Name: _______________________
EOC Review – First Semester
1. Latitude lines-Lines on a map that run west to east, but measure
distances north & south of the equator.
2. Longitude lines-Lines on a map that run north & south, but measure
distances
East & west of the prime meridian.
3. Prime Meridian-Line of longitude that separates the earth into western
& eastern hemispheres, it is zero degrees.
4. Globe-A three dimensional representation of the Earth.
5. Map-A two dimensional representation of the Earth.
6. Political map-A map that shows political boundaries like countries &
capitals, cities etc.
7. Physical Map-A map that shows physical features on the earth’s
surface, like rivers, mts, oceans etc.
8. Cartogram-A type of thematic map that presents information about a
country other than population.
9. Flow-line Map-A type of thematic map that shows movement of
people, goods, ideas, or animals by the use of arrows.
10.
Qualitative Map-A type of thematic map that uses colors, dots,
or lines to help you see patterns related to a specific idea. (I.e. maps
used in History books, climate maps etc.)
11.
Movement-How people, goods, and ideas move from one
location to another.
12.
Human Environment Interaction-How people adapt to or change
their environment.
13.
Place-Physical features and cultural characteristics of a location.
14.
Absolute Location-The exact place on earth where a geographic
feature is found. You use latitude & longitude coordinates to find this.
15.
Relative Location-Describes where a place is located in relation
to places around it. For example, the church is two blocks south of my
house.
16.
Formal
Region-Defined
by
a
limited
number
of
related
characteristics.
17.
Perceptual Region-A region in which the people of the region see
or perceive the characteristics of the region the same way.
18.
GIS-Geographic Information Systems, A geographic Information
System that allows geographers to combine geographic information &
put that information on a map.
19.
GPS-Global Positioning System-Initially used by the military, to
be able to know their exact position-longitude, latitude, altitude, time.
20.
Land sat-A series of satellites that orbit more than 100 miles
above the earth. Used to take pictures of the earth’s landforms for
mapmaking.
Ch.2
21.
Erosion-The result of weathering on matter as a result of wind,
water, ice, or gravity.
22.
Landforms-naturally formed features on the surface of the earth.
23.
Relief-The difference in elevation of a landform form the lowest
pt. to the highest pt.
24.
continental drift theory-The theory by Alfred Wegner that the
earth was once a supercontinent that divided & drifted apart over
millions of years.
25.
Continental shelf-The earth’s surface from the edge of a
continent to the deep part of the ocean.
26.
Identify 3 layers of earth-Crust, mantle, and core.
27.
Magma-The molten rock material created when the mantle melts
the underside of the of the earth’s crust.
28.
Atmosphere-The layers of gases immediately surrounding the
earth.
29.
Soil factors-There is five factors that geographers look at when
studying soil-parent material, relief, organisms, climate and time.
30.
Ring of Fire-The chain of active volcanoes & earthquake activity
that line the Pacific Rim.
31.
Tectonic plate-An enormous moving shelf that forms the earth’s
crust.
32.
Lava-Magma that reaches the earth’s surface.
33.
Fault-A fracture in the earth’s surface.
34.
Solar system-Consists of the sun & the 8 known planets, as well
as other celestial bodies.
35.
Chemical weathering-A process that changes rock into a new
substance through interactions among elements in the air or water &
the minerals in the rock.
36.
Lithosphere-The solid rock portion of the earth’s surface.
37.
Epicenter-The point on the earth’s surface that corresponds to
the location in the earth where an earthquake begins.
38.
Topography-The combined characteristics of landforms & their
distribution in a region.
39.
Delta-A fan-like landform made of deposited sediment, left by a
river that slows as it enters the ocean.
40.
Moraine-A ridge or hill of rock carried & finally deposited by a
glacier.
41.
Sediment-Small
pieces
of
rock
produced
by
weathering
processes.
42.
Loess-Wind-blown silt & clay sediment that produces very fertile
soil.
Ch.3
43.
Rain Shadow-The land on the leeward side of hills or mountains
that gets little rain from the descending dry air.
44.
Convection-The transfer of heat in the atmosphere by the
upward motion of the air.
