AFRICA PART 2
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IV.E. Comparing Colonialism in Africa and Latin America: What was different?
1. Colonialism ___________________________ in Latin America (1500) and had ended
in most of the area by the 1820s; colonialism began in Africa in earnest in the 1880s and
lasted until the 1960s
2. colonialism lasted much longer in ______________________
3. colonialism led to a much greater volume of __________________ in Latin America;
only South Africa and Kenya had large immigrant flows in comparison to the rest of the
population
4. Latin American indigenous peoples _________________________, but not in Africa
5. African kingdoms much more successful at ___________________________ (some
for almost 400 years)
6. African _____________ often used by Europeans to indirectly rule the colonies
7. European societies and the capitalist world economy were much ______________
during the colonial period in Africa, resulting in African societies becoming even more
severely ___________________________ because of plantations and mining for export
and imperial rules that prevented industrialization
V. Post-Independence: North Africa
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A. Basic Characteristics
1. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt
2. _________________ cultural legacy as part of Ottoman and earlier Arab empires
(different from the rest of Africa)
3. lack of ____________: Sahara Desert
4. _________ in Libya and Algeria
A.5. European powers take over _____________________ territories 1830s-1910s:
______________ took Algeria, Tunisia and part of Morocco; ______________ took
Egypt; _______________ took Libya
6. independence in 1950s and early 1960s
B. Egypt
1. Nasser (1952-70) promoted ______________ via:
a. ________________
B.1.b. ___________________ (increasing economic and political ties between all Arab
nations)
c. _______________________ (increasing ties between all African nations)
d. _________________________________ (increasing ties between all peripheral
nations in an effort to become more independent from the core)
2. Sadat (1970-81) promoted development by:
a. __________________________
B.2.b. making peace with ___________________
c. as a result, becoming the second largest recipient of _________________
3. Mubarak (1981-2011) restored ties to __________________, but V. PostIndependence: North Africa
B.2.b. making peace with Israel
c. as a result, becoming the second largest recipient of U.S. foreign aid
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3. Mubarak (1981-2011) restored ties to Arab nations, but confronted a growing
___________ movement (replace government with one based on Islamic law) and lack
of ________________________________ because of continued extreme poverty, elite
corruption, and lack of democracy
B.4. uprising in _______________ against another long term dictator inspired a largely
peaceful rebellion against Mubarak’s rule
A. cell phones, internet, and social media used as tools to organize resistance,
overcoming long history of _________________________________________
5. ________________________ refusal to use force against protestors forced Mubarak
to resign
6. Mubarak, his family, and some elite supporters now facing ___________________
7. a new political system is being created, but its nature is not yet certain, beyond being
at least somewhat _____________________
8. President Morsi of Muslim Brotherhood arrested by army in what may be return to
_______________________
9. political changes in Egypt have inspired similar efforts in ______________ and other
nations
C. Libya
1. ______________ becomes center of economy in 1960s
2. __________ led by Muammar al-Qadhafi in 1969
3. invested oil money in _________________________: universal health care, housing,
education
4. support for "__________________________" that the U.S. government calls
"________________"
C.5. U.S. _______________ Tripoli (Libyan capital) in 1986 because of support for
"________________"; alienated many U.S. _____________
6. possible involvement in _____________________________ bombing in 1987 in
retaliation for raid; agents convicted in trial at the Hague
7. relied on a police state and divisions used by ________________________ to
maintain power
8. rebellion inspired by ____________________________, but based in regional
divisions and _______________________
9. ______________________________ critical to success; al-Qadhafi would still be in
power and rebels defeated without sustained air assault
10. nature of new government unclear, but first major decision of transitional government
was shift to ________________________________________________
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VI. Post-Independence: West Africa
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A. Shared Historical Characteristics
1. many of the largest African ____________ were based in this region
2. large _____________________ linked by long distance ______________ to the
Middle East and Asia, often based on ______________ exports
3. _______ region bordering the Sahara Desert often subject to ___________
4. long tradition of ____________ across political borders in the region
A.5. ___________ became the largest religion in the region
