Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Degree Program
Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management
Student name
Tran Thi Lan Huong
Student ID
DTN 1053180056
Thesis title
Assessment of wastewater of Da River Left-bank
Industrial Zone - Hoa Binh City on the 2013-2014 period
Supervisor(s)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Do Thi Lan
MA. Truong Thi Anh Tuyet
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to assess wastewater of Da River Left-bank
Industrial Zone- Hoa Binh City in the 2013-2014 periods.
The main focus is in two aspects: to assess the status of wastewater treatment of
Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone and to propose solutions for decreasing the water
pollution. Regarding to the state of wastewater treatment, Da River Left-bank
Industrial Zone is a place that has largest amount of wastewater discharge in Hoa Binh
City. In the Industrial Zone, a number of companies discharged wastewater directly
into Dung stream (flowing to Da River) an extremely large amount of domestic and
industrial wastewater, that seriously exceed the permissible standards. Besides, many
companies had administrative violations in the discharge of wastewater or did not have
enough legal documents following regulation in wastewater management.
Currently, Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone starts to build the wastewater
treatment system in order to have effective wastewater treatment and simple discharge
management. After assessing the situation in the Industrial Zone, the essential
solutions are proposed. In term of management, local authorities need to take coercive
measures against companies which discharged the untreated or unsatisfactory treated
wastewater directly into environment. With technological solution, the Industrial Zone
has to select appropriate production technologies, innovative technology of wastewater
treatment system.
Overall, the options considered and evaluated in the thesis indicated that Da
River Left-bank Industrial Zone can implement those options to prevent and manage
the quality of wastewater in order to protect environment in a legal, logical and
financially practical way.
Keywords
Number of pages:
Date of submission:
Industrial Zone, wastewater, treatment, pollution,
discharge, industry, domestic, etc.
58
January 15, 2015
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Do Thi Lan
and MA. Truong Thi Anh Tuyet for their invaluable useful comments, remarks,
encouragement and engagement through the learning process of this graduated
thesis.
I sincerely thank the lecturers who enthusiastically imparted useful
knowledge on water treatment during the University program to all class attendants.
I also thank the support of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the
coordinators and program managers for their support and assistance.
I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to my classmates, who
supported me throughout this course, by their aspiring guidance, invaluably
constructive criticism and friendly advice. I am sincerely grateful to them for
sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to my
thesis.
Also, I like to thank the participants in my survey, who have willingly shared their
precious time during the process of interviewing. I would like to thank my loved
ones, who have supported me throughout entire process, both by keeping me
harmonious and helping me putting pieces together.
Thank you all very much!
Sincerely yours,
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 1
List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 2
List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 3
PART I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 4
1.1. Rationale ...................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Definitions ................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Aims of the study ......................................................................................... 5
1.4. Research questions ..................................................................................... 5
1.5. Research significance ................................................................................. 5
1.5.1. Practical significance .............................................................................. 6
1.5.2. Learning and scientific research significance .......................................... 6
1.6. Limitations .................................................................................................. 6
PART 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 8
2.1. Theoretical background .............................................................................. 8
2.2. Scientific background .................................................................................. 9
2.2.1. Related definitions ................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. Water quality assessment ......................................................................... 10
2.3. Empirical background ................................................................................ 14
2.3.1. Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world ............... 14
2.3.2. Studies on water quality in Vietnam ......................................................... 15
2.4. Study area review ........................................................................................ 18
2.4.1. Natural and socio-economic conditions of Hoa Binh City ....................... 18
2.4.1.1. Natural conditions ................................................................................ 18
iii
2.4.1.2. Socio-economic conditions .................................................................. 21
2.5. General assessment of review ...................................................................... 25
PART III. METHODS ........................................................................................... 26
3.1. Object and scope of study ............................................................................ 26
3.2. Location and time of study ......................................................................... 26
3.3. Research content .......................................................................................... 26
3.3.1. Basic characteristics of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone – Hoa Binh
City ........................................................................................................................... 26
3.3.2. Assessment of current status of water quality of the industry .................. 26
3.3.3. Proposal of a number of solutions to reduce pollution and effects
of wastewater to surrounding environment ............................................................ 26
3.4. Research methods ........................................................................................ 27
3.4.1. Secondary data collection method ........................................................... 27
3.4.2. Methods of getting, maintaining and analyzing samples ......................... 27
3.4.3. Question and Interview methods ............................................................... 29
3.4.4. Analyzing, synthesizing and assessing data methods ................................ 29
PART IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................. 30
4.1. Overview of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone .................................... 30
4.1.1. Status of operation and implementation of environmental protection of
some companies in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone ......................................... 30
4.1.2. The situation of wastewater treatment of Da River Left-bank Industrial
Zone ......................................................................................................................... 38
4.2. Assessment of current situation of water in Da River Left-bank
Industrial Zone and surrounding areas .............................................................. 40
4.2.1. Current situation of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone’s wastewater .. 41
4.2.1.1. Situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in 2013
.................................................................................................................................. 41
iv
4.2.1.2. Situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in 2014
.................................................................................................................................. 43
4.2.2. Assessment of wastewater’s impacts of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
to local people based on survey............................................................................... 48
4.2.2.1. Basic information of investigated subject .......................................... 49
4.2.2.2. Assessment of wastewater’s impacts of the Industrial Zone to local
people........................................................................................................................ 49
4.3. Recommendation of solutions to overcome and minimize water pollution
of Da River Let-bank Industrial Zone ................................................................. 54
4.3.1. Management solutions ............................................................................. 54
4.3.2. Technological solutions ............................................................................ 55
PART V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .................................................. 60
5.1. Discussion ..................................................................................................... 60
5.2. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 61
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 62
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 65
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Diagram of wastewater treatment technology of Left Side Da River
Industrial Zone ................................................................................................... ............... 39
Figure 2: Concentration of BOD5, COD and TSS in 2013, 2014 in wastewater at
discharged point into environment of wastewater treatment plant - Huu Nghi JSC
for Agricultural and Forestry Products ............................................................ ................. 44
Figure 3: The concentration of Absorbable Organic Halogens, 2013 and 2014 in
wastewater sample at the discharged point into environment of wastewater
treatment system , Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products ... ................... 45
Figure 4: The concentration of BOD5 in 2013 and 2014 in the domestic wastewater
sample at the discharged point into environment, R technical research Vietnam Co,
Ltd ............................................................................................................................. ........ 47
Figure 5: The concentration of Total Coliform in 2013 and 2014 in domestic
wastewater at the discharged point into environment, R technical research Vietnam
Co, Ltd ...................................................................................................................... ........ 48
Figure 6: The proportion of men and women of investigated groups ...................... ........ 49
Figure 7: The proportion of careers of investigated groups .................................... ........ 49
Figure 8: Diagram of wastewater treatment technology .......................................... ........ 57
1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Distribution of land use in Hoa Binh City in 2014 ................................ ............ 24
Table 2. Fuel and water consumption of some operating companies in Left Side Da
River Industrial Zone .............................................................................................. .......... 31
Table 3: Result of analysis of wastewater samples at discharge point into the
environment - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products ................. ............ 41
Table 4: Result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample at discharge point - R
technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd in 2013 ..................................................... ............... 42
Table 5: The result of analysis of industrial wastewater at discharge point into
environment - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products ................... .......... 43
Table 6: The result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample at the discharged
point - R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd in 2014 ......................................... ............ 46
Table 7: The impact of wastewater of the Industrial Zone to agriculture production
and the health of people living around there ........................................................ ............ 51
2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AOX
BOD
: Absorbable Organic Halogens
: Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD
: Chemical Oxygen Demand
EPA
: Environmental Protection Agency
DNRE
: Department of Natural Resources and Environment
JSC
: Joint Stock Company
LEP
: Law on Environmental Protection
MNRE
: Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment
TSS
: Total Suspended Solids
VEA
: Vietnam Environment Administration
3
PART I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Rationale
Environment is a system of natural and artificial material factors which impact on the
survival and the development of humans and animals (Environmental Protection Act,
2014). Those factors are considered as basic components of the environment; they
formed and developed under the law of nature.
