Self-concept
Self-concept: is a relatively enduring set of attitudes and beliefs about
both the physical self and the psychological self
Self-concept:
- is not static state, but developed and changes over time
- it includes the persons self-knowledge, self-expectations, and
self- evaluation
- Self-concept guides our action, motivations, expectation, and
goals for the future.
selfesteem
body image
Role
performance
Personal
Idea
Self-concept has four interrelated components
Components of self-concept
1- Self-esteem: defined as the degree to which a person has a
positive evaluation of self-based on her perceptions of how she
is viewed by others as well as on her view of herself
 There are two schools of thought about development of
self-esteem
 First: self-esteem forms early in life, based primarily on
relationships with early caregivers (mothers &family)
 Second: self-esteem fluctuates ‫ تغلب‬whenever life
transition, crises, or illness challenges. ‫التغييرات التي تحصل‬
‫بحياة االنسان‬
Theories for personality development and self-esteem:
1- Maslow s Hierarchy of needs
2- Erikson s eight staged of man.
Self-actualization needs
Maslow
Erikson
Esteem needs
Love and Belonging needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Trust
Autonomy
Initiative
industry
identity
intimacy
generativity
integrity
Erikson’s described the development of self-esteem in eight
stages, ranging from infancy through old age
According to Erikson’s:
Trust: through the concern of caregivers From (1-3 years)
Autonomy: through learning control of the body
Initiative & Industry: child gradually developed broader control
over the time.
Identity: At adolescent
Intimacy, generativisty, and integrity: occur in adulthood.
2-personal identity: is the organizing principle of the personality
that accounts for unity, continuity, consistency, and uniqueness of
a person
Components of personal identity :
- Emotional image: are feeling about oneself
- Cognitive image: are derived from thinking about oneself
- Perceptual image: are derived from external sensory data and
translated into mental pictures of reality
3-Role performance: includes the roles a person assumes or is given
Its includes the actions, thoughts, and feelings associated with those
roles.
Roles are defined in terms of relationship to others (Ex. mother,
father, supervisor, teacher, and nurse are all roles
4-Body Image: is a person’s perception of her body
Factors Affecting Self-concept
A- Developmental factors
1- Infant to preschoolers: self-esteem in infant and preschoolers
can be related to the type of parenting the child receives
2- School-aged children: the child is a threat to self-esteem when
the child attempts to master the tasks of school
3- Adolescents: Ages 12-20 years, is a period of sweeping
hormonal changes and rapid physiological growth. It’s a very
stressful period of major life transition that can threaten selfesteem.
4- Young Adults: ages 20-30 years, is a time of decision making
about becoming independent.
5- Middle Adults: the task is one of caring for others (elder
parents) or guiding the young ( children or grandchildren).
Multiple stressors and the beginning of physical decline has a
potential to alter the self-concept during this period of life.
6- Older Adults: many elderly people must cope with several
chronic illness, learning to live with a chronic illness can lead to
depression
B- Cultural and Religious factors: may contribute to a client’s selfesteem.
C- Socioeconomic Factors: has a direct relationship to self-concept
( health care practices, lifestyle, living condition)
D- Psychological Factors: (Depression, stress, loss, violent or abusive
relationships)
E- Physiological factors: ( fatigue, trauma, chronic illness, surgery,
Disability, obesity)
Self- Concept
Nursing Diagnosis
Problems of Self-esteem
1 Self –esteem disturbance
2 Chronic low self-esteem
3 Situational low self-esteem
4 Body image disturbance
5 Altered role performance
description
Negative self-evaluation/ feelings about
self or self-capability
Self-Long – standing negative selfevaluation about or self-capability
Negative self-evaluation(developed in
response to a loss an individual who
previously has a positive self-evaluation
Disruption in the way one perceives one’s
body image
Disruption in the way one perceives ones
role performance
Characteristics of people with high self-esteem versus low self-esteem
1
2
people with high self-esteem
Accept responsibility
1
2
5
Expect to be valued and accepted by
others
Have positive perception of their skills
Perform equally well when being
observed as when not watched
Accept criticism
6
7
Can accept compliments easily
Evaluate their performance realistically
6
7
Relatively confortable relating to
authority figures
9 Express general satisfaction with life
10 Have a social support system that gives
positive feedback and encouragement
8
3
4
8
3
4
5
people with low self-esteem
Blame others for their lack of sense of wellbeing
Expect people to be critical of them and
avoid their company
Have negative perceptions of their skills
Perform less well when being observed
Are defensive and passive in person to
criticism
Have difficulty a accepting compliments
Have unrealistic expectation about their
performance
Are uncomfortable relating authority figures
9 Are dissatisfied with their lot in life
10 Have a weak social support
Data cluster
15- years female with scoliosis needs to
wear a brace to slow the progression of the
scoliotic curve and refuses to do so
24-years old mother of 2 – day old infant
verbalized inadequacy of her new role,
stating “my husband and I already don’t
have time together
40- years old female was diagnosed with
multiple sclerosis over a year ago. She has
made a poor adjustment to her illness, she
states, “I’m so tired of having to depend
someone else to do things for me”. I wish I
could die
32- Years old divorced male with custody of
3-year old child. His ex-wife is in a drug
rehabilitation program in another state.
States that he does not know what to do
with the child. I have to work all day and do
not have the skills to care for a child; I
couldn’t make my marriage work. How can I
raise a child?
Diagnosis