ICS 1 Semester 1 Block 3 ES 3 d e f
Earthquakes, Cone and Shield Volcanoes, Hot Spots and Subduction Zone Volcanoes
Due End of Sixth week 9/20 or 21
1. Coversheet/ agree/disagree
2. WCW own paper
3. Standards /Seismogram
4. Vocabulary on own paper
5. Notes : Ch 3 Earthquake on your paper
6. Seismic Waves/EQ info Handout
7. Destruction by Earthquakes / Forces inside Earth
8. Notes Ch 1 Volcanoes on own paper
9. What causes Volcanoes
10. EQ an V
11. How to use the earthquake travel time chart
12. EQ VOL problems
Content Objective
Understand the connection between Plate motion and the forces of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Hotspots.
Language Objective
Explain the intensity and magnitude of an Earthquake using proper units and scales.
Describe the different types of Volcanoes using primary and secondary components.
Compare and contrast Hotspot and Subduction zone volcanoes.
To be accepted for grading it must be organized and signed
Student: Print_______________________________Sign________________________________________Date_______
Parent/Guardian: Print_________________________________Sign______________________________________Date_______
Put Agree or Disagree, A or D, next to each number
1. Some deep, underground rocks are so hot that a drop in pressure can cause them to form magma.
2. Deep in Earth’s interior, most of Earth’s mantle is molten, liquid magma.
3. Magma is forced quickly toward Earth’s surface because it is more dense than the rock around it.
4. Most volcanic eruptions occur near plate boundaries or at locations called hot spots.
5. Magma that is deep underground can contain water vapor and other gases.
6. Water vapor in magma usually produces volcanoes that erupt quietly with lava that flows smoothly.
7. Some volcanoes can form without lava flows.
8. Most of the magma that forms underground never reaches Earth’s surface to form volcanoes.
9. When a volcano stops erupting, the magma inside the vent sinks deep into Earth, forming a bottom
less pit.
10. Movement of Earth’s plates can cause large sections of rock to bend, compress, or stretch.
11. A fault can be a large break, or crack, in Earth’s crust even though there has never been movement
along that break.
12. Earthquakes occur when rocks break and move along a fault and vibrations are created.
13. The shaking, or vibrations, that people feel during an earthquake are called seismic waves.
14. All seismic waves travel through Earth at the same speed.
15. The Richter magnitude scale is used to describe the strength of an earthquake.
16. Most earthquakes have magnitudes too low to be felt by humans.
17. Scientists can predict when and where an earthquake will occur.
18. Plateaus are flat, raised landforms made of nearly horizontal rocks with a steep-sloped boundary.
19. Folded mountains are formed by tremendous forces inside Earth squeezing horizontal rock layers.
20. Volcanic mountains are cone-shaped structures that formed when molten rock rose to the surface.
21. Latitude lines run north to south.
22. Latitude lines are also called meridians.
23. map scale is used to measure the weight of heavy maps.
24. A map legend is a historic map.
25. Contour lines run up and down on hillsides.
26. Contour intervals indicate horizontal distance on topographic maps.
27. Geologic cross sections can be used to visualize the slope of rock layers beneath Earth’s surface.
28. All fossils are made from the hard parts of animals.
29. Fossils can be used as evidence to show that past climates and environments have changed.
30. A trace fossil is the outline, or copy, of a fossil.
31. Sediment typically accumulates in horizontal beds, which can later form layers of sedimentary rock.
32. The relative age of a rock layer indicates whether the layer is older or younger when compared to
other rock layers.
33. The principle of superposition refers to a high concentration of fossils within a small area.
34. Most sequences of rock layers are complete.
35. Geologists often can match up, or correlate, layers of rock over great distances.
36. The absolute age of a material refers to the actual age, in years, of the material.
http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/Volcanoes/hotspot.swf
WCW- on your own paper
9/10 odd 9/11 even
Warm-up
Movement of Earth’s plates can cause large
Earthquakes because…
Critical thinking
It is important to understand where Fault lines are because…
Wrap-up
The difference between Earthquakes Epicenter and focus is…
WCW- on your own paper
9/12 odd 9/13 even
Warm-up
Earthquakes can occur during Volcanic eruptions because…
Critical thinking
The pressure in the magma chamber is related to the
force of the eruption, higher pressure means a ______ eruption
and lower pressure means a____ eruption
Wrap-up
The main characteristics of the two
Major types of volcanoes are…
WCW- on your own paper
9/14 odd 9/18 even
Warm-up
The major plate boundaries are c______, d_____, t_____
The Richter scale measures the __________ of an Earthquake.