One of the most crucial and necessary factors for all life on earth in general and human
in particular is water. It does not only affect human’s health, dietary needs, daily
activities, but it is also a factor to ensure the prosperity of mankind. Nowadays, the
development of science and technology has accelerated the pace of socio-economic
development, creating a giant volume of material goods for meeting the growing
demands of human. However, the socio-economic development, especially the rapid
development of the industry in recent years has discharged a huge amount of
wastewater. This is the direct cause of the environmental pollution in general and
water quality decline in particular, that makes clean water on Earth become
increasingly scarce and exhausted.
As a country with a growing economy, Vietnam has become the heavily polluted water
on the world. Among them, the Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone which located on
Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City is one of the hot spots of wastewater pollutants,
especially industrial wastewater.
The Industrial Zone is consisted of many companies operating in different fields such
as productions of plastic sheet, insulator, plastic tube with hydrocarbon polymer,
4
silicone rubber; spare parts for cars and motorcycles; automobile engine, sanitary ware
products; hardware assessories, barcode printers, beer, sugar, etc.
Due to the versatility of the Industrial Zone, wastewater is harmful and impacts on the
environment not only the Industry Zone but also surrounding area.
Derived from the reality, through the agreement of Dean of Environmental Faculty
and International Training and Development Center - Thai Nguyen University of
Agriculture and Forestry, the study researched on subject: “Assessment of wastewater
of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone on the 2013 – 2014 periods”.
1.2. Definitions
This study assesses the status of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone on
the 2013 – 2014 periods in order to determine the impact of wastewater to the
environment. Thus, a number of solutions are proposed to mitigate the effects of
wastewater to the environment surrounding the Industrial Zone.
1.3. Aims of the study
- Learn the basic characteristics of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
- Learn and assess the situation of water quality of the Industrial Zone.
- Propose solutions to reduce water pollution of the Industrial Zone.
1.4. Research questions
- What is an overview of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone?
- What is current situation of water of the Industrial Zone?
- What can human do to reduce water pollution of the Industrial Zone and its impacts
to human and environment?
1.5. Research significance
1.5.1. Practical significance
5
Through the study of wastewater situation of the Industrial Zone, it is significant to
know strengths, weaknesses, challenges and shortcomings in the wastewater
management and treatment in order to find the solutions for environmental protection
in accordance with the conditions of the Industrial Zone, allowing better
environmental management.
1.5.2. Learning and scientific research significance
- Help students apply theory into reality, practice the data synthesis and analysis skills.
- To be a favorable condition for acquiring and learning from practical experience. At
the same time, enhance practical knowledge; add more materials for learning and
researching after graduation.
- Strengthen based knowledge and specialized knowledge to serve environmental
work.
- The success of this study is a basis to improve working methods scientifically and to
help students synthesizing and arranging the schedule and timeline reasonable.
1.6. Limitations
- Due to limitation of time and resources, this study mainly focuses on the water
pollution in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone.
- The survey is examined is relatively small, the findings cannot be generalized to the
broader community.
- The wastewater data is only taken from 02 companies in the Industrial Zone, it would
not achieve absolute accuracy for the Industrial Zone.
- The measurement and sampling time is only done 2 times/ year. So, the samples
cannot reflect the entire of pollution.
6
- This study solely mentions to the wastewater of the Industrial Zone in short term of
the 2013-2014 periods.
7
PART II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical background
- Vietnam’s Strategic Environmental Protection Plan towards 2010 and orientation to
2020,
- Environmental Protection Law No. 55/2014/ QH13 passed by the 13th National
Assembly on June 23, 2014.
- Water Resources Act, June 2012
- Decree No. 120/2008 / ND - CP of the Government dated on December 01, 2008 on
the management of river basins.
- Decree No. 149/2004 / ND - CP of the Government dated on July 27, 2004 on
issuance of permits for water resource exploration, exploitation and use, and discharge
of wastewater into water source.
- Decision No. 16/2008 / QD – BTNMT dated on December 31, 2008 by the Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment on the National technical regulations on
environment.
- Decision No 104/2000 / QD - TTg dated on August 25, 2000 of the Prime Minister
on approving the national strategy on water supply and rural sanitation towards 2020.
- National technical regulation QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT on surface water quality
- National technical regulation QCVN14:2008/BTNMT on domestic wastewater
quality
8
- National technical regulation QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT on the effluent of pulp and
paper mills
- National technical regulation QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT on industrial wastewater
quality
2.2. Scientific background
2.2.1. Related definitions
- Environment
According to term 1- article 3 of the Law on environmental protection (The National
Assembly of Vietnam, 2014), environment is defined as “a system of natural and
artificial physical factors affecting the existence and development of human beings
and creatures”.
- Environmental pollution
According to term 8 – article 3 of the Law on environmental protection (The National
Assembly of Vietnam, 2014), Environmental pollution refers to “the change in the
environment components in breach of technical regulations on environment and
environmental standards, which can result in adverse impacts on human beings and
creatures”.
- Water resources
According to Jason A. Hubbart and Jacqueline (2013), “Water resources are used in
various ways including direct consumption, agricultural irrigation, fisheries,
hydropower, industrial production, recreation, navigation, environmental protection,
9
the disposal and treatment of sewage, and industrial effluents. Water has sources and
supplies, economic, social, and political characteristics which make it a unique and
challenging natural resource to manage.”
- Water pollution
“Water pollution is a worse change of physical, chemical, and biological properties in
water, with the presence of abnormal substances in liquid and solid form, making
water become toxic to humans and organisms, and reducing biodiversity in water. In
terms of speed and scale of impact, water pollution needs to be concerned more than
soil contamination” (Le Van Thien, 2007).
- Environmental standards
Environmental standards are referred in term 6 – Article 3 of the Law on
Environmental protection (The National Assembly of Vietnam, 2014) as“a set of
parameters relating to the environmental quality in surrounding areas, amount of
contaminants that remain in wastes, technical and managerial requirements which are
issued by a competent regulatory authority in the form of a written document that
entities involved may choose to follow at their discretion to serve the purpose of
environmental protection”.
