Review for Midterm Exam
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the benefit of sexual reproduction vs. asexual reproduction?
Why is meiosis called reduction division?
What are the sources of genetic variation in meiosis?
Be able to describe the following inheritance patterns and give an example of a trait controlled by each
pattern:
Complete Dominance
Co Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Epistasis
Pleiotrophy
Sex-Linked
Polygenic inheritance
Multiple alleles
Be able to differentiate between homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous
Be able to explain the difference between phenotype and genotype
Be able to explain the difference between P, F1 and F2 generations
Be able to explain the Law of Segregation - where does it happen and how does it support genetic
variation?
Be able to explain the Law of Independent Assortment - where does it happen and how does it support
genetic variation?
Be able to apply genetic concepts (and understand genotypic possibilities) to blood typing – Type A
blood, Type B blood, Type AB blood and Type O blood
What is a test cross, when is it used and how is it done?
What is the probability of a homozygous recessive phenotype if you cross a homozygous recessive
with a heterozygote?
Consider this pedigree for the trait albinism (lack of skin pigment) in three generations of a family. The
solid represents the trait. Is this trait caused by a dominant or recessive allele? How can you tell? What
are the genotypes for the parents in Generation I? What are the probable genotypes of the mates of the
albino offspring in Generation II? What is the genotype of Individual #4 in Generation III? Can you tell
the genotype of Individual #3? Why or why not?
I
1
2
3
4
What is the probability that a mating between two carriers will produce an offspring with a
recessively inherited disease? What is the probability that a phenotypic normal child will be a
carrier?
II
III
What is the probability of the following crosses producing the offspring below?
Parents:
Offspring:
1. Aabb x AaBb
AAbb
2. AaBB x AaBb
aaBB
3. AABbcc x aabbCC
AaBbCc
4. AaBbCc x AaBbcc
aabbcc
Probability
Blood typing has often been used as evidence in paternity cases, when the blood type of the mother
and child may indicate that a man alleged to be the father could not possibly have fathered the
child. For the following combinations, indicate which blood groups of potential fathers would be
exonerated (not guilty of the charge of fathering the child).
MOM
BABY
AB
A
O
B
A
AB
O
O
B
A
Not Guilty is he belongs to
blood group:
How does sex determination occurs in animals?
What is responsible for the development of male characteristics?
What is crossing over? What does it result in?
What are linked genes? How does their linkage affect their traits?
What mechanisms are responsible for genetic variation?
What causes and results from nondisjunction? Where can it occur?
Explain a chromosome inversion. Do they alter the phenotype of an individual?
People who have red hair usually have freckles. How can this be explained?
The following is a map of 4 genes on a chromosome. Where would you expect the highest frequency
of recombination?
A
W
5
E
3
G
12
Be able to explain and use Chargaff’s Rule
Be able to explain the differences between purines and pyrimidines (and which bases are which)
Be able to explain the different bonds in DNA and where we find those bonds
Be able to explain the general structure of DNA
Be able to explain general differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication
Be able to describe what 5’ and 3’ mean, what is found at location, and the meaning of “antiparallel”
Be able to explain the following terms – helicase, DNA Polymerase III, telomeres, primer, primase, DNA
Polymerase I, ligase, leading strand, lagging strands, Okazaki fragments