BIOLOGY: CHAPTER 7 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Powerpoint Outline 25pts
Chapter 7: Structure and Function of the Cell
What is a Cell?
How Big are they?
What are they made of?
Developing the Cell Theory
7.1 Contributors to The Cell Theory
Robert Hooke
Cells first seen with microscope in 1665
Observed honeycomb of empty compartments in
cork (called them cells)
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
First observance of living microscopic singlecelled organisms in water
Called organisms "animalcules"
NAME______________________________
Matthias _________________________
Observed plant tissues
All plants aggregates of separate cells
Theodor Schwann
All animals are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Introduction to Microscopy
The Major parts of the Microscope include:
Ocular or ______________________ Lens
Light Source
Objective lenses
Diaphragm
Stage
Neck & Base
Coarse & Fine Focus
Total Magnification = Ocular x Objective Magnification
Q1. If the magnification of the ocular lens is 10x and the objective lens is 40x what is total magnification?
The Cell Theory
From the Observations of Schleiden, Schwann &Virchow
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The Cell is the basic unit of living things
3. All Cells arise from other cells
Q2. What was Rudolph Virchow’s contribution to the cell theory?
The Limitations to Cell Size
Cells must not exceed a certain size
Molecules pass faster through small cells
Communication is more efficient
An Increase in size = Decrease in ______________________________________ /Volume Ratio (that’s bad!!!!)
Interactions with outside only occurs at surface
Q3. Which cell has the greater surface area/volume ratio, an ovum or a cheek epithelial cell?
Q4. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for 2 cubes. The first cube has a length of 2cm, and the
second 4cm. Which has the greatest surface area/volume ratio?
Some Typical Human Cells:Vary in size, Vary in shape, Measured in micrometers
Q5. Answer the following using the Factor label method. If a human ovum is 140m, how many mm?
EUKARYOTES vs PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
All are bacteria
Either Archae or _______________________________
No membrane bound organelles
DNA is CCC (Covalently closed and circular)
Q6. Is a plant prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
EUKARYOTES
Protista, Fungi Plantae, & Animalia
Have Multiple membrane bound organelles
Have a Nucleus, with DNA in Chromosomes
Eukaryotes are More Complex Than Prokaryote
The Key to Cell Organization is Compartmentalization
Possess internal membrane-bound organelles
Golgi complex and lysosomes created by folding ER
Mitochondria and chloroplasts associated with cellular energy
THE STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
AN OVERVIEW OF CELL STRUCTURE
The Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the Cell- ____________________________ bilayer contains embedded protein
The Nucleus: Central Portion of the Cell Contains DNA
Prokaryotes-Single, Circular molecule of DNA
Eukaryotes- Chromosomes
The Cytoplasm –
Cytosol: cell fluid (H2O)
Organelles
Q7. Draw the structural diagram of a phospholipid. Identify the hydrophobic fatty acids.
CELLULAR ORGANELLES
THE NUCLEUS: Information center for the cell
The Nuclear Envelope: Double layer of membranes, Outer layer is continuous with ____________________________
Nucleolus: Dense Collection of RNA and Proteins, Site of Ribosome Production
Chromatin: DNA &Proteins, Stores Information for Synthesis of Proteins
Chromosomes are Complex, Contain hereditary information, associated with histone protein
Q8. What is chromatin made of?
Q9. What is the function of the nucleolus?
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: Connected, Membrane-bound Sacs, Canals, and Vesicles, Transport System
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Studded with Ribosomes, Protein and Lipid Synthesis
Smooth ER (SER):Lipid Synthesis, Break Down of Drugs
Ribosomes:Free Floating Or Connected To ER, Site of Protein Synthesis, Made of _____________________________
Q10. What are ribosomes made of, and what is their function?
THE GOLGI APPARATUS:
Delivery System Of The Cell
Molecular Collection, Packaging, & Distribution
Q11. What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Flattened Stacks of Membranes,
Abundant in glandular ________________________ cells
LYSOSOMES:
Digestive Enzymes For The Cell
Contain Hydrolytic Enzymes
Breakdown of macromolecules within cell
Q12. What do hydrolytic enzymes do?
Digest worn-out _______________________ components
Eliminate Other Substances Including Whole Cells
Digest pathogens engulfed by white blood cells
MITOCHONDRIA:
The Cell's Chemical Furnaces
Bounded by double membrane
Makes ATP through Cellular Respiration
Inner membrane is folded into ____________________
Possesses own genome (DNA)
Divides into inner matrix and outer compartment
Q13. Write the equation that describes cellular respiration
CHLOROPLASTS:
Where Photosynthesis Occurs
Photosynthetic pigments on thylakoid surface
Found in Photosynthesizers: plants and algae
Stack of thylakoids called ______________________
Internal membranes form disk-shaped thylakoids
Possess own genome
Q13. Write the equation that describes photosynthesis
FLAGELLA & CILIA: Motility For The Cell
Eukaryotic Flagella
9+2 structure of microtubules
Long tail-like projection
Provides motility to ____________________________
Q14. Which cells in humans are ciliated and why?
CENTRIOLES:
Microtubular Assembly Plants
Present in animal cells, NOT plant cells
Occur in pairs near nucleus
THE CYTOSKELETON: Interior Framework Of The Cell
Network of 3 types of Fibers
Microfilament: Thin, made of ____________________
Intermediate Filament: found in animal cells
Microtubule: Hollow tube of Tubulin
Q15. What are Tubulin and Actin made of?
Cilia and Centrioles
Also Show 9+2 Arrangement
Short hair-like projections
Propel substances on cell surface
Form the ______________________________
Assemble and organize microtubules
Form basal bodies that anchor flagella and cilia
Provide Mechanical Support for Cell
Actin fibers determine cell shape
Rapid changes in filament length changes cell
shape quickly
Plant versus Animal Cells
Animal Cells:
Plant Cell:
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
Irregular Shape
1 Large Central Vacuole
Small Vacuoles
__________________________________
Centrioles
Fixed shape often rectangular
Q16. Give 3 structures Plant cell possess that Animal Cells do not
SYMBIOSIS AND THE ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES
Eukaryotes Have Radically Different Cell Structure
Possess organelles that resemble bacteria
Endosymbiont Theory
Symbionts Provided Metabolic Advantage to Host
Mitochondria are energy factories
Chloroplasts photosynthesize
Evidence Supporting The Endo-Symbiont Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts surrounded by double membrane
Mitochondria and bacteria have similar size
Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble bacterial ribosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplast DNA circular like bacteria
Mitochondria divide by simple _____________________________
Q17. What is the significance of the fact that both Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis have their own
DNA?
Use The Following Terms To Label The Diagrams
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Lysosome
Nucleolus
Central Vacuole
Chromosome
Golgi Apparatus
Smooth Er
Rough Er
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nuclear Membrane
DNA
Cytoplasm
____________________