*Knossos
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Crete was the Mediterranean island that this highly-cultured capital city was located on
The ancient people who lived there were called Minoans (this was named after their king)
Minotaur was the monster that inhabited the labyrinth
It was the capital city of the Minoans
Sir Arthur Evans excavated here
***Thera
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Said to be the legendary lost city of Atlantis
The volcano destroyed this place
The name of the island today is Santorini
There is now a 8 mile wide crater there
Plato wrote about it
**Mycenae
1.
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Agamemnon was the legendary king of this citadel/city
H. Schliemann was the archaeologist who excavated there
There are 2 stone lions above the gate leading into the city
They fought Persia with 1,000 ship expedition around 1150 B.C.
Cassandra was brought there by Agamemnon
Clytemnestra was queen while Agamemnon was king
Is the capital of the Mycenaean civilization
**Homer
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His 2 most famous works were the Illiad and the Odyssey
He is the historian of the Trojan war
His occupation was a bard or poet
He was blind
He wrote about things a long time after they happened so the facts may have been exaggerated
for the sake of the story
***Delphi
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Apollo has his major temple site there
Phthia were the priestess/prophetess there otherwise known as the oracle
There was a stone there that was considered to be the naval of the Earth’s anatomy
Dionysus religious festivals were held there
The oldest theater is found there
It is the center of prophesy
King Croessus of Lydia planned on fighting Persia after the oracle told him that a great empire
would be defeated, what he didn’t know is that it would be his own
**Athena
1. She is considered to be the goddess of war and wisdom
2. She was born from Zeus’ head
3. She was associated with the owl
4. The name of her temple literally means “virgin goddess”
Erebos
1. Was the land of the dead
2. Charon ferried people across the river Styx into Erebos
3. Hades was the ruler of Erebos
*Theogony
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Hesoid was the author of this work
During the 8th century BC he wrote this
The title translates to mean “birth of the gods”
Gaia was the goddess of land and earth and the very first character to appear in his work, and
today she is known as mother earth
***Marathon
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The Persian empire was defeated by the Greeks at the battle of Marathon
Athens was the Greek city-state who lead the Greeks to victory
Pericles was the leader of Athens
Darius was the leader of the Persian enemy forces
They sent a messenger who ran 26 miles to tell the results and then he died. This is where the
modern marathon race comes from
6. This was the first of the Persian war battles
***Thermopylae
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Sparta was the city-state who lead the Greek resistance there until the last man standing
300 of them died defending the pass
Leonidas was the Greek king who died heroically with them
2nd Persian war battle
Xerxes was the leader of the opposing Persian troops
The Persians lost many more men, but they won the battle
Delian League
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Defensive alliance
It was created to defend against the Persians
The treasury was kept on the island of Delos
The Peloponnesian league was established in opposition to its self appointed leader
***Pericles
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He lead Athens
His era was in the golden age
He ruled during the Persian wars
He built the Parthenon in adoration to Athena
5. Died from the plague
6. Ruled for 32 years
*Tragedy
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Tragedy means “goat song”
It began as a worship to Dionysus
Thespis introduced the first “actor” to the play by impersonating that god
Three great tragedy writers were Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus
There are 33 tragedies left today
***Thucydides
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He is an Athenian historian and general
He wrote about the Athenian plague, he had it so he could write about it
General during the Peloponnesian
Historian of the Peloponnesian wars, he could write about them accurately because he fought in
them
***Socrates
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His purpose was to be the “gadfly” of Athens “stinging” the people to think
Intellectual midwife is the two word phrased that expressed his teaching and philosophy
Today we have none of his writing
Hemlock killed him
Taught Plato
Sentenced to die because he questioned the gods and he corrupted children and then was
arrogant in the courts
*Plato
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Plato’s teacher was Socrates
Idealism is what history called his basic philosophy
The academy was the name of the school Plato established in Athens
Plato illustrated his philosophy with his story of the cave
He was the teacher of Aristotle
He wrote down and documented many ideas that were thought to be Socrates
Aristotle
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4.
Plato was his teacher
His basic philosophy was realism
His school that he established was Lyceum
Alexander the great was Aristotle’s most famous student
*Alexander the Great (know them all)
1. Alexander was from the province of Macedonia
2. Alexander’s favorite hero was Achilles
3. Alexander conquered the Persian Empire
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His general Ptolemy came to rule Egypt after Alexander died
He built Alexandria to be the capital city of Egypt
His most famous teacher was Aristotle
Alexander’s father was Philip of Macedonia
Alexander’s favorite book was the Illaid
Alexander’s horses name was Bucephalus
Darius was the king of the Persian Empire before him
Phalanxes was the tightly knit, long-speared formation that was used by Alexander
*Minoans
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Minos was their king
They were a non-militaristic culture
Fun loving and colorful people
Located on the island of Crete
Knossos was their capital city
Sir Arthur Evans excavated Knossos
The minotaur was said to have inhabited the labyrinth there
Troy
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Participated in Trojan wars against the Greeks
Paris took Helen there from Sparta and this started the war
The Trojans lost the war
The war lasted 10 years
Parthenon
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4.
