Semester 1 Study Guide 2015-16: Students should review all concepts and prepare one sheet of notes (front only).
These note sheets are worth 5 points of extra credit on the semester test and must be handwritten.
Chapter 1: Scientific Methodology and Microscopes (p. 2-31 and A-1 through A-17)
Vocabulary Terms:
*experiment
*bias
*hypothesis
*scientific theory, law, and hypothesis
*Independent variable/Manipulated variable
*conclusion
*dependent variable/responding variable
*controlled experiment
*experimental group
*control variables/Constants
*control group
____________________________________– proposed answer to the question; written as an "if….., then….." statement.
Plan an _______________________________________– test of the hypothesis
Record and analyze _____________________________– collected facts
State a ________________________________________– final statement summing up the results
In an experiment, you want to test only 1 condition that varies/changes. This is the ___________________
An experiment in which all the conditions are alike except for the condition being tested is called a ______________________
A factor that does NOT change is a _________________________________________________.
To carry out a controlled experiment, a scientist uses 2 identical groups of subjects:
a. ______________________________________________ - the group exposed to the variable
b. _____________________________________________ - the group that is NOT exposed to the variable
Only one variable at a time is tested. Otherwise, you cannot know which variable is causing your result.
The variable the YOU change is the _______________________________________________ variable.
The variable that changes in response to what you have done is the _______________________ variable.
Practice Problems
An experiment is conducted to determine the effects of alcohol on an individual's driving ability. Groups A & B
have been matched for all factors such as age and sex. Each person in Group A is given the amount of flavorless
alcohol in soda pop needed to raise the blood alcohol level to 0.08%. Each person in Group B is given the same
quantity of soda pop to drink. Each person in Groups A and B is given a driving test. The test results are recorded.
1. Is this a controlled or uncontrolled experiment? __________________________________________
2. What is the independent variable? _____________________________________________________
3. What is the dependent variable? ______________________________________________________
4. What is the control group? __________________________________________________________
5. What is the experimental group? _____________________________________________________
6. What is the hypothesis being tested? If _________________________________________________ is related
to_____________________________________________________________________,
then_____________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the constants/control variables in this experimental setup? ________________________________________
An experiment is conducted to determine the effect of classical music on the growth rate of marigolds. Two groups of
plants are grown from seed in identical soil types, exposed to identical light conditions, and given the same nutrients.
Group A is in a quiet atmosphere. The plants in Group B are provided with the same atmosphere except that classical
music is played for 12 hours daily. The scientist measures the plants in both groups each day and records the results.
1. Is this a controlled or uncontrolled experiment? __________________________________________
2. What is the independent variable? _____________________________________________________
3. What is the dependent variable? ______________________________________________________
4. What is the control group? __________________________________________________________
5. What is the experimental group? _____________________________________________________
6. What is the hypothesis being tested? If _________________________________________________ is related
to_____________________________________________________________________,
then_____________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the constants/control variables in this experimental setup? ________________________________________
Microscopes and Metric Measurement
Chapter 2: Chemistry (p.32-59 and A-24)
Vocabulary Terms:
*atom
*proton
*electron
*neutron
*isotope
*atomic number
*atomic mass
*bohr model
*lewis dot structure
*covalent bonding
*ionic bonding
*Valence electrons
*carbohyrdates and monomers of carbs
*proteins and monomers of proteins
*lipids and monomers of lipids
*nucleic acids and monomers of lipids
*elements in each of the macromolecules
Atoms: Know the structure of the atom and the locations and charge of each of the subatomic particlesRules for electrons in shells/energy levels First level
Second energy level
Third energy level
A pure substance made of one type of atom is called a
.
If an atom has an atomic number of 10, It has 10 protons. How many electrons does it have?
Carbon 12, Carbon-13, and carbon-14 all have the same number of
in the nucleus but different numbers of
. They are called
.
Define Compound*remember number of protons = number of electrons. Neutrons can be the same as protons, but can also vary in
neutrons – this is an isotope
Shell rules- 2 electrons in first shell/energy level, 8 in second,
Bohr models- drawing showing all electrons in each shell EXAMPLE:
Draw your own Bohr model of - Aluminum – look up
atomic number
Lewis Dot structure- shows only valence electrons
Valence electronsWhy are valence electrons important
Draw a Lewis Dot Structure of Aluminum
Bonding of elements
CovalentIonic- transfer of electrons- forms ions –Example
Bohr model of Sodium (Na)
Lewis Dot Structure of Sodium- outer shell has only 1 electron
CovalentCovalent is between a nonmetal and a
Drawing of 2 Hydrogen + Oxygen (also show polarity)
Draw 1 carbon and 4 hydrogen
Type of bond-
Type of bond
ionic –
Ionic bonds are between metal and
Hydrogen bondsShow bonding of one sodium (Na) and 1 Chlorine (Cl)
*use lewis dot structures
.