6. large role in _______________________
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7. modern states all created by territorial division between ______________: France,
Germany, Great Britain and Portugal
8. _______________ left modern states with different systems of government
administration and unconnected ______________________
B. Shared Current Characteristics
1. _________________ because of overgrazing of savanna and deforestation
2. efforts to promote regional ____________________________________
C. Guinea
1. former French colony opted out of the _______________________, France’s system
for maintaining ties between its former _____________ in Africa, Asia and the
Caribbean by having a common ________________ (the French franc), open borders
between members for ____________________, and a ____________________ (which
in effect authorized France to intervene _________________ when instability threatened
its former colonies)
C.2. France _______________________ to Guinea’s choice and withdrew its aid,
government personnel, and other resources
3. __________________ government has ruled since 1958, but politics have become
more open since ________________________ of 1992
4. world’s largest exporter of ____________, mainly to the U.S.; ___________ of the
economy
5. economy remains very poor and underdeveloped, despite pre-colonial level of
______________________________________
D. Liberia
1. unique history:
a. founded by _______________________ who returned in the early 1800s, often via
funding from ______________________________ seeking to find a way to
________________________
b. one of two countries that did not become ____________________ because of
political ties to _________
D.2. _______________________ (Americo-Liberians) became the dominant _________
until 1980 and formed __________________ relations with indigenous people
3. one of the world’s largest _______________ exporters before civil war of the 1990s,
mainly to the U.S.
4. ___________________________ established by Firestone in early 1900s
D.5. ________________, high unemployment, and dislike of rule by ________ in 1970s
led to a coup in 1980 led by Samuel Doe, who became the first _________________
president
6. _____________ problems continued in 1980s
7. Charles Taylor began _____________ at the end of 1989
8. other West African nations sought to end war by _____________________, but failed
9. Taylor __________________ in 1997, mainly on the hope that he could
____________________ , but forced into exile by renewed war in 2003
10. first ____________________________ in Africa, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, elected in
2005
E. Nigeria
1. largest source of Africans for _____________________
2. British colony administered by ___________________ policies that promoted
________________________________________ groups to maintain British
_____________________
3. became one of the world’s largest ________ exporters after independence in 1960
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E.4. _______________________ by elite leadership has led to political instability,
rebellions, and repeated ________________________
5. much of oil wealth has been _____________________, thus failing to lead to
development and improved living conditions for the population
VII. Post-Independence: Central Africa
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A. Shared Characteristics
1. large areas of ___________ in most of the region that inhibited the construction of
______________
2. __________________ colonial heritage
3. large _____________________________________ resources first developed under
colonial rule
4. ______________ have maintained a high degree of economic and political control
over the region
B. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa, Zaire)
1. originally a ________________ colony (but joined ___________________ after
independence because of its perceived economic benefits)
2. _______________ colonial exploitation the harshest in Africa
a. colony operated as a ____________________ by the Belgian King Leopold
b. ________________________________
B.2.c. Belgian colonial rule so harsh that other imperial powers sought to force Belgians
to _______________________
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3. huge ____________________ very profitable for Belgium: Congo became one of the
world’s largest exporters of ______________________
4. probably the most severe case of ____________________ in Africa: at independence
in 1960, only 16 Congolese had ___________________; the nation was completely
__________________________
B.5. ________________ against Europeans after independence led them to leave;
combined with the lack of educated Congolese, the government and mining businesses
virtually ____________________
6. civil war ended by ____________________________ support for authoritarian
Mobutu government
7. Mobutu and his elite allies _____________________ of the profits from raw materials
exports and foreign aid, leaving most people in desperate poverty
B.8. _____________ began in 1996 and has expanded into a _____________ involving
Rwanda, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Uganda and the Sudan, breaking with the African
