II. gimnazija Mariobor
Slika 1 - weather
Avtor: Tomaž Horvat 1.b
Mentor vsebine: prof. Peter Cigrovski
Mentor oblike: prof. Mirko Pešec
Maribor, Maj 2011
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Index
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
Picture index ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Introdoction............................................................................................................................................. 2
Goals .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Weather................................................................................................................................................... 3
Weather phenomena .......................................................................................................................... 3
Climate change ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Causes.................................................................................................................................................. 6
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Literature ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Besedilo ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Slike ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Picture index
Slika 1 - weather ...................................................................................................................................... 0
Slika 2 - Clouds......................................................................................................................................... 3
Slika 3 - Weather vane............................................................................................................................. 4
Slika 4 - rain ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Slika 5 - Snow........................................................................................................................................... 5
Slika 6 - Lightning..................................................................................................................................... 5
Slika 7 - Climate extremes ....................................................................................................................... 6
Slika 8 - Our planet .................................................................................................................................. 8
1
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Introdoction
Weather has always had a great impact on human society. In prehistory it affected
where people lived. But weather is a process that changes over time and nowadays people
are one the factors that change it the most.
Goals
In this project I will do research on weather and the changes in climate. My goals during this
project are:
 To find out more about weather,
 To find out more about climate change
 To learn how to edit things better with programs I will use.
2
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Weather
Weather is a certain state in the atmosphere. Most weather phenomena occur in troposphere, the
lowest part of the atmosphere. The word weather usually refers to the day-to-day condition in the
atmosphere. When we are talking about the average weather over longer periods of time we usually
use the word climate.
Weather is driven by the differences in density of air in different parts of the atmosphere. The
density is affected by the sun angle that hits the earth. Temperatures on the surface of the earth
cause difference in air pressure. The higher we go, the colder the air gets, so the air there is less
dense. The difference between the density over polar and tropic areas cause a jet stream, a constant
wind in the upper areas of the troposphere. Because the Earth’s axis is tilted, the sun hits the surface
differently in different parts of the year, which causes seasons.
Weather phenomena
Weather phenomena are different events in the atmosphere that can be explained by
meteorology. We know a lot of them, but some of the most important are:






Clouds
Rain
Snow
Hail
Lightning
Wind
Clouds
Clouds are big masses of water that condense when they reached colder air in the sky. They
condense around condensation nuclei, which are usually dust, ice or salt. If there aren’t any
condensation nuclei, the condensation will be inhibited. When they reach a certain mass the water
falls to the ground in form of rain, snow or hail.
Slika 2 - Clouds
3
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Wind
Wind is a flow of air, relative to the Earth’s surface. It is caused by the difference in air
pressure. This usually happens because a certain part of the surface gets hotter and the air there gets
lighter and rises. One of the areas where this happens is the shore. Because water heats up slower,
the land gets hotter, which causes the wind to blow most of the time. We can determine winds
direction with the help of instruments, for instance a weather vane, also known as a weather cock.
This is a thin piece of metal or plastic that moves around its vertical axis. In some parts of the World
winds blow in a constant direction. This is usually associated to Earth’s rotation. An example of these
winds are trade winds. Some wind change direction during different seasons. One of these winds are
monsoons. We know two types of monsoon: summer and winter ones. In the summer the wind
blows from sea to the inland, which causes the clouds over sea to move over the land. That is why
during this time of the year there is a wet season. During winter the winter the direction of the wind
changes so there is not much rain, which causes drought. Winds also change direction over the day,
so we cannot really say that they have a constant direction.
Slika 3 - Weather vane
Rain
Rain is condensed water that falls to the ground in form of drops. It plays a big role in the
water cycle. It returns water from the clouds back to the surface. Raindrops are formed by a process
called condensation. Water vapour changes its form from gas to liquid when it reaches low enough
temperatures. When they are falling to the ground they get bigger by coalescing with each other. The
distribution of rain depends on many variables. There can be less than 2cm of rain per year in one
part of the world and over 1 meter on the other. One of the factors that affect the distribution are air
flows. They affect water vapour’s ability to reach high enough altitudes to turn to liquid, or help it
rise faster. Another factor is air moisture. If there is not any moisture in the air to condense than
there are no clouds.
Slika 4 - rain
4
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Snow
Snow is frozen raindrops that fall to the ground. When water reaches a high enough altitude,
the cold air around it freezes it into an ice crystal. More vapour freezes to it and when it gets heavy
enough it falls to the ground. If it gets warmer as it falls to the ground it can melt. This water works
as glue that glues more snowflakes together and creates bigger ones.
Slika 5 - Snow
Hail
Hail is precipitation of pellets made of snow and ice that can occur during any time of the
year. It usually occurs during a passing of a cold front or during a thunder storm. They are formed
when snowflakes melt, join together and then refreeze. If these smaller pellets are repeatedly blown
up and down they grow larger due to more vapour freezing on them. Their size ranges from 1 cm to
12 cm in extreme cases.