Critical thinking
How does silica content influence eruption type of a Volcano?
Wrap-up
Describe the different types of Volcanoes using components, such as,
vent, magma chamber, slopes, caldera.
WCW- on your own paper
9/18 even 9/19 odd
Warm-up
When calculating the travel time of an Earthquake wave,
You must divide distance travel by the wave by ________
Critical thinking
Understanding the Equation of Speed helps you find
The travel time of an Earthquake because…
Wrap-up
The melting of silica_____ (granitic) upper-crustal rock produces viscous lavas.
The melting of iron_____ (basaltic) lower-crustal, or upper-mantle, rock produces fluid lavas.
ES 3. Plate tectonics operating over geologic time have changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains
on Earth’s surface. As the basis for understanding this concept:
ES 3. d. Students know why and how earthquakes occur and the scales used to measure their intensity and
magnitude.
Most earthquakes are caused by lithospheric plates moving against each other. Earth’s brittle crust breaks
episodically in a stick-and-slip manner. Plate tectonic stresses build up until enough energy is stored to
overcome the frictional forces at plate boundaries. The magnitude of an earthquake (e.g., as shown on the
Richter scale) is a measure of the amplitude of an earthquake’s waves. The magnitude depends on the amount
of energy that is stored as elastic strain and then released. Magnitude scales are logarithmic, meaning that each
increase of one point on the scale represents a factor of ten increase in wave amplitude and a factor of about
thirty increase in energy. An earthquake’s intensity (as measured on a modified Mercalli scale) is a subjective,
but still valuable, measure of how strong an earthquake felt and how much damage it did at any given location.
ES 3. Plate tectonics operating over geologic time have changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains
on Earth’s surface. As the basis for understanding this concept:
ES 3. e. Students know there are two kinds of volcanoes: one kind with violent eruptions producing steep slopes
and the other kind with voluminous lava flows producing gentle slopes.
The violence of volcanic eruptions is a function of the viscosity of the lava that erupted. All magmas contain
dissolved volatiles (or gases) that expand and rise buoyantly as the magma rises to the surface—much like the
bubbles in a bottle of soda. Fluid lavas allow gases to bubble away relatively harmlessly, but viscous lavas trap
the gases until large pressures build up and the system explodes. Temperature and composition determine the
viscosity of magma. Magma at cool temperatures and with a high silica content is very viscous. Rhyolitic and
andesitic lavas are examples of lavas with high viscosity. They erupt violently, scattering volcanic fragments
and ash widely. Viscous lava, which does not flow very far, builds steep-sided volcanoes. Other lavas, such as
basaltic, are relatively fluid and erupt quietly, producing great flows of lava that gradually build gently sloping
deposits (called shield volcanoes).
ES 3. Plate tectonics operating over geologic time have changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains
on Earth’s surface. As the basis for understanding this concept:
ES 3.f Students know the explanation for the location and properties of volcanoes that are due to hot spots and
the explanation for those that are due to Subduction.
The melting of silica-rich (granitic) upper-crustal rock produces viscous lavas. The melting of iron-rich
(basaltic) lower-crustal, or upper-mantle, rock produces fluid lavas. Upper-crustal rock may melt at Subduction
zones, and violent volcanic eruptions are common there. Lower-crustal rock may melt at the mid-ocean
spreading centers, where quiet, fluid eruptions are common.
Volcanoes may also arise from the activity of mantle plumes, which are long-lived hot spots deep in the mantle.