2.2.2. Water quality assessment
Water quality is assessed based on the following indicators:
* Physical indicators
10
- Temperature: Temperature impacts both the chemical and biological characteristics
of surface water. It affects the dissolve oxygen level in the water, photosynthesis of
aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of these
organisms to pollution, parasites and disease (Center for Educational Technologies,
n.d)
- pH: As one of the criteria to be checked for water quality and wastewater, pH value
allows determine appropriate treatment method or adjust the amount of chemicals in
wastewater treatment process using biological methods. The change in the pH value of
water can lead to changes in the composition of the substance in water, or promote and
prevent chemical and biological reactions happened in the water (Advanced Chemical
Systems, n.d).
- Color: The color of water is created due to impurities in the water, such as organic
matter, inorganic ions, some aquatic species, etc. and can greatly affect the value of
sense when using water. (Pham Song, 2013)
- Turbidity: Turbidity of water is level of preventing light penetrate across the water.
The turbidity of the water can be caused by many types of dissolve substances from
colloidal-particle-sized types to suspensions, sandy sediment particles and microorganisms. It also contains many chemical components as inorganic, organic, etc. High
level of turbidity indicates high level of water contamination. (USGS, n.d)
- Solids concentration: Solids affect water quality for domestic use and production,
hinder or consume more chemicals in the process. Solids in water is caused by
inorganic substances in soluble or insoluble form as emulsified soil and organic
11
matter, synthetic organic compounds such as micro-organisms, fertilizers and
industrial wastes. (Filter and Separation, n.d).
* Chemical indicators
- Iron
Iron is essential micronutrient atom for human’s body to build hemoglobin structure.
Thus, the content of 0.3mg iron / liter is defined as allowed level for drinking water.
Over that limitation, iron can cause a negative impact (Hellawell, J.M, 1989).
Iron has typical smell when exposed to air. It precipitates to form Fe (III) hydrate and
makes water color become red brick, creating a bad impression to the user. Also for
this reason, water with iron cannot be used for a number of industries requiring high
quality as silk, textile, food, pharmaceutical, etc. Precipitation of iron deposition
narrows useful saving of water pipe in distribution network (Hellawell, J.M, 1989).
- Nitrite – Nitrogen (NO2-N)
Nitrite is an intermediate stage in the nitrogen cycle due to the decomposition of the
organic protein. Because of the transformation between different levels of nitrogen
forms, trace nitrite is used to evaluate the organic pollution. Nitrite exists also in the
treatment system or distribution system due to microbes’ activity. In addition, nitrite is
also used in water supply sector as a corrosion inhibitor. In water, nitrite should not
exceed 0.1 mg / liter. (NORWECO, n.d)
- Nitrate - Nitrogen (NO3-N)
Nitrate is the highest stage of oxidation in the nitrogen cycle and is the final stage in
the process of biological oxidation. On the surface layer of water, nitrate is commonly
in the form of trace, but sometimes in shallow groundwater, it has high level of
12
content. If children drink water that has too much nitrate, they can have
hemochromatosis. Thus, in domestic use water, level of nitrate does not exceed 6 mg /
liter (Hellawell, J.M, 1989).
- Ammonia (N-NH4+)
Ammonia is contaminant to water. The presence of ammonia in surface water or
groundwater derived from the organic decomposition by micro-organisms in anaerobic
conditions. That is a substance used in the disinfection stage of water, it is used as
antibacterial chemicals to produce residual chlorine which lengthen time of
bactericidal effects when water flows in the pipeline. (Le Van Khoa, Nguyen Xuan
Quynh & Nguyen Quoc Viet, 2013).
- Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen in natural water and wastewater depends on physical-chemical
conditions and biological activities of the micro-organisms. The determination of
concentration of dissolved oxygen is a means to control the pollution caused by human
activities and examine the consequences of wastewater treatment (NORWECO, n.d)
- Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Indicator of chemical oxygen demand is used to fully assess the amount of oxygen
required to oxidize organic matter in the wastewater. In order to determine this
indicator, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used to complete oxidation of organic
matter, then quantitative methods and formulas are applied to determine the amount of
COD. (Le Van Khoa, Nguyen Xuan Quynh & Nguyen Quoc Viet, 2013).
- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed for microbial oxidation
of organic matter in a defined time period, is denoted by BOD and is calculated in
13
mg/l. BOD indicator reflects the level of organic pollution of wastewater. The greater
the BOD of wastewater (or water source), the higher contaminated level and vice versa
(Hellawell, J.M, 1989).
* Microbiological indicators
- Fecal coliform
Coliform organisms group is widely used as indicator of fecal contamination,
characterized by the ability to ferment lactose in culture environment at 35-37 o C with
the formation of aldehydes acid and gases within 48 hours (Ashbolt, N., Grabow, W.,
& Snozzi, M, n.d)
- Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)
Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli or colon bacilli, usually lives in the
intestines of human and some animals. E. coli always presents in feces of human,
animals and birds in large numbers. The exceeded presence of E. coli proves pollution
on this indicator. That is considered an indicator reflecting the viability of pathogenic
microorganisms in gut such as diarrhea, dysentery, etc. (Ashbolt, N., Grabow, W., &
Snozzi, M, n.d)
2.3. Empirical background
2.3.1. Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world
Water pollution is alarming problem in the world today, especially in developed
countries. Therefore, the research of current state of water is carried out in many
countries, the results showed that:
In Europe Rivers, nitrate salt concentration exceeds 2.5 times over the permitted
standards (100 mg), while phosphate concentration is 2.5 times higher than the
14
allowed standard. Every year, the river carries into the ocean 320 million tons of Fe;
2.3 million tons of Pb; 1.6 million tons of Mg; 320 million tons of Ca; Phosphate 6.5
million tons, 10 million tons of oil; and 700 tons of Hg (The National Centre for
Science and Technology Information and Materials, 2013).
According to announcement of Ston, hundreds of miles of rivers flow through New
York City have no life within; because of the wastes of some plants in many years
remain unresolved (UDNA). Estimation shows that the food industry, paper, chemicals
nationwide annually discharge to rivers an amounts of 94.5 billion m3 of liquid
contaminants with different indicators (The Encyclopedia of earth, 2013)
According to (WHO, 2013), in 2013, the river near Baria Mare (Northeastern of
Romania) is infected with heavy metals and xyanua kali, damaging flora and polluted
drinking water of millions of people. In 2012, groundwater in Bhopal (India) was
poisoned by pesticides discharged from Union Carbida India factory.
China's Huai river is considered the most polluted area by wastes of the industry,
animals and agriculture. River system in Manila (Philippines) is contaminated from
waste of skin tanning, metal reining, lead casting areas, causing health problems for
humans. Pollution also occurs in Malaysia, while 10 major rivers are heavily polluted
by industrial wastewater, mainly by the oil refinery and processing industry (United
Nations, 2012)
2.3.2. Studies on water quality in Viet Nam
Although Vietnam has only entered entrance to industrialization for a few decades,
pollution has appeared in many places. Along with the increase in population and
urbanization rate, wastewater from the production of agricultural, mining and
15
industrial production increased. The untreated amount of wastewater flows directly
into pond, lakes, rivers, etc., and alters the ecosystems of receiving rivers, pollutes the
area of urban and large industrial areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai,
Binh Duong, Thai Nguyen, Hoa Binh, etc.