tradition of usually not becoming involved in _________________________
VIII. Post-Independence: East Africa
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A. Shared Characteristics
1. long history of ______________ on savanna
2. historical ties to long distance ________________________
3. frequent ____________ that lead to famines and mass starvation
4. _____________ became the dominant religion centuries ago
5. long tradition of __________________ to the Middle East
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A.6. opening of ________________ in 1869 made African ___________ along Red Sea
a focus of imperialist _________________ because of the opportunity to control
_____________________________, a tradition that continued through the Cold War
and into the present: the USS Cole (the ship that was damaged by a bomb last week)
was visiting Yemen, just across the Red Sea from Somalia
B. Rwanda
1. pre-colonial kingdom divided between a small _____________________, the Tutsi,
and a much larger _________________, the Hutus
2. German and then Belgian imperial powers exploited this division to
__________________
3. ___________ after independence in 1962 led to overthrow of __________, many of
whom fled
B.4. in 19994, Tutsi seized control again after ____________________ sought to wipe
out Tutsi, and millions of Hutu fled the country
5. more than ____________________________ in three months, most of them Tutsi or
Hutus who favored maintaining a multiethnic society
6. conflict between these groups now part of wider __________________ in the Congo
C. Somalia
1. divided between __________________ empires during colonialism
2. coup in 1969 by Siad Barre created a dictatorship that _________________ in
neighboring countries and failed to promote development in Somalia
3. armed conflict, drought and _____________________ in early 1990s led to United
Nations _______________________
C.4. ____________________ led the United Nations intervention because of the
______________ importance of Somalia along the main ______________ route from
the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea and then to the Mediterranean
5. __________________ to capture Mohammed Farah Aideed, the most powerful of the
"____________" who led one of the dozens of competing groups, failed and led to the
deaths of a number of U.S. soldiers and U.N. retreat, leaving Somalia in a decade of
_____________
IX. Post-Independence: Southern Africa
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A. _______________ Legacy
1. ________________ founded a settler colony in South Africa in 1652 and imported
slaves from Asia and other parts of Africa
2. Dutch established a system of _____________________________ that evolved into
apartheid in the 1900s
3. _________________ took over South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe during 1800s to
exploit _______________________________
B. South Africa
1. many ___________________ left South Africa for the interior to escape British control
in the 1830s after the British abolished _______________
2. _______________ (Afrikaners/Boers) fought a long war against the British
3. the British won, but peace settlement allowed the creation of a formal system of
___________________________
B.4. __________________ maintained system of racial inequality after independence in
1910
5. this system provided __________________________ with cheap, easily controlled
____________, since blacks had no _______________
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6. South Africa served as a ____________________ of the U.S. and Western Europe
after World War II, fighting against ___________________________ movements in the
rest of the region that were sometimes supported by the _____________________
B.7. economic ________________ of South Africa during 1980s by Europe and the U.S.
led to ____________________ that ended apartheid
8. Nelson Mandela, a former rebel and then political prisoner, became
____________________ in 1994
9. despite efforts of nonracial democratic government to promote development and
improve the living standards of the poor, most nonwhites remain _________ and whites
remain ___________________
X. Conclusion
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A. Shared Challenges
1. extreme _____________________: Africa is poorer today than in 1960
2. insecurity of ____________________
3. ____________: highest rate of infection and deaths in the world, wiping out large
segments of many nations’ populations
4. numerous _______________
5. legacy of ________________ and colonial underdevelopment as
____________________________
A.6. ______________________ destruction
7. ____________________ governments in some nations, using inherited colonial
_____________________
8. large ____________________
9. structural adjustment programs to meet demands of _____________ and
_________________________ that push down wages and standards of living for most
of _______________________
B. Positive Trends
1. transition to ______________ in some nations
2. rising levels of ____________________
3. improved __________________ systems in most nations
4. ability of most African governments to avoid _______________________
5. increasing amount of attention to improving the ______________________