SooJeong Lee
Mr. DeSain
Earth Science
6-1-11
<Rocks and Minerals>
-Minerals
Difference between Color and Luster
-
Color is as mineral appears to yours eyes with natural light. Luster is Shininess. For
example, metallic luster is glittery mineral and its opposite mineral have non-metallic
luster.

Hardness
-
Hardness is meaning how hard that mineral. We can know by is scratched it by
penny, finger nail, glass...etc...

Cleavage
-
The shape of mineral made by break. (Tendency of a mineral to break along a certain
plane)

Different with crystal shape. Crystal shape is outward geometric shape of a mineral.
Streak color
-
The color that is left behind on the ceramic tile is the streak color. (scratch the streak
plates)

Some minerals’ streak is colorless. So we call that white streak color.
Example of minerals
-
Graphite, Galena, Magnetite, Pyrite, Hematite, Talc, Gypsum, Halite, Calcite...etc…
-Rocks
Igneous Rocks
-
Rocks that made by cooling and forming of magma (lava). If it’s made in the ground
it calls intrusive igneous rock, if not, we call it extrusive igneous rock.
-
Intrusive igneous rocks are harder than extrusive igneous rocks. Because when the
igneous rock cools in the air, it cools more quickly ; long cooling time = Big crystal
size.
-
If it cools in water, it might be quenches (look like glass)
-
Obsidian, Pumice, Basaltic glass, Scoria, Vesicular andesite, Vesicular basalt,
Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt, Diabase, Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Peridotite, Dunite,
Pegmatite are Igneous rocks. They are made by Potassium, Quartz, Plagioclase,
Biotite, Amphibole, Pyroxene, Olivine kind of minerals. (ESRT pg.6)

Sedimentary Rocks
-
Clastic sedimentary rocks are containing sand, silt, or clay. They cemented
together.(weathering)
-
Chemical sedimentary rocks (=evaporites) are formed from the precipitation and
evaporation. Rock salt, rock gypsum, dolomite, limestone are chemical sedimentary
rocks.
-
Bioclastic sedimentary rocks are made by shells, animals, and plants. (= Fossil) It
made by organic materials.
-
Sedimentary rocks are form by deposition, which is deposited somewhere by water
velocity. It also forms by compaction or Burial, which is made by the clasts pushing
out together. Lastly they made by cementation, which is the hard cement that glues
the clasts together.

Metamorphic Rocks
-
It formed from a pre-existing rock that changed by heat, pressure and mineral fluids
without weather or melting.
-
Contact metamorphism rocks are backed by magma (heat). Regional metamorphism
rocks are made by high temperature and pressure and it they extremely folded.
-
Foliated rocks have layers of mineral crystals and Non-Foliated rocks form by added
heat or pressure so it doesn’t have layer.

Rock cycle
-
Igneous rocks can be metamorphic rock, Sedimentary can be metamorphic rock, and
metamorphic rock can be metamorphic rock…etc…
------------Questions-----------1. Which extrusive igneous rock could be composed
(4) Basalt
of approximately 59% potassium feldspar, 28%
2. Which three minerals are most commonly found
Quartz, 9% plagioclase feldspar, 2% biotite,
in the igneous rock gabbro?
2%amphibole?
(1) plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole
(1) Granite
(2) quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite
(2) Diorite
(3) olivine, potassium feldspar, pyroxene
(3) Rhyolite
(4) potassium feldspar, quartz, biotite
3. The end product of the weathering of granite or
7. which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist
rhyolite is a solution of dissolved material that most
of particles that have diameter smaller than 0.2cm
likely would contain high amounts of
and bigger than 0.0004cm?
(1) aluminum, iron
(1) shale, breccias
(2) iron and magnesium
(2) sandstone, shale
(3) silicon, aluminum
(3) sandstone, siltstone
(4) fluorine, silicon
(4) siltstone, conglomerate
4. which type of rock most likely contains fossils?
8. which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment
(1) basalt
but not banding, and contains platy mica crystals
(2) limestone
visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars?
(3) gabbro
(1) metaconglomerate
(4) quartzite
(2) phyllite
5. which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment
(3) slate
but not banding, and contains coarse size of mica
(4) schist
and quartz?
(1) marble
(2) slate
(3) dolostone
(4) gneiss
6. Which rock is metamorphic rock?
(1) hornfels
(2) breccias
(3) diabase
(4) rock gypsum
9. which relative concentrations of elements are
found in a mafic rock?
(1) a high concentration of aluminum and a
low concentration of magnesium
(2) a high concentration of iron and a low
concentration of silicon
(3) a high concentration of magnesium and a
low concentration of aluminum
(4) a high concentration of silicon and a low
concentration of iron
10. According to the Earth Science Reference
14. which mineral has cleaves in 2 directions at 90◦
Tables, pumice and scoria are alike in that they both
and used as ceramics, glass?
are
(1) pyroxene
(1) mafic
(2) potassium feldspar
(2) very coarse
(3) amphibole
(3) intrusive
(4) fluorite
(4) non-crystalline
11. The mineral talc is often used as
15. Most metamorphic rocks form by which
processes?
(1) ore of sulfur
(1) compaction and cementation
(2) glass, ceramics
(2) melting and solidification
(3) ceramics, paper
(3) erosion and deposition
(4) cement, lime
(4) heat and pressure
12. which mineral will scratch human fingernail
16. Which mineral scratches calcite and is scratched
(hardness = 2.5), and it has metallic luster, but not
by fluorite?
galena?
(1) quartz
(1) graphite
(2) pyroxene
(2) olivine
(3) halite
(3) calcite
(4) dolomite
(4) sulfur
13. which mineral leaves a white- yellow powder
when rubbed against an unglazed porcelain plate?
(1) sulfur
(2) magnetite
(3) galena
(4) hematite
17. Which statement about the rock cycle is not
true?
(1) a metamorphic rock in the future may
change into another type of metamorphic rock
(2) Deposition and burial are processes that
lead to sedimentary rocks
(3) Igneous rock can be another type of
igneous rock without melting
(4) if sedimentary rock get heat and/or
pressure, it can be a metamorphic rock
18. Which sedimentary rock contains organic or
cemented shell fragments material?
(1) limestone
(2) pegmatite
(3) rock salt
(4) quartzite
19. What kind of igneous rock has a coarse nonvesicular texture and it composed mainly of
pyroxene and olivine?
20. Which sedimentary rock is made up of the
smallest particles?
(1) conglomerate
(2) shale
(3) sandstone
(4) gneiss