45.
Greenhouse Effect-The layer of gases released by the burning of
coal & petroleum that traps solar energy, causing global temperatures
to rise.
46.
Hurricanes-A storm that forms over warm, tropical ocean waters.
47.
Permafrost-Ground that is permanently frozen.
48.
Taiga-A nearly continuous, belt of evergreen coniferous forests
across the Northern hemisphere in North America & Eurasia.
49.
Tornado Alley-The flat plains stretching from Texas to Nebraska
in which tornadoes frequently occur from May to October.
50.
Weather-The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place &
time.
51.
Climate-The typical weather conditions at a particular location as
observed over time.
52.
Ecosystem-An interdependent community of plants & animals.
53.
Biome-A regional ecosystem. There are 4 basic types-Forest,
desert, grassland, and tundra.
54.
Orographic-Precipitation that occurs when a hill or mt. block
moist air 7 forces it to rise.
55.
Water Vapor-Determines whether there will be precipitation.
56.
El Nino-A weather pattern created by the warming of the waters
off the coast of South America, which pushes warm water & heavy
rains toward the Americas & produces drought conditions in Australia
and Asia.
57.
La Nina-A weather pattern that occurs when the winds blow the
warmer water to the lands on the western Pacific rim, it causes
increased dryness along the pacific & precipitation in places likes India.
List the characteristics/types and locations of each Biome:
58.
Forest-Categorized by the type of trees they have, deciduous or
coniferous. This also includes the rainforest, which is located in the
tropical zone. This biome is found North Am., Eurasia,
59.
Grasslands-Mostly flat regions dotted with a few trees. In
different parts of the world, there are different names for this area,
like savanna or steppe.
60.
Desert-The plants that live in this region are especially adapted
to tolerate extreme temperatures. In the desert, they can conserve
water & withstand heat, like cacti.
61.
Tundra-In the tundra, plants that are found here, hug the
ground, such as
Lichen or mosses.
List the characteristics and locations of each climate
62.
Tropical Wet and Dry-Rainy season in summer & a dry season in
winter.
Rainfall is less than in the tropical wet region, found in Africa, South
&
Central Am. & parts of Asia.
63.
Marine West Coast-Frequently cloudy, foggy & damp. Parts of
the west
coast of the US & Canada & Western Europe have this climate.
64.
Tropical Wet-It is always hot, with an avg. temperature of 80,
and avg.
rainfall of over 80 inches a year. The day starts out sunny, but by
afternoon
it starts to cloud up & rain falls almost daily.
65.
Semi Arid-Receives about 16 inches of rain a year. Summers are
hot with
mild to cold winters; & some semiarid locations can produce snow.
Great
agricultural land.
66.
Highland-Varies with latitude, elevation, other topography, and
continental
location. For example, in the Andes of South America, it can depend
on if the
Slope faces north or south & whether it is exposed to winds carrying
moisture.
67. Ice Cap- Snow, ice & permanently freezing temperatures,
characterize the
region, which is so cold that it rarely snows. For example,
Antarctica.
68. Mediterranean-Its summers are dry & hot & its winters are cool &
rainy. It
is found around the Mediterranean Sea & on the west coast of the US
&
Australia.
69. Humid Continental-A great variety in temperature & precipitation
characterize this region. It has 4 true seasons, and is found in the
midlatitude regions of the US & Canada, parts of Europe 7 Asia.
70. Humid Subtropical-Long, hot summers, mild to cool winters. Found
on the
east coast of continents and are prone to hurricanes in the late
summer &
fall.
71. Tundra-Flat, treeless lands forming a ring around the Arctic Circle.
They
get very little rain, less than 15 inches a yr. It also has permafrost.
72. Where are most of the world’s diamonds located? In Africa
73. Where is most of the world’s oil located? In SW Asia, along the
Persian
Gulf.
Natural Resources, Globalization
74. Specialization- Producing or growing a lot of one product which leads
to
trade.
75. Infrastructure- Consists of the basic support systems needed to keep
an
economy going. Includes power, communications, transportation,
water,
sanitation, and education systems
76. NAFTA- North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. Allow United States,
Canada and Mexico to trade freely with each other without any trade
barriers
76. EU- European Union- The EU was created in the aftermath of the
Second
World War. The first steps were to foster economic cooperation.
