that: a salesperson's performance is directly and positively related to the salesperson's level of education. this is an example of what type of research? Answer Selected Answer: Explanatory Correct Answer: Explanatory Question 8 0 out of 0.5 points A predictive study showed that a company would gain a 10% market share if it reduced its product price by $5. The study assumed competitions would keep the prices of their products unchanged. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: A new study focusing on a smaller number of variables is required. As the conpany cannot control the price decisions of its conpetitors so the study is not very useful. Question 9 0.5 out of 0.5 points An estimate of next year's market share is an example of what type of research? Answer Selected Answer: Predictive Correct Answer: Predictive Question 10 0.5 out of 0.5 points Good research studies: Answer Selected Answer: Declare their limitations and flaws in procedure. Correct Answer: Declare their limitations and flaws in procedure. Question 11 0.5 out of 0.5 points Which of the following is basic rather than applied research: Answer Selected Answer: Work towards the discovery of a possible new element. Correct Answer: Work towards the discovery of a possible new element. Question 12 0.5 out of 0.5 points To ensure that the best possible research is done: Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Managers should indicate their problems to researchers as decision choices rather than information requirements. Managers should indicate their problems to researchers as decision choices rather than information requirements. Question 13 0.5 out of 0.5 points The value of applied research in a managerial environment comes from: Answer Selected Answer: Its help in decision making. Correct Answer: Its help in decision making. Question 14 0.5 out of 0.5 points Which of the following is a true statement? Answer Selected Answer: research can provide guideposts even to experienced and intuitive people. Correct Answer: research can provide guideposts even to experienced and intuitive people. Question 15 0.5 out of 0.5 points research involves: Answer Selected Answer: An application of scientific methods to information collection and analysis. Correct Answer: An application of scientific methods to information collection and analysis. Question 16 1.5 out of 1.5 points What is research? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information data in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned. Research is information gathering Research is transportation of facts from one location to another. Research is rummaging for informatio Research is a catchword used to get attention. Question 17 2 out of 2 points What are eight distinct characteristics about research? Answer Selected Answer: 1. Research originates with a question or problem 2. Research requires clear articulation of a goal. 3. Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub problems. 4. Research is guided by the specific research problem, question or hypothesis. 5. Research requires a specific plan for proceeding. 6. Research rests on certain critical assumptions. 7. Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to resolve the problem that initiated the research. 8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or, more exactly, helical. Correct Answer: &νβσπ;Research originates with a question or problem. &νβσπ;Research requires a clear articulation of a goal &νβσπ;Research follows a specific plan of procedure. &νβσπ;Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable subproblems. &νβσπ;Research is guided by the specific research problem, questions, or hypothesis. &νβσπ;Research accepts certain assumptions. &νβσπ;Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to resolve the problem that initiated the research. &νβσπ;Research is, by its nature, cyclical or, more exactly, helical. Question 18 2 out of 2 points Explain “Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable subproblems”. Answer Selected This characteristic basically explains a standpoint, to break a main research Answer: problem into several sub problems that when solved can resolve the main problem. Breaking down principal problems into small, easily solvable sub problems is a strategy we use in everyday living. example: Driving to town A to town B. The goal is to get from one location to the other as expeditiously as possible. You soon realize that the problem involves sub problems such as what route appears to the most direct one and which is the more important to minimizing travel time. Correct Answer: From a design standpoint, it is often helpful to break a main research problem into several subproblems that, when solved, will resolve the main problem. Breaking down principal problems into small, easily solvable subproblems is strategy we use in everyday living. for example, suppose you want to get from your town to a town 50 miles away. Your principal goal is to get from one location to the other as expeditiously as possible. You soon realize, however, that the problem involves several subproblems: Main problem: how do I get from Town A to Town B? Subproblems: 1. What is the most direct route? 2. How far do I travel on the highway? 3. Which exit should I take to leave the highway? What seems like a single question can be divided into at least three smaller questions that must be addressed before the principal question can be resolved. Question 19 2 out of 2 points What is a theory? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: A theory is an organized body of concepts and principals intended to explain a particular phenomenon. A theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular phenomenon. Question 20 1.5 out of 1.5 points What is a hypothesis? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation. It may direct your thinking to possible sources of information that will aid in resolving one or more sub problems and, as a result, may also help to resolve the principal research problem. A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation. Question 21 2 out of 2 points What is an assumption of a hypothesis? Answer Selected Answer: An assumption of a hypothesis is a condition that is taken for granted, without which the research project would be pointless. Assumptions are equivalent to axioms in geometry, self evident truths that any reasonable person might accept.. Correct Answer: An assumption is a condition that is taken for granted, without which the research project would be pointless. Assumptions are usually so self-evident that a researcher may consider it unnecessary to mention them. Question 22 2 out of 10 points Explain the research cycle. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: The research cycle has 6 steps: 1. Research begins with a problem: an unanswered question in the mind of the researcher. 2. Research defines the goal in terms of a clear statement of the problem. 3. Research subdivides the problem into appropriate sub problems. 4. Research posits tentative solutions to the problems through reasonable hypotheses. These hypotheses direct the researcher to appropriate data 5. Research looks for data directed by the hypotheses and guided by the problem and research methodology. The data are collected and organized. 6. Research interprets the meaning of the data, which leads to a resolution of the problem, thus supporting or not supporting the hypotheses or providing an answer to that question that began the research cycle. At this point, one or more new problems may emerge. &νβσπ;Research begins with a problem: an unanswered question in the mind of the researcher. &νβσπ;Research defines the goal in terms of a clear statement of the problem. &νβσπ;Research subdivides the problem into appropriate subproblems. &νβσπ;Research posits tentative solutions to the problems through reasonable hypotheses direct the researcher to appropriate data. &νβσπ;Research looks for data directed by the hypotheses and guided by the problem. The data are collected and organized. &νβσπ;Research interprets the meaning of the data, which leads to a resolution of the problem, thus confirming or rejecting the hypotheses and providing an answer to the question that began the research cycle. At this point, one or more new problems may emerge. Quiz 9 Question 1 2 out of 2 points Explain eight different approaches to sampling designs. Answer 1. Simple random sampling- Simple random sampling is exactly is exactly the Selected process just described: Every member of the population has an equal chance Answer: of being selected. 2. Stratified random sampling- Has three different layers of distinctly different types of indiviuals. In stratified random sampling, the researcher samples equally from one of the layers in the overall population. 3. Proportional stratified sampling- In the simple stratified random sampling design just described, all strata of the population are essentially equal in size. 4. Cluster sampling- a sample of study through normal randomnization procedures. It is important that the clusters be as similar to one another as possible, with each cluster containing an equally heterogeneous mix of individuals. 5. Systematic sampling- involves sampling selecting individuals, or perhaps clusters according to a predetermined sequence. 6. Convience sampling- also known as accidental sampling makes no pretense of identifying a representative subset of a population. 7. Quota sampling- Quota sampling is a variation of convenience sampling. It selects respondents in the same proportions that they are found in the general population, but not in random fashion. 8. Purposive sampling- pople or other units are chosen. Correct Simple random sampling Answer: Stratified random sampling Proportional stratified sampling Cluster sampling Systematic sampling Convenience sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 2 1.9 out of 2 points Define and give an example of correlational research. Answer Correlation research examines the extent to which differences in one Selected characteristic or variable are relasted to differences in one or more other Answer: characteristics or variables. A scatter plot is an example of correlation which allows a visual inspection of the relationship between two variables. Correct Answer: A correlational study examines the extent to which differences in one characteristic or variable are related to differences in one or more other characteristics or variables. Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 3 2 out of 2 points Explain how to conduct an interview in a quantitative study. Answer 1. Identify questions in advance. Selected 2. Consider how participants cultural backgrouunds might influence their Answer: responses. 3. Make sure your interviewees are representative of the group. 4. Find a suitable location 5. Get written information 6. Establish and maintain rapport 7. Focus on the actual rather than on the abstract or hypothetical 8. Don't put words in people's mouth 9. Record responses verbatim 10. Keep your reactions to yourself. 