WHAP Unit 2 Chapter 6 Reading Guide
IDS= 18 x 2 Points Each = 36
Key Concepts =20 x 5 Points = 100
Total for Reading Guide = 136
Name:
Date:
Hour:
/136
Read Ch.6 and Identify the following:
Meroe:
Nubian civilization, major city, 300
BCE-100 CE
Axum:
Christian kingdom in modern day
Ethiopia, 100-600 CE
Piye: Ruler of Kush who conquered
Egypt, reuniting it under his rule
Jenne-jeno:
stateless society, city, economically
specialized settlement
Stateless Society:
no evidence of state structure, cities
but no city-states
Maya:
followed Olmec in Mesoamerica,
ceremonial centers, 250-900 CE
Popul Vuh:
Maya creation story
“State shamans”:
Divine rulers able to mediate between
humankind and the supernatural
Tikal:
Densely populated ceremonial center
in Maya civilization
Teotihuacan:
greatest Pre-Columbian city,
flourished 300-600 CE, planned, city of
the gods
Chavin:
Pan-Andean Religious movement,
cult, temple complex
Moche:
Civilization on Peru’s north coast,
governed by warrior-priests,
flourished 100-800 CE
Wari and Tiwanaku:
Empires in Andean interior, flourished
400-1000 CE
Bantu:
Migrated from southeastern Nigeria,
spread language, began 3000 BCE,
agriculture and iron work
Batwa:
(Pygmy) forest specialists of Central
Africa, interacted with Bantu
Ancestral Pueblo:
SW North America, maize, pit houses
and great houses
Mound Builders:
Societies marked by large earthen
mounds
Cahokia:
Mississippi River Valley, Near presentday St. Louis, 900-1250
Key Concept 2.1
The Development & Codification of Religious & Cultural
Traditions
III. Belief systems affected
How or in what way did belief systems affect social roles or social structure?
Meroe: sometimes ruled by women as sacred monarch
Moche: warrior-priests at top of society
State shamans
Some only let men in temples
social roles and structure.
IV. Other religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core
civilizations.
A. Shamanism and Animism
Bantu placed emphasis on ancestral and nature spirits—diviners could access world of
the supernatural
B. Ancestor veneration
Bantu sacrifices especially of cattle to access power of dead ancestors, Luba art of
ancestors
Present in the Andean areas
V. Artistic expressions show distinctive cultural developments
A. Literature and drama
Maya: elaborate writing system, Popul Vuh
Concept of zero
B. Architectural styles
Maya---Temples, pyramids, palaces, public plazas
Pueblos---pit houses and great houses,
Mound Builders (N.Am.)Mounds
Monumental architecture in Wari and Tiwanaku
C. Sculpture
Axum obelisks
Axum obelisks
Terracotta Statues in Jenne-jeno
Teotihuacan murals
Meroe: statues of queens
Luba statues represent female ancestors
Key Concept 2.2
Development of States and Empires
I. Key states and empires
What are they and where are they located?
Meroe, Axum in Africa
Maya in Mesoamerica
Chavin and Moche (coastal) in Andes, Wari and Tiwanaku in interior Andes
(*Also stateless societies along Niger River are not states or empires)
II. New techniques of imperial administration
A. Rulers created
In what ways did they set up their administrations? How were they organized?
administrative institutions in
Meroe=ruled by all-powerful sacred monarch
many regions
Axum=loose control, mostly tribute, trade, Christianity, expansion
Maya=not unified empire, frequent warfare, State shamans
Moche=warrior-priests, elaborate rituals/religion and government tied
Wari cities had common plan and highways suggest tighter political control
B. Imperial governments
projected military power over
larger areas using a variety of
techniques
Examples of techniques:
Mayans had frequent warfare with capture and sacrifice of prisoners
Moche had warrior-priests
War elephants
C. Much of the success of the
empires rested on their
promotion of trade and
economic integration of
building and maintaining roads
and issuing currencies
Examples of this:
Meroe=major long distance trade was source of wealth and military power, camel
caravans
Axum=Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade, commerce taxes were great source of revenue,
standardized coin
Maya=swamp drainage, terracing, water management system
Wari and Tiwanaku=linked by caravan trade, highways linked cities
Jenne-jeno=promoted trade
III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
A. Cities
Pueblo=Chako
Teotihuacan
Tikal
Jenne-jeno
Axum: monumental building
Meroe
Alexandria
B. Social Structures
Maya: had elite and artisan classes
Moche: warrior-priests at the top of society
Cahokia: stratified class system
Natchez: clear social elite, upper-class people were required to marry commoners
In Mesoamerica: luxury goods showed status (jade, turtle shells, obsidian)
State shamans
C. Imperial societies relied on Meroe: paid tribute to rulers
a range of methods to
Axum: plow-based agriculture
maintain the production of
Maya: large-scale human interaction, drainage system, water management, terracing
food and provide rewards for
the loyalty of elites.
D. Patriarchy
Some things opposite to patriarchy:
Bantu communities less patriarchal than urban civilizations
Meroe had female leaders
Gender parallelism
Key Concept 2.3
Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and
Exchange
I. Land and water routes became the basis for these networks
A. Trade Routes
Names and locations:
Nubian trade with Egypt
Meroe: trade with Mediterranean, and east to west with camel caravan,
Axum: Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade
Caravan trade linked interior Andes and coastal areas
Pueblo: local trading networks, some long-distance exchange
Mound Builders: extensive trade to north and south
p.266
II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange
A. New technologies for
Camel caravan
domesticated pack animals
Llamas in Andes
B. Innovations in maritime
technologies and knowledge
Traded on rivers, seas and Indian Ocean
Canoe
III. More than just goods was exchanged on these networks
A. The spread of crops
Meroe: rainfall not irrigation!
encouraged changes in
Axum: plow-based farming
farming and irrigation
Maya: swamp drainage, terracing, water management system
techniques.
Moche: complex irrigation system
Wari and Tiwanaku: terraced agriculture and raised field systems
B. Spread of disease and
effects on empires
Bantu migration brought new diseases to people with little immunity
Africa’s tropical climate allows more disease-carrying insects and parasites
C. Religious and cultural
traditions were transformed.
Christianity spread to Axum,
Chavin cult spread on trade routes in Andes
Fall:
Meroe---deforestation, conquest by Axum, later Islam
Maya---drought
Moche---ecological disruption in sixth century