The total amount of wastewater of Hanoi City is up to 300,000 to 400,000 m3/ day. At
present, only 5/31 hospital have wastewater treatment systems, accounting for 25% of
hospital’s wastewater; 36/400 production base treat wastewater; the amount of
uncollected household waste of approximately 1,200 m3 / day is discharged into the
nearby-lake-land and canals within the City (Pham Tuyen, 2012). All of the BOD,
dissolved oxygen, NH4, NO2, NO3 in rivers, lakes, and ditches exceed the allowed
regulations. For example, according to the survey results of many scientific studies
show that currently, Kim Nguu river, To Lich river, Nhue river, Bay Mau Lake, Cau
Bay river and even the West Lake and Hoan Kiem Lake are contaminated from
moderate to serious levels. Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is low, BOD5 is
higher than 30 mg /l; NH4+> 10 mg / l; NO2 also soars. Currently, in accordance with
the standard of Ministry of Science and Technology, the levels of pollution
(particularly BOD5 and suspended solids) in the large lakes are 5 to 20 times higher
than allowed levels (VOV, 2013).
In Ho Chi Minh City, water pollution also occurs. The total amount of untreated
pollutants in wastewater is more than 2 times in Hanoi and flows into the canals and
pours into Saigon River to Dong Nai. At Saigon River, pollution levels are in organic
(DO = 1.5-5.5 mg /l; BOD5 = 10-30 mg / l), grease and micro-organisms. (Pham
Tuyen, 2012). There is no indicator reaches environmental standard for source A. The
highest pollution is in the center of Ho Chi Minh City. In addition, Saigon River was
16
severely acidified by alum in Hoc Mon - Cu Chi section. According to the analysis and
evaluation, the monitoring parameters exceed standards in the dry season: high organic
matter and low dissolved oxygen cause anaerobic process and create characteristic
stench of H2S and NH3. In Tham Luong industrial block, water is contaminated by
industrial wastewater with the estimated total of 500,000 m3 / day from paper mills,
pulp washing, dyeing and weaving factories. Wastewater from Tham Luong channel is
black, smelly and contains high levels of mercury. (VOV, 2013)
In Thai Nguyen City, industrial wastewater discharged from paper, iron and steel, nonferrous metallurgy production bases and coal mining bases are quite large. In dry
season, total wastewater of Thai Nguyen City area is account for about 15% of Cau
River’s capacity. Wastewater from paper production has pH range from 8.4 to 9,NH4
concentration of 4 mg / liter, low dissolved oxygen (0.4 - 0.5); and has the highest
values of BOD5 and COD (> 1000 ml). Wastewater there is brown and has unpleasant
odor (Phan Thi Anh Đao, Do Thi Thanh Binh, Phan Văn Mach, Tran Thi Thanh Binh,
Le Xuan Tuan, 2013).
Viet Tri and Lam Thao Chemical Industrial Parks discharge to Red River about 35
million km3 of wastewater annually, of which there are 4,000 tons of acids, 1,300 tons
of caustic soda, 300 tons of benzene, 25 tons of organic materials and other substances
that contaminated river water in tens of kilometers of Viet Tri to the river downstream.
(VOV, 2013)
In Da Nang, at the mined river sections, especially illegal mined sections, nitrate
concentration exceeds 1.4 - 2.6 times, cyanide concentration exceeds 1.6- 2 times. At
Phu Ninh Lake in the rainy season, Hg concentration exceeds 3 times over the
17
standard. Particularly, Hg concentration exceeds 5 times over the standard in water of
Tranh River - Tra My District. (VOV, 2013)
All of activities as logging and mining directly or indirectly affect water quality. The
contamination that caused by mud, sand and sediment metals affects aquatic life,
sedimentation and loss of flow, i.e. Ky Cung River - Lang Son in Na Duong coal mine
section.
Water quality in Vietnam’s rivers is in a state of alarm, many indicators such as BOD,
COD, NH4, total N, total P are multiple times higher than the standard.
Water in Dong Nai River is contaminated by industrial effluents from paper mills,
detergents, dyes, textiles factories. (Pham Tuyen, 2012).
Portion of Cau River which flows through Thai Nguyen City is heavily polluted by
industrial wastewater from the paper production facilities, iron and steel, non-ferrous
metallurgy, coal, etc. (Phan Thi Anh Đao, Do Thi Thanh Binh, Phan Văn Mach, Tran
Thi Thanh Binh, Le Xuan Tuan, 2013).
The domestic research shows that pollution of river water flowing through urban areas
is most clearly seen in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Domestic wastewater does not
have concentrated treatment system, but directly discharge into the receiving water
(rivers and lakes) (Pham Tuyen, 2012).
2.4. Study area review
2.4.1. The natural and socio-economic conditions of Hoa Binh City
2.4.1.1. The natural conditions of Hoa Binh City
* Natural conditions
18
Hoa Binh City is situated at a valley surrounded by hills and rocky mountains. At the
moment, Hoa Binh City has 15 administration units with 8 Wards: Dong Tien, Phuong
Lam, Cham Mat, Thai Binh, Tan Hoa, Huu Nghi, Tan Thinh, Thinh Lang and 7
communes: Su Ngoi, Dan Chu, Thong Nhat, Yen Mong, Hoa Binh, Thai Thinh. The
office is built at Ram village, Thong Nhat commune, Hoa Binh City. (Hoa Binh
DNRE, 2012)
Song Da flows through the City and divides it into 2 main parts. Four Wards, Dong
Tien, Phuong Lam, Cham mat, Thai Binh and 4 communes, Su Ngoi, Dan Chu, Thong
Nhat, Trung Minh, are on the right bank of the river and. On the other bank, 4
Wards,Tan Thinh, Tan Hoa, Huu Nghi, Thinh Lang and 3 communes, Yen Mong, Hoa
Binh, Thai Thinh are located. (Da River – Thang Long Joint Stock Company, Hoa
Binh Branch, 2013).
* Geographical features
The rocky mountains, which are distributed and surround the City center, dominates
the landscape in Hoa Binh City (75% of natural area). The next typical geographical
feature is hill, with the average height of 100 - 150 meters (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012).
The City center has relatively plain geographical conditions offering opportunities for
the development of the City and the investment of small and medium-sized companies
* Climate conditions
Hoa Binh has tropical monsoon with 2 typical seasons. Winter starts in December and
lasts till the beginning of April while summer is from May to October. Rainy season is
normally from July to September. The rainfall in the rainy season accounts for 85%
annual total rainfall, whereas it is 15% in dry season. Besides, there are northeast
19
monsoon together with extreme cold and sometimes smog in dry season. There are
high temperature sunny days when season changes (up to 350C in day time). (Hoa
Binh Statistic Office, 2012)
Typical meteoric values/ year:
+ Total rainfall: 1858mm.
+ Average temperature: 23,0oC.
+ Average humidity: 78%.
+ Average wind speed: 2m/s.
+ Prominent wind direction: From North to northeast.
+ Average total sunny hour: 160.
* Hydrologic features
Da River flows 23 kilometers through the City. The river current is plentiful. The
average water flow is about 54.2km3with the average capacity of 1.72 m3/s and annual
current module is 33.2 l/skm2. (Hoa Binh Statistic Office, 2012)
The shallow flow is quite extreme. Because of lack of rain, the shallow flow in this
river has the least value compared to other rivers in the North. The minimum average
monthly flow has the flow module of 6.72 l/skm2with the average monthly capacity of
346 m3/s. The minimum monthly flow is in March accounting for 2% total yearly
capacity (Da River – Thang Long Joint Stock Company, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013).
