Questions on hematologic system
I – Define
Anemia
Polcythemia
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocythemia
Lymphadenopathy
II- Mention
Systemic signs of anemia
Causes of aplastic anemia
Causes of iron-deficiency anemia
III- Fill
- Chronic hypoxia causes increased release of the renal hormone ----------------------, which stimulates the production
of red blood cells.
Anemias due to disorders in RBC production may result in a red cell that is too small (called---------------) or too large
(called--------------), and low hemoglobin (called------------------------).
- ----------------is an increase in the number of red blood cells.
------------------------is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells.
----------------- is a decrease in the number of white blood cells.
-------------------- is a decrease in the number of circulating platelets.
----------------------------is characterized by small spots of subcutaneous bleeding, called petechiae, or larger areas of
subcutaneous bleeding, called purpura.
--------------------------is an increase in the number of circulating platelets.
----------------------Is the enlargement of the lymph nodes in response to a proliferation of B or T lymphocytes. It
typically occurs after infection by a microorganism.
- ---------------------- short-lived red blood cells caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains.
- β-thalassemia that caused by diminished synthesis of ---------------- of hemoglobin.The homozygous form is called -------------- and the heterozygous form is called -------------------------.
----------------------------Is a normocytic, normochromic anemia seen in an Rh-positive fetus or infant born to an Rhnegative mother who has previously developed antibodies to the Rh antigen.
----------------------------resulting from excessive red cell lysis, may occur, leading to jaundice.
---------------------is an immune-mediated destruction of incompatible red blood cells received in a blood transfusion.
-A gastric hormone, called----------------------, is essential for absorption of vitamin B12.
-------------------------- is a unique condition characterized by the formation of multiple blood clots throughout the
microvasculature.-
IV- True or false
-increased percentage of circulating immature red cells (reticulocytes) indicate Sudden or Chronic Hemorrhage or
Lysis
-Red cell destruction or loss occurring before 100 days is abnormal.
-Polycythemia may occur secondarily to chronic hypoxia.
-Individuals who live at high altitude or suffer from chronic lung disease frequently experience secondary
polycythemia.
-Leukocytosis is a normal response to infection or inflammation.
-Thrombocytopenia is associated with increased risk of severe bleeding, even with small injuries or small
spontaneous bleeds.
-Thrombocythemia is associated with increased risk of thrombosis (clotting) in the vasculature.
-Regional lymphadenopathy indicates a localized infection.
-Generalized lymphadenopathy usually indicates a systemic infection
-Hemolytic anemia is normocytic and normochromic.
-α-thalassemia is incompatible with life
-Posthemorrhagic anemia is a normocytic, normochromic,
-Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 .
-Folic acid absorption occurs across the small intestine and does not require intrinsic factor.
-Maternal deficiencies in folic acid are associated with an increased risk of fetal malformations, especially neural
tube defects.
-Iron-deficiency anemia is a microcytic-hypochromic
- A hemoglobin value of less than 5 g/100 mL can lead to heart failure and death.
-The cells of acute leukemia are poorly differentiated, whereas those of chronic leukemia are usually well
differentiated.
-Hemophilia A, also called classic hemophilia, is an X-linked recessive disease
- Clinical Manifestations of Classic Hemophilia includes -Spontaneous or excessive bleeding after a minor wound.
- The liver is the site of synthesis for many coagulation factors,
-Several of coagulation factors are vitamin K dependent.
- Disease of the liver or inadequate plasma levels of vitamin K will interrupt the coagulation pathways.
-Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin absorbed in the diet by means of bile.
- A healthy liver and a clear bile duct are required for successful coagulation.
-Vitamin K also is synthesized by bacteria in the gut.
- Newborns are vitamin K deficient because of a lack of vitamin K producing bacteria in the intestine and immature
liver function.
-Leukemia is a cancer of one class of white blood cells in the bone marrow
- Leukemia reduces blood levels of all nonleukemic cells.
- DIC is never a primary condition
- In DIC bleeding and clotting occurr simultaneously.
-Vitamin K is administered intramuscularly to the neonate.
V- MCQ
Leukopenia may be caused by
a- prolonged stress, b-viral infection, c-bone marrow disease d- radiation
e- chemotherapy
f- all
*Classic systemic signs of anemia include:
a - Increased heart rate.
b - Increased respiratory rate .
c- Dizziness caused by decreased brain blood
. d - Skin pallor .
e - Nausea caused by decreased gastrointestinal and central nervous system blood flow.
f - Fatigue
g – all
*Aplastic anemia is
a -normocytic, normochromic b- caused by dysfunction of the bone marrow c-usually associated with a
deficiency in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. d- all
* Clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia include
a- signs of anemia
b- petechia and purpura. c-Recurrent infection. d-Poor healing of skin and mucosal sores.
e- all
*Manifestations of transfusion reaction include:*
a- Immediate flushing of the face.
b- A feeling of warmth in the vein receiving the blood.
c- Fever and chills.
d- Chest, flank, or low back pain.
e- Abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting.
f- Decreased blood pressure with increased heart rate.
g- Dyspnea (a sensation of breathing difficulty).
Clinical Manifestation of acute leukemia
a-Pallor and fatigue from anemia.
b-- Frequent infections caused by a decrease in white blood cells.
c-- Bleeding and bruising caused by thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders.
d-- Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly
e- all