Learning Outcomes for Test #17
Unit 4, lessons 4 and 5
Name: ____________________________________
Test Date: _________________________________
Vocabulary: Students need to learn and understand the meaning of the following vocabulary words AND be able to
apply them to a variety of situations. KNOW THESE DEFINTIONS BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS!!!!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
photosynthesis –the food-making process in green plants that uses sunlight
stomata –tiny pores found in leaves and stems that allow the exchange of gases
carbohydrate –a group of chemical compounds made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
cellular respiration –the process in which energy is released from food inside a cell
classification-the science of sorting living things into categories
kingdom-the largest group into which an organism can be classified
species-a group of similar organisms in a genus that can reproduce more of their own kind
vertebrate-an animal that has a backbone
invertebrate-a animal that does not have a backbone
nonvascular-containing no plant tissue through which water and food move
vascular-containing plant tissue through which water and food move
Students will learn in class about the following topics. Be prepared to be assessed on them.
1. Plants use sunlight to make food through photosynthesis. Plants use their leaves to absorb sunlight.
Photosynthesis occurs in cells that have chloroplasts. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, but chloroplasts can also be
found in some microorganisms, such as Euglena.
2. Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are needed to perform photosynthesis.
3. ********What happens in photosynthesis? Sunlight strikes a green part of the plant, such as a leaf. The
chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of the leaves captures energy from the Sun, which powers photosynthesis.
Inside the chloroplasts, water and carbon dioxide are combined to make food in the form of sugars. Oxygen is
produced as a waste product of photosynthesis. The sugars made by the leaf go into the leaf’s veins and from
there to all parts of the plant. The oxygen made by the plant is released into the air. KNOW THIS!!!!!!
4. Why is it important to water a house plant? Water is a raw material that is required for plants to make food.
5. How does the leaf get the materials it needs for photosynthesis? The roots absorb water and the water is
carried to the leaves by a tissue called the xylem. The carbon dioxide enters the plant through the tiny pores on
the underside of the leaves called the stomata. Stomata can also be found on stems. Stomata open and close to
let in and give off the gases of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
6. The job of opening and closing the stomata belong to the two guard cells that surround them. The guard cells
open and close the stomata in response to the amount of water and light the plant receives. When a plant cell has
too little water, the guard cells will close the stomata to preserve water in the plant. When the plant has plenty of
water, the guard cells swell and pull the stomata open. This allows water and air to leave the plant. If you didn’t
water a plant for two weeks, would the stomata be open or closed? Closed, to prevent water loss
7. ***Why aren’t the roots of a plant green like the stem and leaves? The roots are underground and not exposed
to sunlight. Roots are responsible for absorbing water and minerals, not making food for the plant.
8. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the leaf. The top leaf surface also has a waxy cuticle, a waterproof layer
that prevents moisture from evaporating.
9. During photosynthesis, the sugars are transported to all of the plant’s cells by a type of tissue called phloem.
Excess sugar is stored in the plant as starch.
10. The sugars that plants produce during photosynthesis are carbohydrates.
11. Photosynthesis produces sugar and oxygen. Respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
12. You can think of respiration and photosynthesis as the opposite of each other. During cellular respiration, plant
and animal cells produce carbon dioxide and water, which are then released back into the air. Plants use carbon
dioxide along with water to produce sugars and oxygen during photosynthesis.
13. Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. Mitochondria are the power houses of the cell. They supply
energy to the cell to grow and repair themselves. A cell needs energy to carry out life processes.
14. How does respiration occur in the mitochondria? Sugar produced during photosynthesis is broken down to
release energy and other substances. This process uses oxygen.
15. KNOW THIS BY HEART!!! What is a dichotomous key? A dichotomous key lists traits of organisms. It
gives directions that lead you to an organism’s identity. It is a key used to identify a plant or animal in which
each stage presents descriptions of two distinguishing characteristics, with a direction to another stage in the
key, until the species is identified.
16. Skill Lesson: Using dichotomous key clues, identify an organism.
17. One classification system used today divides all organisms into six major groups called kingdoms. Kingdoms
are grouped by internal form and structure. Scientists use six subgroups to classify within kingdoms. These
subgroups under kingdom include phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The narrowest group an
organism can be classified into is a species. Scientists use only the genus and species names to identify an organism
because they are the most specific names. For example, humans are identified as homo sapiens. Homo is the genus
name and sapiens is the species name.
18. How are animals different from plants? Plants make their own food, stay in one place, and have different
internal structures.
19. Animals are completely multicellular. Plants and animals are the only kingdoms that include only
multicellular organisms. Two other kingdoms- fungi and protists- have both unicellular and multicellular species.
20. Know the difference between invertebrate and vertebrate. Invertebrate phyla include mollusks,
echinoderms, and arthropods. Mollusks, like snails and clams, are mainly shelled animal. Echinoderms include
sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins. The arthropods are the largest invertebrate phylum. In fact, there are
more arthropod species than there are species in all the other animal phyla. Most arthropods are insects,
though arthropods include spiders, crabs, and insects.
21. All vertebrates belong to the Chordata phylum. Animals in this phylum are called chordates.
22. Within the vertebrate group, there are 7 classes: amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and 3 classes of fish.
23. Plant cells have cell walls, but animal cells do not.
24. The plant kingdom is divided into two major groups- based on the presence or absence of vessels or tubesnonvascular and vascular plants.
25.Inside a tree trunk there is a vascular system, which is a series of hollow tubes that transport water and nutrients.
25. Nonvascular plants are small and survive without a transport system. Ex. mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
26. Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and seedless plants. Seed plants, such as pine trees and flowering
plants, produce seeds. A seed contains an undeveloped plant, stored food, and a protective covering. Seedless
plants, such as ferns, produce spores. A spore is a single cell that can develop into a new plant exactly like the one
that produced it.
27. Two main types of seed plants:
Gymnosperms- seed plants that do not produce a flower – examples include
pines, firs, and other cone-bearing plants
Angiosperms- a seed plant that produces flowers; all angiosperms have
seeds that are covered by fruit
28. How is height an advantage for some vascular plants? Taller plants get more sunlight so they may be
better able to survive.
29. Fungi differ from plants in the way they obtain energy. Plants can make their own food. Fungi must get their
food from other organisms. They get energy by breaking down dead or decaying plants and animals. Fungi can
live in almost any dark and wet place.
30. What would happen to a forest without fungi? Dead organisms would pile up because they were not broken
down. The nutrients from once-living material would not be available to other organisms.