The amount of sand and mud flowing through Hoa Binh is 63.5 tons, turbidity =
1,180g/m3; capacity of sand and mud Ro = 2,010 kg/s. The amount of sand and mud
in 5 months of the rainy season takes up 91.3% the yearly amount. The amount of sand
20
and mud reaches the peak in August, 2,106 ton (35% of the total yearly number) and
falls bottom in March taking up 0.04% total annual number (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012).
Generally speaking, since the operation of Hoa Binh damp, Da River in Hoa Binh is
not natural anymore but dependent on the operation of Hoa Binh hydroelectric power
station as well as the opening and closing of the flood discharge outlet.
Da River amount of sand and mud in the area just downstream of power station has
enormous change. Most mud falls onto the bottom of the basin after its establishment.
The total amount of sand and mud measured before the building of the damp by Ben
Ngoc hydrologic station is 63.5 tons/year, and 11.7 tons/year after the construction of a
damp. Therefore, the annual turbidity value at Ben Ngoc hydrologic station, Trung
Minh commune is from 800-2,700 g/m3 from 1958-1985 and 100-160 g/m3 from
1986-2009 (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012).
Beside Da River, there are many City streams flowing into Da River, especially Cau
Den and Dung Stream. The hydrologic features depend on the rainfall and the
headwater.
2.4.1.2. Socio-economic conditions
* Status of economic development
Hoa Binh City has low rate of economic growth. Major economic sectors are
agriculture and service. Economic structure focuses on decreasing the density of
agriculture and forestry and increasing the role of industry - service.
- For industry
Focusing on industry, primarily small or medium-sized, to provide for the area is
common goal of mountainous provinces. Many medium-sized industrial zones such as
21
Luong Son Industrial Zone, Da River Left-bank Industrial Zones, South Luong Son
Industrial Zone, Lac Thinh Industrial Zone has been being built.
Today, many big projects invested by domestic investors are being implemented such
as cement production, minerals exploitation, cassava starch production, fruit
processing, processing agri-forestry product, pulp production, eco-tourism and
entertainment area.
Industrial and handicraft industry has brought about certain economic effectiveness,
but it also affects the environment and people’s health. The mass media from the
province and local community has popularized the policies of the Communist party
and the laws of the government about environment protection.
Projects receiving foreign investment are exported fruit processing, lens production,
assembling, accumulator production, garment, etc.
- Commerce and service
Up till now, provincial tourism has received the investment in infrastructure and
capital from Tourism General Directorate, which results in the increasing number of
tourists, especially foreigners, better quality and varied tourism packages. The most
popular tourism destinations include Da River damp, Hoa Binh lake tour with many
natural relics and sites, Kim Boi mineral water, Lac village with unique Thai ethnic
group culture, Dong Tien – Lac Thuy (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012)
- Agriculture and forestry
This sector plays an important role in provincial economics, greatly contributes to the
development stability of the province. The forest area of the City has reached 46%.
* Cultural and Social factors
- Population
22
The growth of population and urbanization has led to the unequal distribution of
population between City and rural area. The need for infrastructure (road, traffic, clean
water, irrigation, etc.) hasn’t been met, which leads to headache environmental
problems: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, natural disasters like drought,
flood, landslide, etc.) Disposed water from living and industry which is not strictly
processed has affected the local socio-economic development.
In order to calculate precisely all the status of implementing the plan for Natural
resources – Environment and sustainable development, it is vital to proceed the
process of making annual report on the factors of natural resources and environment of
Hoa Binh City to prepare for making plan for socio-economic development in the
following years.
- Human resource
Human resource for laboring takes up to 71% of the total population. The high number
of labor is the most important resource for implementing the plan for socio-economic
development of the City in the following years (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2013A).
The rate of labor in the business sector accounts for 98% of the total labour resource in
the City in the period from 2010-2014 (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2013A). Basically, Hoa Binh
has effectively used the labor resource in the production activities.
- The fact of land use in Hoa Binh City
23
Table 1: Distribution of land use in Hoa Binh City in 2014
Number
Purposes
Code
Area
(%)
(hectares)
1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.2
1.1.1.3
1.1.2
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3
Agriculture
Agriculture production
Annual tree plantation
Rice plantation
Growing grass for rearing
Other annual tree plantation
Long-time plantation land
Forestry
Breeding aquatic product
Non-agriculture
Living
Rural living
Urban living
Specialized purposes
Administration office
National defense and military
Business, non-agriculture
Public use
Religion purposes
Graveyard
Specialized river/stream surface
Other non-agriculture
Available
Total
NNP
SXN
CHN
LUA
COC
HNK
CLN
LNP
NTS
PNN
OTC
ONT
ODT
CDG
CTS
CQA
CSK
CCC
TTN
NTD
SMN
PNK
CSD
9,611.34
9,601.92
8,874.05
7,955.25
918.80
187.87
549.42
8,231.79
2,111.67
2,007.33
104.34
3,867.34
244.67
94.53
861.18
2,666.96
11.24
171.94
2,049.66
19.94
370.77
18,213.90
52.77
49.75
48.72
43.68
5.04
1.03
3.02
45.19
11.06
11.03
0.57
21.23
1.34
0.52
4.73
14.64
0.06
0.94
11.25
0.11
2.04
100
(Source: Da River – Thang Long JSC, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013)
At present, about 53% of the land of Hoa Binh City is for agriculture, mainly for rice
and other products like corn, cassava, pea, pea-nut (48.7% of the total City land). The
agricultural area for planting long-term tree accounts for 1% and that for breeding
aquatic product accounts for 3% of the total land of the City, in which most is for
living (11.6%) and specialized purposes (21.2%). The available land is 370 ha, about
24
2% of the total land of the City. Therefore, it is obvious that the land capacity of the
City is still big (Da River – Thang Long JSC, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013).
In the upcoming period of development toward urbanization, the available land and
more than 9,000 ha agricultural land use, which is able to transformed into nonagricultural use, offer the City a great opportunity for implementing sustainable socioeconomic development of the City.
2.5. General assessment of review
Through scientific, theoretical and empirical background of research results on water
quality in the world and Vietnam, the implementation of the study “Assessment of
wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in the 2013 – 2014 periods” is
necessary.
25
PART 3
METHODS
3.1. Object and scope of study
- Research object: Wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
- Research scope: Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City
3.2. Location and time of study
- Location: Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh CityTime: August 15, 2014 to December 15, 2014
3.3. Research content
3.3.1. Basic characteristics of Da River Left-bank Industrial zone – Hoa Binh City
- Overview of the Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone – Hoa Binh City.
- Demand for water and raw materials of some companies in the industrial zone.
- The process of treating wastewater of the industrial zone.
3.3.2. Assessment of current status of the water environmental quality of the industry
zone
- Evaluate the quality of wastewater through samples;
- Assess the impact of industrial zone’s wastewater to local people through
questionnaires.
