Volcanoes and Earthquakes
What is a Volcano?
•
A mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material
Anatomy of a Volcano
•
Vent
•
– _____________________
•
Crater
– _____________________
Magma Chamber
– ________________________
•
Magma Tube
– ________________________
Types of Volcanoes
•
Determined by
– _________________________
– _________________________
•
3 types
– Shield Volcano
•
_____________________
•
_____________________
•
_____________________
•
_____________________
•
_____________________
•
________________________
________________________
•
____________________
– Cinder-Cone Volcano
•
_______________
•
__________
– Composite Volcano
•
Also known as ___________
•
_________________
•
Large, nearly ____________
_____________
•
_________________
•
Ex: ______________
•
Layers of lava and
____________________
Magma verse Lava
•
•
Magma
Lava
– __________________________
__________________________
– _________________________
Factors Affecting Eruption
•
______________________
•
______________________
•
______________________
Viscosity of Magma
•
_________________________
•
_________________________
___________________
•
_______________________________
– ________________________
________________________
Dissolved Gases
•
Consist of _________________________
•
More gases, ________________________
Volcanic Materials
•
Lava Flow
– Pahoehoe: __________________________________
– Aa: ________________________________________
•
•
Gases
– 70% _____________
– 5% _________
– 15% _____________
– 5% ________
Pyroclastic Material
– Fragments ejected during eruptions
– From very fine to several tons
– Ex:
•
Volcanic Ash
•
Cinders
(lapilli)
•
Other Eruption Results
•
Pyroclastic Flow
– ______________________________________
– ______________________________________
•
Lahar
– __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Volcanic Landforms
•
Calderas
– _______________________________
– Forms Two Ways
•
_______________________________________________
Volcanic
Bombs
•
•
________________________________________________
Lava Plateaus
– _________________________
– ______________________________________________
Intrusive Igneous Activity
•
This is also known as ___________________
•
Plutons
– Structures that result from the _____________________________________
– Classified according to _____________________________________________
– Types of Plutons
•
•
•
•
Sills
•
•
______________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Laccoliths
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Dike
•
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Batholith
•
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Plate Tectonics & Volcanoes
•
Relationship
– ______________________________________________________________________
Ring of Fire
•
•
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Intraplate Activity
•
•
Occurs with a plate, not a plate boundary
Hot Spots
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
What is an Earthquake?
•
_____________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
Parts of an Earthquake
•
•
•
Focus
– _______________________________________
Epicenter
– _______________________________________
Fault
– _______________________________________
Causes of Earthquakes
•
Elastic Rebound Hypothesis
– Release of built-up energy
– Most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been
subjected to great forces
– When the strength of the rock exceeded, it suddenly breaks, causing the vibrations of an
earthquake
Foreshock vs. Aftershock
•
Foreshock
– ______________________________
__________
•
Seismology
– ______________
______________
______________
•
Aftershock
– ______________________________
__________________
Seismic Science
• Seismograph
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
Earthquake Waves
•
Two Main Types
– Surface Waves
– Body Waves
• P-waves
• S-waves
Surface Waves
•
•
____________________________________
____________________________________
__________________________________
•
•
___________________
___________________
Body Waves
•
•
P-Waves (primary waves)
– They push (compress) and pull (expand) rocks in the direction the wave travels
– Can travel through _________________________
– ____________________
– ____________________
S-Waves (secondary waves)
– Shakes particles at ______________ to their travel
– Can only travel through __________
– _____________________
Locating Earthquakes
•
The difference in velocity of a P-Wave & S-Wave provides a way to locate the epicenter
– ____________________________
– ____________________________
Strength of an Earthquake
•
Two different types of measurements to describe the strength of an earthquake
– _______________
– _______________
•
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Earthquake Intensity
Earthquake Magnitude
•
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
The Richter Scale
•
•
•
•
_____________________
Based on the amplitude of the
___________________
A ______________ system
Largest earthquake record= _____________
Moment Magnitude Scale
•
•
More precise
Amount of displacement that occurs along a
________________
•
Most widely used
– ______________________________
______________________________
Mercalli Intensity Scale
•
•
How much damage occurs
Depends on:
– ____________________
– ____________________
– ____________________
– ____________________
Earthquake Hazards
•
•
Seismic Vibrations
– Damage to building depends on several factors
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
Liquefaction
– Stable soil turns into a _________________________________________________
•
•
•
Tsunami
– _________________________________________
– Tsunami warning system is active to monitor for them
Landslides
– ______________________________
– Sinking of the ground triggered by the _________________
Fires
– Caused by ______________________
Predicting Earthquakes
•
•
Short Range
– _________________________________________
– Short-range predictions has not been successful
Long Range
– _______________________________________
– Seismic Gap
• ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________