Show bonding between 1 aluminum and 3 chlorine
Polarity of water
Polarity- review drawing of oxygen- where are the covalent bonds and where are the hydrogen bonds
Properties because of polarityCohesionAdhesionheat capacitySolventWhat type of molecules can water dissolve? Why?
Solutions
SolventSoluteWhy is water such a fantastic solvent?
In a solution, if water is the solvent, sodium chloride, or salt is the
.
pH Define-: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Draw a pH scale- label where H+ ions increase and OH- increase- label acids, bases, and neutral
What is the pH of water?
What is the pH of many of your biological systems in your body?
A solution that produces H+ (hydrogen ions) in a solution is an
A solution that produces 0H- (hydroxide ions) in a solution is a
Your stomach has a lot of HCL which dissociates into H+ and Cl-, increasing the H+ ions. This increases/decrease pH and
becomes more/less acidic. Would the pH be closer to 3 or 10?
What is a buffer? Define; know importance, and basic requirements for buffers to work.
List 4Fill in the table below
Carbohydrates
Elements and
ratios of each
Foods where
molecules
are found
How are they
used in our
body
Monomer s
that make up
compound
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Define monomer
Define polymer
EnzymesWhat type of organic molecule is an enzyme
Define enzymeDefine active siteList monosaccharidesList disaccharidesQuick energy = what macromolecule
Structural function=
Insulation and stored energy
Heredity
Human digestion*know structure and function of each of the structures on the diagram
*Digestion of carbohydrates occurs in
Enzymes
*Digestion of proteins occurs in
Enzymes
*Digestion of lipids occurs in
Enzymes
Ecology– Chapters 3-5 (p.61-151)
Chapter 3: The Biosphere
Vocabulary Terms:
*Ecology
*species
*populations
*community
*ecosystem
*biome
*biosphere
*heterotroph
*autotroph
*photosynthetic
*chemosynthetic
*energy pyramid and 10% rule
*biotic
*abiotic
*primary producers
*Consumers
*herbivore
*carnivore
*scavenger
*omnivore
*detritivore
*decomposer
*biological components of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycles
What is the level of organization of the biosphere (entire planet) Put in order
populations, community, species, biome, ecosystem, individual organisms
*Carbon enters biological systems through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Photosynthetic producers (plants, algae,
blue-green bacteria) intake CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporate it into their structure as starch. The equation for
photosynthesis is CO2 + H20 – C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen). Now there is carbon in the form of glucose/starch in
producers. Carbon in the form of glucose enters the food chain through consumers (herbivores or omnivores). This gets
passed through the food chain and is used for all macromolecules – lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
*Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels (lights in home, car driving, plane flying, etc) cause an increase in carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere which blocks energy from leaving the atmosphere and increases global temperature
PRACTICE Energy in Ecosystems—REMEMBER the arrows point from the item being eaten to the eater.
What organism(s) above is/ are producers?
What organisms are consumers?
What organisms are primary consumers? Secondary consumers? Tertiary Consumers?
What organisms are heterotrophs? Autotrophs?
What organisms are decomposers?
Which organisms are omnivores? Herbivores? Carnivores?
If 100% energy is available from producers, how much will be available for second level consumers? Third level?
What happens to the energy that is not used for the next trophic level (given off as what)?
*Carbon enters biological systems through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Photosynthetic producers (plants, algae,
blue-green bacteria) intake CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporate it into their structure as starch. The equation for
photosynthesis is CO2 + H20 – C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen). Now there is carbon in the form of glucose/starch in
producers. Carbon in the form of glucose enters the food chain through consumers (herbivores or omnivores). This gets
passed through the food chain and is used for all macromolecules – lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
*Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels (lights in home, car driving, plane flying, etc) cause an increase in carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere which blocks energy from leaving the atmosphere and increases global temperature
Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities
Vocabulary Terms:
*niche
*habitat
*tolerance
*competive exclusion principle
*keystone species
*biomes
*predator-prey relationships
*herbivore-plant relationship
*symbiosis – mutualism, commensalism, and parastitism
*primary succession
*secondary succession
A bee pollinating a plant is an example of a relationship where both benefitA relationship where one organism is helped and the other is neither helped nor hurt is called
The relationship between a tick and its host is an example of
.
