MED 266: Pharmacology
Chapter 41: Antibacterial Agents Worksheet
Complete the following statements.
1. Bacterial identification and determination of antibiotic susceptibility are commonly referred to as culture
and ___________________ testing.
2. ________________________ refers to the use of drugs to kill or to inhibit the growth of infectious
organisms or cancerous cells.
3. ____________________________ drugs are lethal; that is, they actually kill the bacteria.
4. ______________________________ drugs inhibit the reproduction (growth) of bacteria.
5. Antibacterial drugs are obtained from two major sources: _________ microorganisms and
__________________ synthesis
6. chemical substances obtained from microorganisms and used in chemotherapy are referred to as
___________________.
7. Antibacterial drugs that are obtained by chemical synthesis and not from other microorganisms are
referred to as __________________________________ drugs.
8. Each antibacterial drug is generally effective for only a ____________________ number of pathogenic
bacteria
9. Drugs are effective against a wide spectrum of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These
drugs are referred to as __________________________________________________ antibiotics.
10. The ability of bacteria to resist the actions of antibiotics is referred to as _________________________
___________________________. When drug resistance occurs, another antibacterial drug that the
bacteria are sensitive to must be substituted.
11. __________________________________________ refers to the use of antibiotics before bacterial
infection has developed in order to prevent infection.
12. The selection and timing of antibiotic ___________________________________ depends on the type of
infection that is anticipated, patient characteristics, and other considerations related to the specific
clinical situation.
13. The ___________________________________ are bactericidal antibiotics that have chemical structures
similar to those of the penicillins. They are used as __________________ for penicillins in cases of allergy
or bacterial resistance and in the treatment of certain gram-negative infections.
14. The incidence of allergy with cephalosporins is ________________________ than that with the penicillins
and are generally used in patients who are ____________________ to penicillins. The guiding principle is
that cephalosporins are not administered to penicillin-allergic individuals who have
__________________________ experienced the immediate type of penicillin allergic reaction (hives,
anaphylaxis).
15. The ______________________________ are occasional alternatives to the penicillins for many of the
common gram-positive and gram-negative infections.
16. ______________________________ are used primarily for the treatment of urinary and GI tract
infections.
17. The sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination is effective against a broad spectrum of gram-positive
and gram-negative bacteria. It is often used as an ________________________ to the penicillins and
cephalosporins for respiratory, urinary, GI, and other systemic infections. It is frequently the
________________ _____ ________________ for treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonial
infections, and ear, sinus, and pneumonial infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
18. The term____________________ refers to the large chemical ring structure that is characteristic of these
antibiotics. These antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are considered
___________________________.
19. The ________________________________ are synthetic antimicrobials that have a broad spectrum of
bactericidal activity. ________________________ is the most active drug against gram-negative
infections, including those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
20. _________________________________ is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is reserved for serious and
life-threatening infections
21. One of the biggest problems in treating tuberculosis has been the dramatic increase in bacterial
____________________ to drug therapy
22. There are many different factors that determine which _______________________ would be the
preferred therapy or drug of choice for any specific infection. The age of the patient,
__________________ drug allergies, location and _____________________ of the infection, drug
______________________, and drug cost are just a few of the factors to be considered.