Lightning
Lightning is an electric charge that is released to earth. It is formed when raindrops with a
charge are blown upwards. When a cloud is formed and raindrops begin to fall to earth the charges
get mixed and are released in form of lightning. It usually makes a sound called thunder as it is
released. Because sound travels slower than light you will usually see the lightning first and hear the
thunder later.
Slika 6 - Lightning
5
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Climate change
Climate change is a change in the climate over longer periods of time. Because they occur
over such long periods of time a single person rarely notices them. They can affect the whole Earth
or only a specific area.
Year
1980
1990
2000
2010
Carbon dioxide levels (particles per million)
340,86
356,11
371,67
392,24
This table contains values of CO2 over the last decades.
Slika 7 - Climate extremes
Causes
There are six major causes that affect the climate:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Humans
Plate tectonics
Ocean variability
Solar output
Orbital variations
Volcanism
6
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Human influence
This has become a bigger problem during the last few years. The biggest impact we cause is
the green house effect, caused by our CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. This process is irreversible so
we can’t change what we did in the past, but we can try to stop it in the future.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics change position of lands during millions of years. The position of continents
change the flow of water, which has a great influence on moisture and temperature.
Ocean variability
Ocean is a big mass of water, so when it evaporates it forms clouds. Ocean currents also have
a big impact on the Earth’s climate. They can bring warm or cold water to places, where it would
usually be the opposite. The Gulf stream brings hot water to England, that’s way it’s hotter there
compared to other parts on the same latitude.
Solar output
The sun affects the surface with the angle of its sunrays. The steeper they fall the hotter the
surface gets. This results in air currents.
Orbital variations
Slight variations in the orbit of the Earth cause sunrays too fall at a different angle. This has
an effect on seasons.
Volcanism
When volcanoes erupt, their clouds of ash and other particles can block the sun and cause
cooling of the area that it covers for as long as it stays in the air. It also releases carbon dioxide when
it erupts but the amount humans release is 100-300 higher.
7
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Conclusion
Weather is a phenomenon that enables life on Earth. Without rain some areas would never
have water, so it plays a crucial role in the distribution of life on earth. People have learned to survive
in places where we usually wouldn’t be able to survive, but by doing this we have interfered with the
environment. We need to remember that we aren’t gods, so we should try to maintain the Earth the
way it is. If we continue destroying our planet next generations won’t be able to survive and we will
become extinct.
Slika 8 - Our planet
8
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
Literature
Besedilo
http://www.learner.org/interactives/weather/
http://www.factmonster.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change
http://www.carbonify.com/carbon-dioxide-levels.htm
Slike
Slika 1, 24.5.2011
Slika 2, 24.5.2011
Slika 3, 24.5.2011
Slika 4, 24.5.2011
Slika 5, 24.5.2011
Slika 6, 24.5.2011
Slika 7, 24.5. 2011
Slika 8, 24.5.2011
ELEMENTI PROJEKTNE NALOGE
ELEMENTI PROJEKTNE NALOGE
ELEMENTI PROJEKTNE NALOGE
OSNOVNI ELEMENTI
OSNOVNI ELEMENTI
OSNOVNI ELEMENTI
pretvorba v verzijo HTMLi
1
naslovnica
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besedilo:K, L, P
1
4000 znakov ali večii
4
poravnave: L,D,S,O 6
glava,noge, štev. strani
3
uvod, jedro,
zaključek
4
avtom.
označ.,oštevilč.
2
pretvorba v PDF formatiii
1
rob 2-3 cmiv
4
tabela, obrobe in
senčenje
1
WordArt
1
prelom strani
1
tabulator
6
kazala:vsebinsko,stvarno,slikovno
3
tip, velikost, barva
pisavev
2
barva ozadja
besedila
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opombe
10 SKUPNO ŠT. TOČK
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9
2
19 SKUPNO ŠT. TOČK
Tomaž Horvat, 1.b
Weather and climate change
ELEMENTI PROJEKTNE NALOGE
ELEMENTI PROJEKTNE NALOGE
ELEMENTI PROJEKTNE NALOGE
NADGRADNJA
UPORABA DRUGIH PROGRAMOV
KOLIČINA VLOŽENEGA DELA (oceni
profesor)
SKUPNO ŠT. TOČK
3
izdelava spletne strani s
karatkim povzetkom,
povezava na PDF
format, objava na
osebni spletni strani
1
za nalogo ni bilo otrebno
veliko casa in truda;
2
kopiranje naloge (*.pdf in
*.zip) na "
skupni račun "informatika" OBVEZNO!!!
2
ucenec se je trudil, da bi
bila naloga uspešna
4
objava naloge (*.PDF) na
spletni strani za
prijavo OBVEZNO!!!
3
razvidno je, da je bilo
uporabljeno veliko casa
in truda
9
SKUPNO ŠT. TOČK
Predvideno število točk za 100% je 56.
i
Sem pretvoril
Imam več kot 4000 znakov
iii
Sem pretvoril
iv
Imam rob 2,5 cm
v
Se razlikuje po delih dokumenta
ii
10
3
SKUPNO ŠT. TOČK