Web appendix 1: Empirical papers included in the review
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Accountability mechanism(s)
Setting and context
Study design
Reference
Strengthening budgeting and
resource allocation processes in a
decentralized system
Community participation in clinic
committees
Community participation in clinic
committees
Community participation in ward
and village development
committees
Community participation in 18
varying initiatives
Community participation,
budgeting processes
Province of Balochistan, Pakistan
Case study
[8]
3 Zimbabwean districts
Cross-sectional community surveys, key informant interviews, focus
group discussions, secondary data analysis
Rapid appraisal of 25 clinic committees; in-depth case studies of 2
clinic committees
Multiple case embedded exploratory study using focus group
discussions
[44]
Document review of World Bank supported health sector reform
programmes in Asia
In depth case studies
[34]
Case studies including interviews, record reviews, outpatient exit
interviews, focus group discussions
[32]
1 Kenyan district
Case study
[31]
Ulanga District, Tanzania
Rapid appraisal of 19 clinic committees; in-depth case studies of 2
clinic committees
Policy analysis including interviews, group discussions, participatory
research action techniques, document reviews.
Case study including semi-structured interviews, facility observations
at 40 health centres
Case study including focus group discussions, semi-structured
interviews and structured questionnaires
[22]
Randomized field experiment
[20]
Community participation in clinic
committees and through
information sharing at facilities
Community participation in clinic
committees
Community participation in clinic
committees
Community participation in
budgeting and planning
Community participation
Community participation in user
associations and through
customer service offices
Community participation: human
Orumba South Local Government
Area, Nigeria
2 Tanzanian districts
Various settings in Asia
8 “local health systems” in Brazil
and Chile (4 in each country; half
rural)
2 districts in Kenya
4 Zambian districts
Oaxaca State, Mexico
Cali, Colombia
9 districts in Uganda
[29]
[21]
[15]
[24]
[35]
[23]
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
resource monitoring
Community participation in
monitoring a cost recovery
system; external supervision of
facilities and providers
Community participation in
health facility monitoring
Internal supervisors and
community monitoring
Supervision and motivation
Intrinsic versus extrinsic
motivation to work
Supervision and disciplinary
action; reporting on targets
Supervision and management
Supervision and management
Tillaberi District, Niger
Case study of 11 health facilities
[30]
Tororo and Busia Districts, Uganda
35 in-depth interviews at 4 health units
[40]
Ceara State, Brazil
Case study (?)
[33]
Rural setting in Nepal
Arusha region, Tanzania
Case study
Observations of 80 clinicians in 39 facilities using vignettes
[42]
[36]
Koppal, Northern Karnataka, India
Participant observations, semi-structured interviews, qualitative
responses from a survey.
Case study
In-depth inquiry in 4 primary health facilities using rapid
ethnographic approaches
Realist evaluation using interviews, non-participant observation and
document reviews
Qualitative case study including key informant interviews, nonparticipant observation and document reviews
Structured interviews with health worker in-charges and patients, indepth interviews with district managers, health workers and health
facility committee members
Document reviews, health worker interviews, focus group discussions,
exit interviews with patients, community household survey.
No specific details provided
[37]
Accra and Kumasi cities, Ghana
District in North-East South Africa
Community participation,
budgeting and management
Community participation,
budgeting and management
Community participation,
budgeting and management
Mbarali District, Tanzania
Community participation and
management strengthening
Management strengthening
Lusaka, Zambia and Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania
2 health regions in The Gambia
Mbarali District, Tanzania
Kwale and Tana River Districts,
Coast Province, Kenya
[41]
[17]
[28]
[25]
[27]
[26]
[38]