77. Desalination-(removing salt from salt water) this allow salt water to
become
drinkable water.
78. OPEC-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, this group
controls
oil prices, & sets production quotas.
80. Where does the US import most of its oil from? Africa & the Middle
East
81.
How can a country have few natural resources yet be highly
developed? It develops technology that can be exchanged for the
resources it needs.
82.
Valuable natural resources don’t always benefit a country… list 3
reasons why they would not. The country doesn’t have the technology
to get to the resource, they don’t have enough money to get the
resource out of the ground, or the resource could lead to violence like
diamond have in parts of Africa.
83.
The discovery of a natural resource can create a pull….explain-
People will move to other locations where the resource is to get a job.
84.
What invention led to the southern USA becoming more
populated? Air conditioning.
85.
What transportation system greatly affected the settlement of
the US? The transcontinental Railroad
86.
What is the goal of a Communist Economy? An attempt to
distribute goods evenly.
87.
Free market Economy-An economic system also known as
Capitalism or Free Enterprise system. Based on Supply & Demand.
88.
How was the New World negatively affected by Spain? Think of
the Columbian Exchange, the introducing of diseases & pandemics to
the New World.
89.
Which European country was the first to become industrialized?
Why?
In 1790, Great Britain; they had large amts. of coal & Iron ore.
90.
Name some positive & negative effects of the industrial
revolution. Positive- Cheaper products, increased life expectancy,
better education. Negative- Pollution filled the air & soot covered the
buildings.
91.
Globalization- Goods and services exchanged through trade
across national
boundaries, creating a global market.
92.
Name some positive & negative effects of globalization-
Increased choice,
Greater potential for growth, Increase international economies of
scale,
Greater employment opportunities.
93.
Push
factor-
Factory
jobs,
better
education,
and
more
government services.
94.
Pull factor- Lost resources, Scarcity of land.
95. Commercial industry- Industrialized Mass Production of Goods
Commercial sales of these goods for profit
96.
Cottage industry-An industry where the creation of products is
home-based rather than factory based.
97.
Primary activity-Involves the gathering of raw materials such as
timber for immediate use.
98.
Secondary
activity-Involves
adding
value
to
materials
by
changing their form. An example would be manufacturing cars.
99.
Tertiary activity-. Involve providing business or professional
services.
Example: salespeople, teachers, or doctors
100.
Quaternary activity-Highest level of economic activity, includes
providing information, management, and research services by highlytrained persons
101. Subsistence agriculture-Farming in which the farmer produces only
enough
food to feed his family.
102. What is economic change?
103. What are the human & physical factors for the location of cities?
Human
factors- Economic activities, level of technology, access to natural
resources, transportation routes. Physical factors- nearness to
water,
landforms, climate
104. What are the main problems with urban sprawl? Little control over
how
cities grow, people moving to cities
105.
What are the negative effects of urbanization on cities? Pollution,
slums,
traffic
106.
What are the economic functions of a city? Manufacturing and
factories produce products to sell or trade& provide jobs for people.
107.
What is a specialized occupation? A job with a special or trained
skill, such as a shoemaker or craftsman.
108. What is daily life like in rural areas? It is difficult, with inadequate
public
services like doctors, hospitals, etc.
109. What are the common geographic characteristics of a city? Rivers
or
coastlines that provide for good transportation.
110.
Where are most South American cities located? On the east
coast
111. What type of climate do most people want to settle in? Mild
112.
Be able to explain the concentric model. In the center is the
Central Business District, then Manufacturing, low-income housing,
Middle-income housing& High –Income Housing, Commuter Zone.
113.
Where do the slums exist & why? In Latin America outside the
cities because the workers can’t afford to live in the city.
114.
What did the Aztecs use Lake Texcoco for? Food, fishing &
defense.
115.
What city has the most population in the Americas? Mexico City
116.
What does sustainable development include in Latin America?
Wind
Farms, Hydroelectric Dams, cattle raising programs.