Ch. 6 - The Integumentary System
 The Integumentary System
___________________________________________ make up the integumentary system
A fatty layer ____________________________ lies deep to it
Two distinct regions
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
 Functions of skin
1. ___________________________
 Cushions and insulates and is waterproof
 Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
 Screens UV
2. Synthesizes ______________________________ with UV
3. Regulates _____________________________________
4. Prevents unnecessary ________________________________________
5. __________________________________________ (nerve endings)
 Epidermis
Made up of: _________________________________________________________________
Four types of cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
____________________________ – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)
____________________________ - make dark skin pigment melanin
____________________________ – associated with sensory nerve endings
____________________________ – macrophage-like dendritic cells
Layers (from deep to superficial)




Stratum basale or germinativum – single row of cells attached to dermis; ____________cells
Stratum spinosum – spinyness is artifactual; tonofilaments (bundles of protein)
_________________________________________
Stratum granulosum – layers of flattened keratinocytes ______________________________
(hair and nails made of it also)
Stratum lucidum (only on ___________________ and ________________________)
Stratum corneum – horny layer (________________________________, many layers thick)
 Four basic types of tissue




___________________________________ – epidermis
___________________________________ - dermis
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Dermis
_________________________________________ connective tissue: your “hide”
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
Fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular
Rich supply of ______________________ and _______________________
Critical role in _____________________________________________________ (the vessels)
Two layers
1. ______________________________ – areolar connective tissue; includes dermal papillae
2. ____________________________ – “reticulum” (network) of collagen and reticular fibers
 Fingerprints, palmprints, footprints
Dermal papillae lie atop dermal ________________________________
Elevate the overlying epidermis into epidermal ridges
________________________________________ determined

Flexion creases
___________________________________________, from continual folding

Fibers
_______________________________: strength and resilience
_______________________________________________: stretch-recoil
Striae: ________________________________________________
Tension lines (or lines of cleavage)
The direction the bundles of fibers are directed
 Hypodermis
“____________________________” (Gk) = below the skin
“____________________________” (Latin) = below the skin
Also called “superficial fascia”
“fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective tissue
Fatty tissue which _________________________ and ________________________ (areolar tissue
and adipose cells)
Different patterns of accumulation for _____________________________________
 Skin color
Three skin pigments
1. __________________________________: the most important
2. __________________________________: from carrots and yellow vegies
3. __________________________________: the pink of light skin
Melanin in granules passes from melanocytes (same number in all races) to keratinocytes in stratum
basale



Digested by lysosomes
Variations in color
Protection from UV light vs vitamin D?
 Skin appendages
Derived from _________________________ but extend into __________________________
Include




Hair and hair follicles
__________________________________(oil) glands
Sweat (___________________________) glands
Nails
 Nails
Of hard _________________________________
Corresponds to hooves and claws
Grows from nail______________________________________-
 Hair and hair follicles: complex
Derived from epidermis and dermis
__________________________________________ palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
 Functions of hair
_______________________________ – less in man than other mammals
_______________________________________________________ of the skin
____________________________________-- - scalp

Parts


_____________________________ imbedded in skin
_____________________________ projecting above skin surface

Make up of hair – __________________________________________________

Three concentric layers
1. _________________________________ (core)
2. _________________________________ (surrounds medulla)
3. _________________________________ (single layers, overlapping)
 Types of hair
1. Vellus: fine, short hairs
2. Intermediate hairs
3. Terminal: longer, courser hair
Hair growth: averages ___________________________________________


Active: growing
Resting phase then shed
Hair loss


Thinning – ____________________________________________
Male pattern baldness
Hair color



_________________________________ for black or brown; distinct form of melanin for red
White: _______________________________ and ______________________ in the medulla
__________________________________ though influenced by hormones and environment
 Sebaceous (oil) glands



Entire body except ___________________________________________________-Produce ________________________ by holocrine secretion
Oils and lubricates
 Sweat glands





Entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitalia
_____________________________________________________________________
500 cc to 12 l/day! (is mostly water)
Humans most efficient (only mammals have)
Produced in response to ____________________________ as well as __________________
 Types of sweat glands



______________________________ or merocrine
o Most numerous
o True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste
o Open through __________________________
_______________________________________
o Axillary, anal and genital areas only
o Ducts open into ___________________________________________
o The organic molecules in it decompose with time –causes _____________________
_________________________________________________ glands
o Ceruminous – secrete ________________________
o Mammary – secrete ____________________
 Disorders of the integumentary system

Burns
Threat to life



Catastrophic loss of __________________________________________
Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock
________________________________________
Types



First degree – epidermis: redness (e.g. sunburn)
Second degree – epidermis and upper dermis: blister
Third degree - full thickness
Infections
Skin cancer
 Critical burns

Over __________________ of the body has third-degree burns

_______________________ of the body has second-degree burns

Third-degree burns on ____________________________________________________
 Tumors of the skin


Benign, e.g. warts
Cancer – associated with UV exposure (also skin aging)
 Aktinic keratosis - premalignant
 Basal cell - cells of ____________________________________________________
 Squamous cell - _________________________________________
 Melanoma – __________________________: most dangerous; recognition: (ABCD rule)
A - Asymmetry
B - Border irregularityw
C - Colors
D - Diameter larger than 6 mm