Rock locally melted within the hot spot rises through buoyancy through the crust, sometimes forming
volcanoes. As the magma rises, it melts other rocks in its path and incorporates them into the magma. The
incorporation of enough upper-crustal rocks, as at the Complex at Yellowstone National Park, produces
explosive volcanoes. If only lower-crustal rocks are incorporated, as in Hawaii, non-explosive, gently sloped
shield volcanoes form. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of hot spot volcanism, which occurs in chains with
the volcanoes systematically aging downward away from the heat source. This type of volcanism is extra
evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics. Volcanoes form when a particular piece of the crust is over
the hot spot and then die out as that part of the plate moves off.
bbbn
UP
P Wave
UP
S Wave
Motion
NORTH
NORTH
EAST
EAST
Motion
P Wave
from below
S Wave from
below
Vocabulary on your own paper- 12 total,
pg 4
1. Active –1. Being in a state of action; not quiescent. 2. Erupting or liable to
erupt; not dormant
2. Dormant –Temporarily quiescent; inactive; latent
3. Geothermal –Of or relating to the internal heat of the earth
4. Geyser – A natural hot spring that intermittently ejects a column of water
and steam into the air
5. Hot Spring – A natural spring producing warm water, usually at a
temperature above that of the human body
6. Magma –molten rock material under the earth's crust, from which igneous
rock is formed by cooling
7. Ring of Fire –extensive zone of volcanic and seismic activity that coincides
roughly with the borders of the Pacific Ocean
8. Crust – The outermost solid layer of a planet or moon
9. Mantle –layer of the earth between the crust and the core
10. Tectonic Plate – Plates on the continental and oceanic surface that act like
floating rafts moving on the layer of soft rocks beneath them
11. Volcano – 1. opening in crust which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected. 2.
A mountain formed by the materials ejected from a volcano
12. Volcanologist – One who studies volcanoes and volcanic phenomena junior
#8 Notes Ch 1 Volcanoes 1-5 only
own paper
1. Lahar = ash, dirt, water mix to form mudslides
Pyroclastic flow = rock, ash, “hot stuff” mix to form flow
Caldera = top bowl shape on the volcano, caused by eruption
2. Tephra = stuff that leaves the volcano
Volcanic bomb = fireballs
Lapilli = small stuff like rock shot from volcano
3. Ash is influenced by wind and rain. Size of ash
4. High silica leads to violent eruption.
Low silica leads to Gentle eruption.
5. a) VEI = Volcanic Explosivity Index
b) VEI gives a value not the amount of destruction. Also, the
amount of destruction is controlled by distance to the
volcano.
Pg. 42-43
6. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide
7. An abundant amount of carbon dioxide can displace the oxygen and cause animals to die. Volcanoes emit
water vapor, which adds to the cycle.
8. Acids escape the volcanoes can mix with water in the atmosphere and come down as acid rain.
9. Power plants that burn coal with sulfur produce sulfuric acid gas like volcanoes; this gas mixes with water
vapor in the atmosphere and comes down as acid rain.
10. Volcanic eruptions contribute to global cooling and warming, some volcanic products like carbon dioxide
and greenhouse gases warm the plant while others like dust which reduces sunlight cool the plant.
Pg. 47-50
11. Intrusive rock-coarse grain and composed of large crystals, slow cooling at depths Extrusive rock-fine grain
composed of small crystals, rapid cooling on or near surface
12. Intrusive rock- in the ground cooling slowly away from weathering and erosion
13. Extrusive rock- above the ground cooling rapidly deteriorated by weathering and erosion
14. Magnesium and iron rich minerals tend to be darker
Pg. 56-58
15. Monitoring equipment can’t predict a volcanic eruption; it is designed to record data about the volcano.
16. Seismometers for Earthquakes, video camera for eruption, atmospheric barometer for pressure, thermometer
for temperature, multiple spots for all the data collection devices, gas composition in the area
17. The net effect of a reservoir being filled is inflation of ground, steepening of slope of volcanoes surface,
increase in horizontal and vertical distances between point on the surface, fracturing of rock layers stretched
beyond the breaking point.
18. A tilt-meter is very sensitive it measures the movement of the ground.
#12
Use the word bank to answer the following questions (ES 3.d.).
a. It means that each increase of one point on the scale represents a factor of
ten increase in wave amplitude and a factor of about thirty increase in
energy.
b. energy , the frictional forces
c. amplitude of an earthquake’s waves
d. elastic strain
e. because it measures how strong an earthquake felt and how much damage
it did at any given location
ES 3.d.