3.3.3. Proposal of a number of solutions to reduce pollution and effects of industrial
wastewater to surrounding environment
- Solutions on management
- Solutions on technology
3.4. Research methods
3.4.1. Secondary data collection method
26
Secondary data are collected through official documents of Hoa Binh City People’s
Committee, Huu Nghi Ward People’s Committee, EPA, management board of Hoa
Binh industrial zones, management board of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, etc.
on natural, socio-economic conditions of the area, results of previous analysis on
wastewater samples in 2013, 2014, etc.
Additionally, data in scientific reports, conferences, books, newspapers, on the internet
and other materials are also exploited.
3.4.2. Methods of getting, maintaining and analyzing samples
* Tools for getting samples
Polyethylene plastic bottles of 500 ml capacity and dark brown glass bottles of 1000
ml capacity are used to get samples. All bottles for sampling and preservation should
be washed with soapy water, then washed thoroughly with clean water and rinsed with
distilled water.
* Sample getting methods
- Place: Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
- Time: October, 2014
- Ways of getting samples:
+ For wastewater from production and surface water: drop clean bottle deep down 20
cm from the water surface, orient orifice toward the most turbulent flow, and avoid
junk floating into the bottle.
+ For groundwater: get well’s water well at the moment after running water pump for
about 10 minutes.
- The sample bottle must fully complete following information:
+ Name of water source
27
+ Time of getting sample.
+ Location and sampling sites.
+ Meteorological conditions.
+ Research purposes.
+ Position and signature of sampler
* Preserving and analyzing samples methods
- The indicators as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical
conductivity, etc. are measured directly in the sampling sites by the mobile
measurement device or water quality’s instrumentation system in the large area to
avoid errors in the preservation process.
- The indicators as COD, BOD5, phosphorus, nitrogen and some other biochemical
indicators are collected, preserved and analyzed at laboratory of the Quality Assurance
and Testing Centre 1 according to the standard method (TCVN). If those indicators are
not analyzed immediately, they should be stored in refrigerated conditions at 50 oC.
Bottles containing BOD5 sample need to be dried for sterilization at 1500oC.
- Metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cr, Zn) were analyzed by means of polaro-graphic method and
atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
- The remaining indicators were analyzed by a colorimetric method, titration,
quantitative method, etc. according to allowed standards.
3.4.3. Questionnaire and Interview methods
Using questionnaires (60 sheets) and interviews to collect opinions of workers
employed in the industrial zone and people nearby. People in following groups: group
1, group 3, group 7, group 12, group 17, and group 23 – Huu Nghi Ward – Hoa Binh
City are chosen as subjects of the survey.
28
3.4.4. Analyzing, synthesizing and assessing data methods
Regulations of the State legal documents as QCVN 40:2011, QCVN 14:2008, QCVN
12:2008 are considered as criteria for assess the industrial zone’s wastewater quality.
- Synthetic methods: To compare results of analysis of water samples with QCVN 40:
2011 and QCVN 14: 2008 to assess the levels of pollutants’ contents and their impact
on the quality of surrounding water.
- Collected documents, data would are analyzed, processed by computer software such
as Word, Excel, etc.
29
PART 4
RESULTS
4.1. Overview of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
4.1.1. Status of operation and implementation of environmental protection of
some companies in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
Currently, the Industrial Zone has 18 projects including 02 foreign investment
projects and 16 domestic investment projects, with total registered capital of 100
billion VND (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2014B). There are 14 projects which have already
runned, 03 projects are in construction and 01 project has not implemented. Leased
land area is 28.61 ha, accounting for approximately 53.6% of total salable land area of
the Industrial Zone (Hoa Binh statistic office, 2012). The main sectors located in the
Industrial zone are: machinery and manufacturing industry, material and construction
industry and different light industry. Among them, 6 companies are likely to cause the
highest pollution due to their usage of huge amount of water and high level of
pollutants. This is clearly shown in table 2:
30
Table 2. Fuel and water consumption of some operating companies in Da River Leftbank Industrial Zone
No.
Name of company
Fuel using
Water using
(m3/ day)
- Glass, grind stone, grind
R-Vietnam technical research fluid, grind and polish material,
1
Company, Ltd
cutting fluid, detergent
chemical, waste treatment
280
liquid, maintaining material.
- Electric, diesel, petrol, gas
- Soaked piece of bamboo
2
3
Huu Nghi ISC for
Agricultural and Forestry
Products
- NaOH 95
- DO
- Ink types
Sankok Vietnam Company,
- Copper wire, circuit, chip
resistor, tin rod, white flesh,
Ltd
plastic liquid, packing plastic
bag, glue, tape, ink
- Turpentine oil, detergent
gasoline, diesel.
Sugar Hoa Binh JSC
4
- Sugar cane
- Lime, sulfur, phosphoric acid,
soda 96%
- Bagasse, FO
150 - 200
70
3.500
5
Beer factory - Hoang Gia
JSC
- Gas
950
6
Construction and Trade
Investment Lam Binh JSC
Sand, gravel, cement, stone,
lined mold oil, steel
730
(Source: Chairman of Hoa Binh Provincial People’s Committee, 2013)
 R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd
R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd has 100% foreign investment, located at Huu
Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City. The company started to operation in 2003. Production
31
field is various kinds of advanced optics; operation capacity is 800,000 lens/ month.
Currently, the total employees are 525 people and the area is 6,000 m2. The amount of
water used in production is 280 m3/ day and mining partially underground water for
cooling. (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2014B)
During operation, the Company has been confirmed the Register of Environmental
Standard in Document No. 213/STNMT-MTg, January 10, 2005 from Hoa Binh
DNRE. On August 29, 2013, inspection unit of Hoa Binh DNRE detected this
company has not done the record of reissued waste generator book of hazardous waste
to Hoa Binh DNRE through EPA and also have not reported the work of approvement
LEP (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2013B). Waste, dust, noise treatment systems, especially
wastewater treatment did not upgrade, operates regularly to ensure QCVN before
discharging into the environment following current regulations. At the same time, the
Company should upgrades, repairs hazardous waste depot, adds more collection
equipment, and prevents fire incidents and environmental pollution caused by
hazardous waste.
The situation of water management and treatment: wastewater generated from
production of 10-15 m3/day is processed through wastewater treatment system by
mechanical deposition method and then discharged into Dung stream. The domestic
wastewater (6 m3/day) from cooking process was not treated, discharged directly into
cooling water drainage system, (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2013B). The company did not
separated rain-water and industrial wastewater following regulations.

Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products
32
Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products is domestic investment
company, located at group 12, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City. Currently, the
Company has 108 workers, including 43 people working all year and 65 people are
seasonal workers. Revenue was 17.1 billion VND in 2013 and since August 2014 was
6.34 billion VND. (VEA, 2013)
The Company had form of centralized wastewater collection and treatment by
biophysical chemical technology. The Company is continuing to complete wastewater
treatment system. However, result has not fully done, some targets were exceeded
permissible standard. During inspection, the Company was still lack of record of
wastewater management while the amount of generated wastewater about 200 m3/day
(reused 100 m3) (Chairman of Hoa Binh Provincial People’s Committee, 2013).
On May 09, 2014, inspectors of MNR detected a number of violations of
environmental protection work. The company was required to overcome the
consequences. At the same time, Ministry of MNR has issued Decision No.226/QDXPCPHC on penalty the administrative violations with 897,166,000 VND (VEA,
2014).