Built for Athena
Built by Pericles
Built on the acropolis
Built in Athena
Tartaros
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Zeus sent the Titans there after he defeated them in cosmic battle
It was a place of punishment after death
Located below Hades
Punishment there fits the crime that was committed
Example-A man is punished and has to push a rock up a hill every day, and as soon as he almost
gets to the top it rolls back down and he has to start over
Peloponnesian Wars
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War between Sparta and Athens, each with their own alliances
During this time is when the plague hit Athens
Pericles was the ruler of Athens
Sparta made an alliance with the Persians and with their resources the Spartans built a navy to
go along with their good land-based army
5. Building a navy is what was the deciding factor for the Spartans winning
Styx
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Achilles mother dipped him in it held by the heel
She did this so he would become invulnerable except for at the heel
Charon ferried the dead across the Styx to Ereba, the land of the dead
It was a magical river
**What Peloponnesian polis was 2/3 helots but had the best army in ancient Greece? -Sparta
**What cosmopolitan polis was located on the isthmus between the Peloponnesus and the mainland,
and was a significant city of commerce? - Corinth
***What is the name of the mountain upon which the gods were thought to live? – Mt. Olympus
**What is the specific name of the sea in the midst of Ionia just to the east of Greece? - Aegean
*What did the Greeks call the place of tortures to where the titans were banished? – Tartarous
Who was the Persian king that attacked the Greeks at the pass at Thermopylae? – Xerxes
In what great naval battle did the Athenian-led fleet over the Persian fleet? – Salamis
**What was the name of the defensive alliance formed by the Greeks just after the battles with Persia in
case the Persians attacked against? – Delian League
*What books tells us about the (tenth year of the) Trojan War? – The Illaid
**What pre-Socratic Milesian philosopher is often called “The Father of Philosophy”? - Thales
*What “magical” river separated Gaia (earth) from Erebos (the place of the dead)? – Styx
*Who was the god of the underworld? – Hades
***Who was the god of storms on the ocean as well as the earthquakes? – Poseidon
**What philosopher of Idealism established his “academy” in Athens? – Plato
**What philosopher of Realism taught about “essence” and “accidents” at his Lyceum? – Aristotle
Who is often regarded as the “Father of Greek Tragedy,” the man who introduced the first “actor” by
playing the part of Dionysus interacting with the chorus? - Thespis
From what area (by name) of Greece was Alexander? – Macedonia
What major ancient empire did Alexander the Great conquer by the age of 25? - Persia
What is the name of the ancient temple that dominates the Acropolis of Athens? – Parthenon
List the three greatest tragedians (that we know of) of ancient Athens – Sophocles, Aeschylus and
Euripides
What ancient Athenian comedian has the most plays extant today? – Aristophanes
What race of giants ruled the earth before the gods? – The Titans
***Who was punished for stealing fire from Zeus to give to man? – Prometheus
***Who was the seductive goddess of love and beauty? – Aphrodite
Who was the god of light, knowledge, and music, one of whose temples was at Delphi? – Apollo
***What cursed mythical creature had writhing snakes for hair and a glance that turned men to stone?
– Medusa
*Who was the messenger god? (patron of thieves) – Hermes
***Who was the god of wine, frivolity, drunkenness, and ecstacy? – Dionysus
**Who was the “father of history” and author/historian of the Persian Wars? – Herodotus
What was the term referring to Spartan slaves? – Helots
The last ruling titan defeated by Zeus and the gods in cosmic battle – Chronos
The greatest Greek hero in the Trojan war – Achilles
**Goddess of the crops who takes her daughter Persphone’s place with Hades every winter and
therefore nothing grows at that time – Demeter
**He was indicated by Athens for sacrilege against Hermes, fled to Sparta where he seduced a Spartan
queen, and then fled to Persia before returning to lead Athenian forces in war – Alcibiades
*King of the gods who won a cosmic battle with his lightning bolts – Zeus
*He was the king and father of Alexander the Great – Philip
The visionary who built the Athenian navy (its “wooden walls”) – Themistocles
She was “mother earth” who gave birth to all living creatures – Gaia
The titan who was believed to hold up the Earth on his shoulders – Atlas
Started the quarrel of the 3 goddesses over the golden apple – Eris
Trojan prophetess always right but never believed – Cassandra
What is the name of the Greek archaeologist who has led the excavation at Thera? – Spyridon Marinatos
**Who was the German archaeologist who excavated Troy? – Heinrich Schliemann
Who was the visionary leader that built up the Athenian fleet with a silver mine strike? – Themistocles
*What was the center (marketplace/meeting place) of Athens called? – Agora
**What was the law court called that met to try murder cases on Ares’ (Mars’) hill? – Areopagus
*What 6th century Athenian statesman produced important law reforms there? – Solon
**What was the last of the four major battles of the Persian wars (490-479 BC)? – Plataea
*In early Greek tragedy what was the choral worship ode to Dionysus called? – Dithyramb
Who was the English archaeologist of the palace of Knossos? – Sir Arthur Evans
Who was the 8th century B.C. author of Theogony and Works and Days? – Hesiod
In what great naval battle did the Athenian-led fleet win over the Persian fleet? - Salamis
What ancient Greek comedian wrote such plays (critical of Athenian life) such as The Birds, The Frogs,
and the Wasps? – Euripides
What atomistic philosopher’s hedonistic ethic led him to advocate that one should “eat, drink, and be
merry, for tomorrow we die”? – Epicurus
What is the name of the British archaeologist who has led the excavations at Crete? – Sir Arthur Evans
Who was the greatest Trojan prince and hero of the Trojan war? – Hector
What Greek hero had the idea for the Trojan horse and led the attack once inside the walls? Odysseus
In what straits did the Athenian fleet defeat the Persian fleet in 480 BC? – Artemisium
In Greek tragedy what was the dancing floor called where the chorus recited the dithyramb? – Orchestra