Diffusion: the UCLan Journal of Undergraduate Research
Style Sheet
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Submissions should be presented as a Word document using 12pt standard font
(preferably Calibri, Times or Arial), double or 1.5 line-spacing, with left hand
alignment only.
Quotations should be set in single inverted commas, not double.
Please use British (OED) spelling, not American.
Do not use italics except for Book, Journal and Newspaper Titles and foreign words,
or in formulae (see below).
Do not use bold type except for headings or sub-headings, or in formulae.
Do not underline words, phrases, titles or headings.
Additional information / notes, which cannot be incorporated into the body of the
argument, may be included at the end of the article, before the References. Any end
notes should be kept to a minimum, entered manually (do not use automatic
referencing) under the sub-heading Notes, and numbered (in the list as in the text)
using Arabic not Roman numerals.
Editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.
References and citations
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Please use Harvard Style referencing, i.e. sources identified by Author, year of
publication, plus page number (where applicable) and placed in brackets after the
quotation or citation, e.g. ‘the quotation’ (Walter 2004, 478), or citation (Sorimachi
et al. 1997). If the author is mentioned in the sentence itself, only the Year (or the
Year followed by page number for quotations) is needed. When repeatedly quoting
from the same literary text (such as a novel), the italicised book title (or shortened
italicised title) plus page number may be used instead of author, year, page, e.g.
(White Teeth, 496). When the title is mentioned in the sentence, page number only
is needed.
Short quotations should be placed in single inverted commas. Double inverted
commas are only used for quotation within quotation.
Longer quotations should be indented. No quotation marks are required for
indented quotations and single inverted commas are used for quotation within
quotation.
All works / texts referred to should be listed at the end of the article, alphabetically
according to the author’s surname, as follows: Name. Year of Publication. Publication
details (see examples given below).
Important works consulted, but not cited, may be listed separately under the subheading ‘Further Reading’.
Titles of Books, Journals and Newspapers should be set in italics throughout.
Titles of articles or chapters in journals and books should be set in single inverted
commas throughout.
When referring to an old text, but using a modern edition, please provide the date of
first publication either in the article itself or in the References.
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References should be listed as per the following examples.
Books
Author’s surname, first name or initial. Year of publication. Book title in italics. Place of
publication: Publisher’s name.
e.g. Amis, Martin. 1999. London Fields. London: Vintage.
Journal Articles
Author’s surname, initial or first name, additional names if co-authored. Year of publication.
‘Title of article in inverted commas’, Journal Title in italics issue number, page numbers.
e.g. Hurles, M. E. and Jobling, M. A. 2001. ‘Haploid chromosomes in molecular ecology:
lessons from the human Y’, Molecular Ecology 10, 110-120.
Article or Chapter in a Book
Author’s surname, initial or first name, additional names if co-authored. Year of publication.
‘Title in inverted commas’, editor’s name, Book Title in italics. Place of Publication:
Publisher’s name, page numbers.
e.g. Seaton, A. V. and Lennon, J. 2004. ‘Thanatourism in the early 21st Century: Moral
Panics, Ulterior Motives and Alterior Desires’, in T. V. Singh, ed., New Horizons in Tourism:
Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 63-82.
Article in online journal
Author’s surname, initial or first name. Year of publication. ‘Article title in inverted commas’,
Title of Journal in italics, issue number. Web address [date accessed]
e.g. Ajzen, I. 2010. ‘Theory of Planned Behaviour’. Available at: http://people.umass.edu/aizen/
[accessed 28.01.2010].
Further examples at
www.uclan.ac.uk/diffusion
Nomenclature and Units
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Units: The international system of units (SI) should be used as far as possible. For
unit symbols, Roman (normal upright) type is used.
Symbols: Authors wishing to present a table of nomenclature should do so at the
end of the manuscript, before the references. Latin characters should appear first (in
alphabetical order), followed by Greek characters, then any other special symbols.
Mathematical Formulae
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Equations can be included in the text using Microsoft Equation Editor. Equations
must not be included in the form of images.
Equations should be numbered consecutively throughout the text, and referred to in
the text by their number.
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Use Roman (normal upright) type for differential operators (e.g. d in the differential),
i or j (square root of -1), e (base of natural logarithms), standard functions (sin, log,
etc), and mathematical abbreviations (c.c. for complex conjugate, etc).
Use italic (sloping) type for all scalar quantities (except where noted above), and for
symbols defining dimensionless groups (e.g. Re for Reynolds number).
Use upright bold for vectors, scalars and matrices.
Use script (calligraphic) font or Roman font for operators.
Equations should be punctuated: for example, if an equation ends a sentence, it
needs a full stop, or if an equation is midsentence, the word following the equation
should not be capitalised.
Figures and Tables
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When preparing figures, authors should ensure that all lettering, symbols and other
details have appropriate dimensions, so as not to become illegible after possible
reduction for inclusion in the print edition. Fonts smaller than 11 pt should be
avoided.
Figures should be numbered consecutively throughout the article, and referred to in
the text as ‘Figure X.’ Tables should be numbered separately from figures, and
referred to in the text as ‘Table X.’
Ensure that each figure or table has a caption. Multipart figures require a single
caption that explains all the parts. No titles should appear above or below the
picture – use the caption for this purpose.
If a multipart figure is used, each part should be clearly labelled with a lowercase
letter (a), (b), etc.
If colour is used in a figure, the author must ensure that choice of colours, line styles,
etc, are chosen so that they function adequately when printed in black and white.
Colours in figures should not be referred to in the text.
Copyright
Permission to reproduce material in copyright (including quotations) must be obtained by
the author before publication.