 Sankoh Vietnam Co. Ltd.
Sankoh Vietnam Co, Ltd is invested in the form of 100% foreign capital (Japan),
located at group 12, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City. The Company started to operate
from 2003. Total employees are 749 people, the area is 14.649 m2. The main products
of the Company are electronic components (resistors and wires). Annually, the
Company produces about 60 million products/ year. Average water using per day is
33
about 70 m3 /day with supplies for Hoa Binh Fresh Water JSC. (Hoa Binh DNRE,
2014B).
During operation, the Company has been confirmed the Registration of Environmental
Standard from Hoa Binh DNRE No. 02/STNMT-MT April 06 2006. (Hoa Binh DNRE
2013C). In addition, the company did environmental monitoring program periodically
following regulations.
At the time of inspection on November 02, 2013, inspectors detected that the
Company had not declared and paid environmental protection fee for wastewater, and
had not have environmental procedures for improving operational capacity up to 30
times compared with the Register of Environmental Standards which has been
confirmed. (VEA, 2013)
Regarding to the situation of waste management and treatment: The Company did not
have wastewater treatment system, exhaust in factory area was absorbed by ventilation
system and went straight into the environment. Solid waste and hazardous waste were
collected, sorted, stored and treated following regulation.
Results of the analysis of wastewater samples compared with QCVN 40:2011, column
B showed that water samples discharged into Dung stream are exceeding standard 5 to
10 times incase discharged water volume of 50 to 500 m3/ day. On September 13,
2013, the Company was fined 14 million VND because of violation of point C, Term
3, Article 10 of Decree No. 117/2009 / ND-CP on December 31, 2009 of Government
of violation handling in environmental protection. (VEA, 2013)

Sugar Hoa Binh JSC
34
Hoa Binh Sugar JSC has 80% of foreign investment (China), located at Huu Nghi
Ward, Hoa Binh City. The Company started to produce in 1995. Hoa Binh Department
of Planning and Investment issued business permits Number 540102 862 for the
Company on June 25, 2013. Number of employees is 197 people, the surface area is 5
ha, type of production is sugar processing industry, the operating capacity is about
50,000 – 60,000 tons of cane/year. Daily chemical using is: calcium (1,600 kg), sulfur
(520 kg), phosphoric acid (150 kg), fuel production (170 – 190 tons of bagasse/ day).
The average amount of water used annually is about 1,000,000 m3 to 1,200,000 m3.
(Hoa Binh statistic office, 2012)
According to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of Prime Minister, the Company must
build wastewater treatment system in the 2003 – 2006 periods. (Hoa Binh DNRE,
2013B). To implement this decision of Prime Minister, the Company had renovated
and ungraded technology, equipment of production lines to build gas and wastewater
treatment system.
After sorting, circulation of wastewater reuse in the factory, wastewater treatment
exists 2 categories as follows:
Generated wastewater in the process of equipment washing is about 800 m3/day (Hoa
Binh statistic office, 2012). It was collected in 2 septic tanks in sugar factory and cane
juice factory. Those septic tanks had biological enzyme preparation; added lime to
adjust the pH before pumping to ash handling system and exhaust gas of boiler. Water
was circulated and reused; the evaporation through the boiler was offset. The
suspended solids were recovered, used as feedstock for microorganism fertilizer
production.
35
+ The generated wastewater during vacuum system for sugar cooking: after pumping
and partly cooling, wastewater turnovered to reuse, the rest (about 1200 m3) went to
biological lake. In there, wastewater was added biological enzyme, aerated for aerobic
fermentation before being discharged into the environment.
During the inpection on December 19, 2013 of VEA, inspectors detected the violation
of LEP of the Company as follows:
- The Company did not comply with required content and progress of environmental
pollution treatment under regulations. According to Decision No. 64/2003/QDD-TTg
of the Prime Minister, the Company must build wastewater and exhaust treatment in
the 2012 – 2013 periods. However, the Company has not been certified complete the
measures for environmental pollution treatment. (VEA, 2013)
- The Company has not implemented monitoring of waste and surrounding
environment following regulations. In 2013, the Company did environmental
monitoring with lack of Cyanide for wastewater before and after treatment, lack of
NH4 for surrounding air, lack of PO4-3 for surface water. (VEA, 2013)
* Beer factory – Hoang Gia JSC
Beer factory – Hoang Gia JSC is domestic investment, located at group 12, Huu Nghi
Ward, Hoa Binh City. The main production is beer with total employees of 1,666
people. (Hoa Binh statistic office, 2012)
During operation, the Company has been confirmed by Hoa Binh DNRE the
Registration of Environmental Standard in Document No.106/STNMT-MTG on June
28, 2005 (Da River – Thang Long JSC, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013). The Company did
environmental monitoring program periodically. In addition, wastewater treatment
36
system was built and operated with capacity of 1,800 m3/day. (Hoa Binh DNRE,
2013B). Moreover, the Company declared environmental protection fee for
wastewater; exhaust treatment system had dust filter equipment from the production
lines before dispersal into environment. Domestic waste was transferred and treated
following regulation.
However, the Company did not have the permission document of wastewater treatment
system operated by DNRE following regulation. Hazardous waste has not been
classified and without warning in storage.
 Construction and Trade Investment Lam Binh JSC.
Construction and Trade Investment Lam Binh JSC is domestic investment company,
located at group 12, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City. The Company started to operate
from 2003 (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012).
During operation, the Company has implemented environmental monitoring following
regulations 2 times/year, domestic and industrial wastewater collected was 17 m3/day
and 3,5 m3/day (Hoa Binh statistic office, 2012). The Company declared
environmental protection fee for wastewater. Exhaust arising from processing stage
did not go into exhaust treatment system. Domestic waste and industrial waste were
not classified thoroughly.
Average wastewater of the Company from living life (20 m3/day and from industrial
activities (10 m3/day) was treated and discharged into drain (Hoa Binh statistic office,
2012). Domestic and soild waste were not handled following regulation. The Company
did not have registration of hazardous waste.
37
4.1.2. The situation of wastewater treatment of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
Currently, wastewater in the Industrial Zone is self-handle at each company.
Wastewater is treated locally, has standard for industrial wastewater; and then,
followed the drains to discharge to Dung stream, Da River. Companies in the
Industrial Zone did not have centralized wastewater treatment system.
With the state of water is getting polluted and more polluted, the construction of
centralized wastewater treatment system is absolutely imperative. Thus, in 2013, Hoa
Binh Thang Long Da River JSC has developed the project: “Investment of
infrastructure construction and business of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone”. In
particular, based on current legislations and standards of Vietnam, project calculated
and designed to build the centralized wastewater collection and treatment system.
However, in 2013, the investor - Hoa Binh Thang Long Da River JSC did not have
enough the financial capacity. So, the project was deactivated. Currently, Da Hop
Company - new project owner is completing the procedures, investment permit and
begin construction and operation.