______________________states that only one organism can occupy a specific niche at one time. Volcanic activity would
result in
succession; a wildfire would result in
succession.
Chapter 5: How Populations Grow
Vocabulary Terms:
*exponential growth
*logistic growth
*Birth rate
*death rate
*carrying capacity
*Limiting factors
*density-dependent limiting factors
*density-independent limiting factors
*emigration
*immigration
*biodiversity
*population density
The number of individuals of a single species per unit area is known as
The area inhabited by a population is its
The maximum number of organisms a particular species that can be supported by an environment is called its ________.
Movement into an area is called
; whereas, movement out of an area is called
A limiting factor that depends on population size is called
Hurricanes are density – dependent or density-independent ? (circle one)
Predators, food, space are all density independent or density –dependent? Circle one
*researchers study population’s geographic range, density and distribution, growth rate and age structure-these
influence populations and for humans may influence public policy.
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function (p.188-223)
Vocabulary Terms:
**ribosomes
*endoplasmic reticulum
*prokaryotic
*Golgi apparatus
*eukaryotic
*chloroplasts
*nucleus
*mitochondria
*vacuoles
*lysosomes
*isotonic
*active transport
*cytoskeleton
*centrioles
*chromosomes
*lipid bilayer
*hypotonic
*hypertonic
*diffusion
*osmosis
*cell membrane
*cell wall
*passive transport
*DNA
The structure that controls the cells activity is the
. This structure contains DNA
Stores materials
. Breaks down and recycles macromolecules
Maintains cell shape
. Organizes cell division in eukaryotic animals cells
Synthesize proteins
. Assembles proteins and lipids
.
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell
Converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in food_______________
photosynthesis in some prokaryotic cells and plant cells occurs in the
Converts chemical energy in food to usable compounds
Shapes and supports and protects the cell
Regulates materials entering and leaving the cell; protects and supports cell
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes carrying genetic information are found in the
.
Cell membranes consists of a “fluid mosaic” of lipid bilayers
The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane is called
a substance that moves by passive transport tends to move
Transport requiring energy is called
; whereas, transport not requiring energy is called
If you placed your red blood cells in a hypotonic solution they would
If you placed your red blood cells in a hypertonic solution they would
Chapter 8-9: Photosynthesis and Respiration
Terms to know:
*reactant
*product
*Carbon Dioxide
*Glucose
*water
*oxygen
*ATP
*chloroplast
*chlorophyll
*pigments
*photon
*electron
*Calvin cycle
*ADP
*light-independent
*light-dependent
*grana
*stroma
*mitochondria
*matrix and cristae
*lactic acid
*ETC
*Krebs cycle
*glycolysis
* aerobic
*anaerobic
*fermentation
*alcohol
Know the chemical formulas for the reactions of photosynthesis and respiration.
Photosynthesis occurs in the ______________ of a plant cell. It requires the reactants ________ and _________ as well
as the presence of __________________ and _____________________ such as ________________________.
The special organelle for photosynthesis in plants is the ____________________.
The process of photosynthesis has two basic parts: the _________________________ reactions and the
________________________________ reactions, which are also called the _________________________________ after
the scientist who first described the process.
The main products of photosynthesis are ________________________ and ________________. Plants will use the
______________ made to energize their cells and build body parts, but the ________________ is lost as waste.
In a chloroplast, the __________________ pigments are held in membrane sacs called _____________________. A
group of these stacked together is called the _____________________ and the space in between is called the
___________. _____________, or particles of light, bounce between these membranes and spaces to make high-energy
___________ from the very similar low-energy molecule __________, which powers the reactions.
Review the leaf chad lab and the results and analysis. Why did the leaves float? How did this determine the rate?
Respiration occurs in the __________________ of eukaryotic cells and in the _________________ of the prokaryotes.
____________________ is the first step of respiration and it produces a small amount of ATP. All organisms do this.
Eukaryotes also have the special organelle called a ___________________ which helps them make LOTS more ATP from
the same amount of glucose. The process is similar to photosynthesis, but does not require _______________ or
____________________. __________________ respiration requires the input of __________________ and is much
more efficient than _____________________respiration, which doesn’t produce as much ATP. This process is also called
__________________________ and results in either ____________________________ or ______________________ as
a byproduct, depending on the type of organism. Yeast and some bacteria produce _____________________ while
animals and other bacteria produce ___________________________ which can lead to sore muscles in human athletes.
Review the respiration and exercise lab. What did we test and how did we measure the results? What were our
conclusions?
Review the fermentation lab (if we had time to complete it) and compare anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration.
How are they similar and how are they different? Why do you think humans and other animals can go through both?