CHAPTER 35: PLANT STRUCTURE AND GROWTH
Plants are the first link in the _____________________ through photosynthesis. This affects all ____________.
I. Concept 35.1: Plant Structure
 Plants, like multicellular animals, have _________________ composed of different ___________________,
which in turn are composed of _______________
A. Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, Leaves
They are organized into a ______________________ and a ____________________________
Roots rely on _________________ produced by ___________________________ in the ___________ system,
and shoots rely on _____________________and minerals absorbed by the _____________________ system
1. Roots
 Are ___________________________________ with important functions:
1) __________________________ the plant
2) Absorbing ________________________________
3) _________________________ organic nutrients
 A _____________________system consists of one _______________________ root that gives rise to
_____________________________, or ________________________ roots
 _________________________________ roots arise from stems or leaves
 Seedless vascular plants and monocots have a ________________________ system characterized by thin
lateral roots with ____________________________
 In most plants, ______________________ of water and minerals occurs near the _____________________,
where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the ________________________________
 Many plants have ________________________roots
2. Stems
 A stem is an organ consisting of:
a. An __________________ system of __________________, the points at which _________________
are attached
b. __________________________, the stem segments between nodes
 An ________________________ is a structure that has the potential to form a
_____________________, or branch
 An ___________________, or _______________________, is located near the shoot tip and causes
____________________ of a young shoot
 Apical dominance helps to maintain _________________ in most nonapical buds
 Many plants have ___________________________
 Modified stems include:
 ___________________—horizontal stems growing along surface of ground
(strawberry)
 ____________________________—horizontal stems growing underground (iris)
 ________________________—some end in enlarged tubes where food is stored
(potatoes)
 ___________________—vertical, underground shoots with leaves modified for food
storage (onion)
3. Leaves
a. Are the main ______________________________________ of most vascular plants
b. Leaves generally consist of a _____________________ and a ___________________ called the
__________________, which joins the _______________ to a node of the __________________
c. Some plant species have evolved modified leaves that serve various functions
B. Tissues: Dermal, Vascular, and Ground
Each plant organ has ______________________________________________________ tissues
Each of these three categories forms a ______________________________
1. Dermal Tissue System
_______________________________ covering that secretes the __________________
In nonwoody plants consists of the _______________________
In woody plants _________________ replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems
and roots
2. Vascular Tissue System
Carries out __________________________ of material between roots and shoots
Two types of Vascular Tissue:
a. ____________-transports water and dissolved mineral upward from root into shoots
b. _____________-transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where
they are needed
Vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the _______________
The stele of stems and leaves is divided into __________________________ (strands of
xylem and phloem)
3.Ground Tissue System
• Refers to _______________________ not dermal or vascular
• Include cells specialized for _________________________________________________
C. Common Types of Plant Cells
__________________
____________________
________________________
_____________________ cells of the xylem
__________________________ cells of phloem
• _________________________—refers to cell contents exclusive of the cell wall
1. Parenchyma Cells
• Most ____________________ plant tissue
• Primary walls are __________________________
• Lack ___________________________
• Store ____________________________
• ____________________has large central vacuole
• Perform most of plant’s ________________________- such as PS and food storage
• ___________________________—typical plant cell
• Retains the ability to ___________________________________ into other cell types under
special conditions (wound healing)
2. Collenchyma
• Living support tissue with ____________________________ cell walls
• No _________________________ (no lignin)
• Usually grouped in ______________________________ for support for young parts of plant
• Located just beneath the ______________________ and along the midrib of a leaf
• Provide _______________________________
3. Sclerenchyma
• Sclerenchyma cells are _________________ because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
• They are ______________ at functional _______________________
• There are two types:
a. ___________________are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls
b. _____________________ are long and slender and arranged in _______________
4. Xylem
• __________________ conducting cells
• _____________________ with secondary walls
• Stain _______________________
• Consists of two cell types: tracheids and vessel elements
a. Tracheids
-long, thin, _____________ cells with lignin-hardened secondary walls with pits
-water moves from cell to cell through ____________________