1. During Plate tectonic stresses, the buildup of enough ______ can overcome ______at plate boundaries causing an
Earthquake.
2.
What characteristic of the Earthquake wave does the magnitude of an earthquake measure?
3.
This magnitude depends on the amount of energy that is stored as ______and then released.
4.
What is meant by the phrase, “Magnitude scales are logarithmic”…?
5.
Why is the earthquake’s intensity, as measured on a modified Mercalli scale, a subjective measure, but still valuable?
Use the word bank to answer the following questions (ES 3.e.).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
steep-sided
Temperature and composition
viscosity of the lava that erupted.
Harmlessly, viscous
Very viscous
basaltic, gently sloping, shield volcanoes.
Steep, gentle
Rhyolitic and andesitic
ES 3. e.
6. One kind of volcano produces violent eruptions with _______ slopes and the other kind of volcano creates eruptions with
voluminous lava flows producing _______ slopes.
7.
What is the violence of a volcanic eruption a function of?
8.
Fluid lavas allow gases to bubble away relatively _________, but _______ lavas trap the gases until large pressures build up
and the system explodes.
9.
What two components determine the viscosity of magma?
10. Magma at cool temperatures and with high silica content is ________
11. _________and ________lavas are examples of lavas with high viscosity. They erupt violently, scattering volcanic fragments
and ash widely.
12. Viscous lava, which does not flow very far, builds __________ volcanoes.
13. While other lavas, such as ________, are relatively fluid and erupt quietly, producing great flows of lava that gradually build
_________ deposits called ____________
Use the word bank to answer the following questions (ES 3.f.).
a. silica-rich (granitic), iron-rich (basaltic)
b. plate tectonics, a particular piece of the crust is over the hot spot
c. hot spots, subduction
d. lower-crustal rocks, hot spot volcanism
e. mantle plumes, hot spot rises through buoyancy through the crust
f. subduction zones, mid-ocean spreading centers
g. upper-crustal rocks, explosive volcanoes
ES 3.f.
14. Students know the explanation for the location and properties of volcanoes that are due to ______ and the explanation for
those that are due to _________.
15. The melting of ____________ upper-crustal rock produces viscous lavas. The melting of _____________ lower-crustal, or
upper-mantle, rock produces fluid lavas.
16. Upper-crustal rock may melt at ____________, and violent volcanic eruptions are common there. Lower-crustal rock may
melt at the______________, where quiet, fluid eruptions are common.
17. Volcanoes may also arise from the activity of ____________, which are long-lived hot spots deep in the mantle. Rock locally
melted within the _________________________, sometimes forming volcanoes.
18. As the magma rises, it melts other rocks in its path and incorporates them into the magma. The incorporation of enough
______________, as at the Yellowstone Caldera Complex at Yellowstone National Park, produces __________.
19. If only ______________ are incorporated, as in Hawaii, non-explosive, gently sloped shield volcanoes form. The Hawaiian
Islands are an example of ______________, which occurs in chains with the volcanoes systematically aging downward away
from the heat source.
20. This type of volcanism is extra evidence supporting the theory of _____________. Volcanoes form when
_______________________________ and then die out as that part of the plate moves off.
.
Use definitions below to place the correct letter next its term to answer 21-25. (3 points each)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Study of earthquakes and Earth’s structure
Molten rock material within Earth
Narrow, steep slope, cylindrical shape
Outpouring of molten material from fissures or vents
Fine pyroclastic material
_______ 21. Ash
_______ 22. Lava flow
_______ 23. Seismology
_______ 24. Magma
_______ 25. Composite volcano
Use definitions below to place the correct letter next its term to answer 26-30. (3 points each)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Shows topographic features of the surface
Solidified rock that is formed
Persistent fixed source of rising magma
Broad, gently sloped dome shape volcano
Molten rock from fissures or vents
_______ 26. Shield volcano
_______ 27. Topographic map
_______ 28. Igneous rock
_______ 29. Lava
_______ 30. Hot Spot