BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE
PART 1 AND 2
The following study guide covers
all concepts from the ninth grade
school year. The material will
be covered in two final exams,
part 1 and part 2
Consider the concepts covered, and how they
relate not only to what we have covered
during the year, but also to the diversity of
life on earth
Concepts covered
Test part 1
1. Focus of biology
2. Homeostasis
3. Organization of cells
15. Relative vs. absolute dating
16. Evolution – Darwin and Wallace
17. Ecology
18. Viruses
4. Organelles
5. Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic
6. Cellular respiration, ATP, and the mitochondria
7. Photosynthesis and the chloroplast
8. Cell division – mitosis vs. meiosis vs. binary
fission
9. DNA and (A,T,C,G)
10. Carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleotides
11. Linnaean classification
12. Community vs. population vs. ecosystem
13. Phylogenetic trees vs. clades
14. The species concept
Test part 2
1. Inheritance
2. Mendelian genetics
3. Blending theory vs. independent assortment
4. Polygenic vs. co-dominant vs. incomplete
dominance vs. recessive and dominant
5. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
6. RNA vs. DNA
7. X vs. Y chromosome
8. Mutation types
9. Human genome project
13. Macro vs. Microevolution
10. Autosomal recessive vs. sex-linked, vs
14. Natural selection, mutation, gene flow, gene drift
chromosomal disorders
11. Lamarck, Lyell, and Malthus
12. Homologous vs. analogous structures vs.
comparative anatomy
15. Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs
16. Producers vs. consumers
Notes
Biology is the science of?
What is homeostasis?
Which is the more complex cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
What are organelles and what are examples of what they do?
Over many generations, what do organisms do as they relate to their
environment?
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
What is a phospholipid bi-layer?
What organelle “runs” or “directs” eukaryotic cells?
Where does DNA reside and what does it do?
What does cellular respiration produce?
What does photosynthesis produce?
What is binary fission?
What happens when the cell cycle is no longer regulated?
What are taxa, and whose name is connected with binomial nomenclature?
Proteins are soooo important in bio; what are the building blocks of proteins?
What does a phylogenetic tree show?
Relative and absolute dating; which one aims to date in actual calendar years?
To what does the term thermo refer?
A virus’ protein coat is called a?
What does genetics study?
Who first discovered laws of (simple) inheritance?
What does polygenic mean?
Contrast co-dominance and incomplete dominance?
What says this: DNA > RNA > protein. Or transcription > translation > protein?
Where are sex-linked traits found?
If a trait is autosomal recessive, what is someone called who has one dominant and one recessive gene for the condition?
Who said that “acquired characteristics” can be passed on to the next generation?
Why is the evolution of sexual dimorphism considered disruptive selection?
All interacting genes in a population are called a?
What are the four mechanisms of biological evolution?
Contrast homologous and analogous structures.
If organisms move into an open or available niche, what is it called?