-function in ________________________________
-more _____________________
-found in xylem of all ____________________
b. Vessel elements
-__________________________ thinner-walled
-less ________________________
-long chains of vessel elements called ________________________
-more efficient water conductors than ____________________
-more ________________________
-found in most _______________________ and a few gymnosperms
5. Phloem
•
•
•
•
________________________ cells
Stain ___________________
Alive at functional _____________________
Composed of:
a. Sieve tube elements
-long narrow cells
-lack nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuole, but are alive at maturity
-sieve plates (end walls) are perforated as well as side walls
b. Companion cells
-lie adjacent to sieve tubes and direct their activity
-connected to sieve tube by plasmodesmata (thin streams of cytoplasm)
II. Concept 35.2: Meristematic Tissues
A. A plant can grow throughout its life; this is called _________________________
B. Some plant organs cease to grow at a __________________; this is called _______________________________
C. Life span of flowering plants:
• Annuals complete their life cycle in a _____________________
• Biennials require ________________________
• Perennials live for _________________________
D. ________________________are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth
 ____________________________ are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots
 Apical meristems elongate _______________________, a process called _______________________
 ______________________________ add thickness to woody plants, a process called _______________ growth
 There are two lateral meristems: the _______________________________________
 The vascular cambium adds layers of __________________________ called secondary xylem (wood) and
secondary phloem
 The cork cambium replaces the epidermis with _______________________, which is thicker and tougher
III. Concept 35.3: Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
Primary growth produces the ____________________________________, the parts of the root and shoot
systems produced by apical meristems
A. Primary Growth of Roots
 The ________________ is covered by a ________________________, which protects the
___________________________ as the root pushes through soil
 Growth occurs just behind the ______________________, in three zones of cells:
1. Zone of ________________________
• Near tip and includes the apical meristem
• Quiescent center is made up of reserve replacement cells
2. Zone of ____________________________
• Cells elongate and push root through the soil
3. Zone of __________________________
• Elongated cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature
• Region where _____________________ develop
• Farthest from _____________________
The ____________________________ growth of roots produces the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular
tissue
 In most roots, the ________________ is a vascular cylinder
 The _____________________ fills the _________________, the region between the vascular cylinder and
epidermis
 The innermost layer of the cortex is called the _____________________________
 Lateral roots arise from within the __________________________, the outermost cell layer in the vascular
cylinder
B. Primary Growth of Shoots
 A shoot apical meristem is a ________________________ mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
 Leaves develop from leaf _________________________ along the sides of the apical meristem
 Axillary buds develop from _____________________________ cells left at the bases of leaf primordia
1. Tissue Organization of Stems
 ____________________________ develop from axillary buds on the stem’s surface
 In most eudicot stems, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles that are arranged in a _______________
 In most __________________stems, the vascular bundles are ______________________ throughout the
______________________ tissue, rather than forming a ring
2. Tissue Organization of Leaves
 The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by ____________________, which allow CO2 exchange between the air
and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf
 Each stomatal pore is flanked by two _____________________, which regulate its opening and closing
 The ground tissue in a leaf, called __________________, is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis
 Below the ______________________ in the upper part of the leaf is loosely arranged
_____________________________, where gas exchange occurs
 The vascular tissue of each leaf is _______________________ with the vascular tissue of the stem
 Veins are the leaf’s _____________________ and function as the leaf’s ________________________
 Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective ____________________________

IV. Concept 35.4: Secondary growth in woody plants
A. Secondary growth occurs in ______________________ of woody plants but rarely in _________________
B. The _____________________ plant body consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium
C. Secondary growth is characteristic of ____________________ and many ________________, but not
_______________
E. The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm
 The cork cambium gives rise to the secondary plant body’s protective covering, or ___________________
 Periderm consists of the ________________________ plus the layers of cork cells it produces
 _____________________consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary
phloem and periderm