11. Remember that you are not necessarily getting the facts. Correct Make sure your interviewees are representative of the group Answer: Find a suitable location Take a few minutes to establish rapport Get written permission Focus on the actual righter than on the abstract or hypothetical Don’t put words in people’s mouths Record responses verbatim Keep your reactions to yourself Remember that you are not necessarily getting the facts As you write the questions, consider how you can quantify the responses, and modify the questions accordingly. Consider asking questions that will elicit qualitative information as well Pilot-test the questions Restrict each question to a single idea Save controversial questions for the latter part of the interview Seek clarifying information when necessary Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 4 2 out of 2 points Explain what a bias in research sampling is, and how to identify possible bias in questionnaire research. Answer In research, bias is any influence, condition, or set of conditions that singly or Selected in combination distort the data. Answer: Studies involving mailed questionaires frequently fall victim to bias without to researchers awareness. Bias attacks the integrety of facts. It is especially vicious when it enters surreptitiously into the research system and goes undetected. Correct Answer: In research, bias is any influence, condition, or set of conditions that singly or together distort the data. Three strategies as followings will use to identify possible bias: Carefully scrutinize the questionnaire for items that might be influenced by one’s education level, interest in the topic, or other factors that frequently distinguish respondents from nonrespondents. Compare the responses on questionnaires that were returned quickly with responses on those that were returned later, perhaps after a second reminder letter or after the deadline you imposed. The late ones may, to some extent, reflect the kinds of responses that nonrespondents would have given. Randomly select a small number of nonrespondents and try to contact them by mail or telephone. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 5 2 out of 2 points Explain the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face and telephone interviews, questionnaires. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Face to face interviews have the distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to establish rapport with potential participants and therefore gain their cooperation. The disadvantage is the time and expense involved may be prohibitive if the needed interviewees reside in a variety of states, provinces, or countries. Telephone interviews are less consuming and less expemsive, and the researcher has potential access to virtually anyone on the planet who has a landline telephone or cell phone. The disadvantages of telephone interviews cannot establish the same kind of rapport that is possible in a face to face situation, and the sample will be biased to the extent that people without phones are part of the population about whom the researcher wants to draw inferences. Questionaires have an advantage for participants to respond to questions with some assurance that their responses won't come back to haunt them. Thus, they may be more truthful than they would be in a personl interview, especially when addressing sensitive or controversial issues. The disadvantages are: the majority of people who recieve questionnaires don't return them. Face-to-face interviews have the distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to establish rapport with potential participants and therefore gain their cooperation, thus, such interviews yield the highest response rates in survey research. Personal interviews also allow the researcher to clarify ambiguous answers and, when appropriate, seek follow-up information. However, such interviews take time and so may not be practical when very large sample sizes are important. And, of course, the time and expense involved may be prohibitive if the needed interviewees reside in a variety of states or countries. Telephone interviews are less time-consuming and less expensive, and the researcher has ready access to virtually anyone on the planet who has a telephone. The researcher cannot establish the same kind of rapport that is possible in a face-to-face situation and the sample will be biased to the extent that people without phones are part of the population about whom the researcher wants to draw inferences. Questionnaires may save the researcher travel expenses and postage is typically cheaper that a long-distance telephone call. However, it has its drawbacks as well. The majority of people who receive questionnaires don’t return them, and the people who do return them are not necessarily representative of the originally selected sample. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 6 2 out of 2 points Explain how to make an observation studies. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: Response Feedback: Define the behavior being studied in such a precise, concrete manner that the behavior is easily recognized when it occurs. Divide the observaion period into small segments and then record whether the behavior does or does not occur during each segmant. Use a rating scale to evaluate the behavior in terms of specific dimensions Have two or three people rate the same behavior independently, without knowledge of one another's ratings. Train the raters to use specific criteria when counting or evaluating the behavior, and continue trainining until consistent ratings are obtained for any single occurrence of the behavior. Define the behavior being studied in a precise, concrete manner so that he behavior is easily recognized when it occurs. Divide the observation period into small segments and then record whether the behavior does or does not occur during each segment. Use a rating scale to rate the behavior in terms of specific dimensions Have two or three people rate the same behavior independently, without knowledge of one another’s ratings. Train the rater of follow specific criteria when counting or evaluating the behavior, and continue training until consistent ratings are obtained for any single occurrence of the behavior. [None Given] Question 7 2 out of 2 points Explain how identify a sufficient sample size. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: For smaller populations, say, N=100 or fewer, there is little point in sampling If the population size around 500 (give or take 100), 50 % should be sampled. If the population size is around 1500, 20 % shold be sampled. Beyond a certain (about N = 5,000), the population size is almost irrelevant and a sample size of 400 will be adequate. For small populations (N<100), there is little point in sampling. Survey the entire population If the population size is around 500. 50% of the population should be sampled If the population size is around 1,500, 20% should be sampled Beyond a certain point (at approximately N=5,000), the populationsize is almost irrelevant, and as a sample size of 400 will be adequate Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 8 2 out of 2 points Explain what a checklist is and what a rating scale is. Answer A checklist is a list of behaviors or characteristics for which a researcher is Selected looking. The resercher- or in some studies , each participant simply indicates Answer: whether each item on the list is observed, present or true. A rating scale is more useful when a behavior attitude, or other phenomenon of interest needs to be evaluated on a continuum of say, "inadequate" to "excellent", "never" to "always" or "strongly dissaprove" to "strongly approve" Correct A checklist is a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other entities that a Answer: researcher is looking for. A rating scale is more useful when a behavior, attitude, or other phenomenon of interest needs to be evaluated on a continuum of, say, “inadequate” to “excellent,” “never” to “always” or “strongly disapprove” to “strongly approve.” Response Feedback: [None Given] Question 9 2 out of 2 points Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional study and longitudinal study. Answer Cross sectional studies are easier and more expedient to conduct than Selected longitudinal studies because the researcher can collect all the needed data at a Answer: single time. In contrast. In contrast, a reseacher who conducts a longitudinal study must collect data over a lengthly period and will almost invariably lose some participants along the way because the move to unkown locations or perhaps because they no longer want to participate. In adddition people respond repeatedly to the same measure instrument, event if the characteristic being measured hasn;t changed. Cros sectional studie have disadvantages sucha s the different age groups sampled may have been raised under different environmental conditions. Secondly, is that we cannot compute correlations between characteristics of different age levels. Correct Answer: In a cross-sectional study, people from several different age groups are sampled and compared. In a longitudinal study, a single group of people is followed over the course of several months or years, and data related to the characteristic under investigation are collected at various times. Cross-sectional studies are easier to conduct than longitudinal studies, because the researcher can collect all the needed data at a single time and doesn’t have to worry about tracking down people who may have relocated to various points around the globe. Another disadvantage of longitudinal design is that when people respond repeatedly to the same measurement instrument, they are likely to improve simply because of their practice with the instrument, even if the characteristic being measured hasn’t changed at all. But cross-sectional designs have their disadvantages as well. For one thing, the different age groups sampled may have been raised under different environmental conditions. A second disadvantage of a cross-sectional design is that we cannot computer correlations between characteristics at different age levels. Response [None Given] Feedback: Question 10 2 out of 2 points Explain how to construct a questionnaire Answer 1. Keep it short Selected 2. Keep the respondent's task simple and concrete Answer: 3. Provide straightforward, specific instructions 4. Use simple, clear, unambiguous language. 5. Give a rationale for any items whose purpose may be unclear 6. Check for unwarranted assumptions implicit in your questions 7. Word your questions in ways that don't give clues abot preferred or more desirable responses. 8. Determine in advance how yow will code the responses. 9. Check for consistency Correct Answer: Keep it short Use simple, clear, unambiguous language Check for unwarranted assumptions implicit in your questions Word your questions in ways that do not give clues about preferred ot more desirable responses. Check for consistency Determine in advance how you will code the responses. Keep the respondent’s task simple Provide clear instructions Give a rational for any items whose purpose may be unclear Make the questionnaire attractive and professional looking Conduct a pilot test Scrutinize the almost-final product carefully to make sure it addresses your needs