38
Collection
network
Wastewater
pumping station
Conditioning tank
Deposition tank
Aerobic – Anaerobic
bio-treatment tank
Mud tank
Mud pump
Mud tank
Float material filter tank
Mud pump
Disinfection tank
Received source
Figure 1: Diagram of wastewater treatment technology of Da River Left-bank
Industrial Zone (Source: Da River – Thang Long JSC, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013)
Diagram of processing technology of biological method (Aerotank technology):
+ Wastewater pumping station: All domestic and production water at each company
will be treated locally, and then will follow drains to a centralized wastewater pumping
station of the Industrial Zone.
39
+ Conditioning tank is designed to regulate the flow of bio-mechanic treatment plants.
Due to the unstable volume of wastewater, volume of the conditioning tank is
calculated to save water for 3 hours.
+ Deposition tank is designed to prevent mixing and reaction center. The suspended
solids from the conditioning tank will be removed, and pH of wastewater will be
controlled in the range of 6-8.
+ Aerobic – Anaerobic bio-treatment tank: water from deposition tank will go to this
tank. The tank is designed for nitrification and de-nitrification, with smooth foam
system from bottom up and bio-frame systems to help the development of microorganisms.
+ Mud tank
The microbial development will remove the circulation of activated mud (From
aerobic – anaerobic bio-treatment tank).
The suspended solids will be absorbed on float material’s surface, and then will be
pumped into mud tank and processed (From float material filtered tank)
+ Float material filter tank: when micro-organisms on bio-frame die and exit from biotank, they will flow with wastewater and will be removed in this tank.
+ Disinfection tank: The output will be disaffected by Javen. In there, the wastewater
flows out to the lake will meet standard QCVN 40:2011. The amount of mud in this
tank is collected for circulation.
4.2. Assessment of current situation of water in Da River Left-bank Industrial
Zone and the surrounding areas
4.2.1. Current situation of water at Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone.
40
With current situation of the Industrial Zone productions, wastewater is polluted
seriously with the levels of indicators as pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, Zn, Mn, Fe, mineral
oil, vegetable and animal oils, NH3-N, total N, Coliform exceed permissible limits.
Because the Industrial Zone’s companies do not have a centralized wastewater
treatment system, this study chooses 2 production bases in the list of businesses
causing serious water pollution of Hoa Binh province in the 2013 – 2014 periods to
analyze the current state of water pollution, including R Vietnam technical research
Co, Ltd., and Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products.
4.2.1.1. The situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in 2013
Table 3: Result of the analysis of wastewater samples at discharge point into the
environment - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products in 2013
No.
Indicators
Test method
Units
Results
QCVN
12:2008/BTNMT
CmaxB
B
Kq=0.9
Kf=1.1
1
pH
TCVN6492:2011
-
8.46
5.5 - 9
5.5 – 9
2
BOD5
Biological culture
mg/l
176
100
99
3
COD
SMEWW 5220 C 2012
mg/l
292
300
297
4
TSS
SMEWW 2540 D 2012
mg/l
289
100
99
5
Iron (Fe)
mg/l
0.19
5
4.95
6
Lead (Pb)
mg/l
0.014
0.5
0.495
7
Mineral oil
Weight
mg/l
1.24
10
9.9
8
Total N
HACH DR/6000Method 10071
mg/l
6.36
40
39.6
9
AOX
TCVN 6493:1999
mg/l
16.1
15
14.85
SMEWW 3500 Fe B
2012
HACH DR/6000Method 10071
(Source: Environment analyzing and technique JSC –2013b)
41
Comment: Results of analysis of wastewater samples at discharge point into the
environment of Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products showed a
relative high concentration of some pollutants in wastewater. Compared with QCVN
12:2008, column B (Kq=0.9 and Kf=1.1), BOD5 = 176 mg/l (exceeds 1.78 times),
COD = 292 mg/l approximate permissible limit is 297 mg/l, TSS = 289 mg/l (exceeds
2.92 times), and absorbable organic halogens (AOX) = 16.1 mg/l (exceeds 1.08 times)
Table 4: Result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample at discharge point - R
technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd in 2013
No.
Indicators
Analysis method
Unit
Result
HBH40/
NT-4
QCVN 40:2011
CmaxB
B
Kq=0.9
Kf=1.1
1
pH
TCVN6492:2011
-
7.67
5-9
5–9
2
BOD5
Biological culture
mg/l
41
50
49.5
3
TSS
mg/l
73
100
99
4
TDS
mg/l
317
1000
990
5
Sulfur calculated H2S
DR/2400-HACH
mg/l
0.56
4.0
3.96
6
Nitrat (NO3- -N)
DR/2400-HACH
mg/l
3.24
50
49.5
7
Oil (Food)
Weight
mg/l
1.78
20
19.8
8
Photphat (PO43- -P)
SMEWW4500PE:1
999
mg/l
1.32
10
9.9
MPN/100ml
Incub
atory,
Membra
ne
filtration
4970
5000
4950
9
Total Coliform
SMEWW 2540 D
2012
SMEWW2540C:19
99
(Source: Environment analyzing and technique JSC –2013a)
Comments: The result of industrial wastewater sample of R technical research
Vietnam Co, Ltd showed that almost polluted indicators in wastewater under the
42
permissible limit. Some indicators such as TDS, Sulfur (calculated according to H2S),
Nitrate (NO3-N), oil (food) had low values. However, compared with QCVN 14:2008,
column B (Kq=0.9 and Kf=1.1), BOD5 = 41 and TSS = 73 is relatively high, nearly the
permissible limit. Especially, total Coliform = 4970 (exceeds 1.004 times) of
permissible limit.
4.2.1.2. The situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in 2014
Table 5: The result of analysis of industrial wastewater at discharge point into
environment - Huu Nghi Joint Stock Company for Agricultural and Forestry Products
in 2014
No.
Indicators
Test method
Unit
Result
QCVN 12:2008
CmaxB
B
Kq=1
Kf=0.9
1
pH(250C)
TCVN6492:2011
-
8.42
5.5 - 9
5.5 – 9
2
BOD5
Biological culture
mg/l
255
100
99
3
COD
mg/l
310
300
297
4
Total suspended
solids (TSS)
mg/l
281
100
99
5
Iron (Fe)
mg/l
0.12
5
4.95
6
Lead (Pb)
mg/l
0.015
0.5
0.495
7
Mineral oil
Weight
mg/l
1.27
10
9.9
8
Total N
HACH DR/6000Method 10071
mg/l
6.31
40
39.6
9
Absorbable
organic
halogens (AOX)
TCVN 6493:1999
mg/l
17.9
15
14.85
SMEWW 5220 C
2012
SMEWW 2540 D
2012
SMEWW 3500 Fe B
2012
HACH DR/6000Method 10071
(Source: Environment analyzing and technique JSC – 2014b)
43
Comment: The result of analysis of wastewater sample at discharge point into
environment - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products was relatively
high. Compare with QCVN 12:2008, column B (Kq=0.9 and Kf= 1.1), BOD5 = 255
mg/l (exceeding 2.58 times), COD = 310 mg/l (exceeding 1.04 times), TSS = 281 mg/l
(exceeding 2.84 times), và AOX = 17.9 mg/l (exceeding 1.205 times)
350
310
292 289
300
297
281
255
(mg/l)
250
200
176
BOD5
150
COD
99
100
99
TSS
50
0
2013
2014
QCVN (12:2008)
Column B
Figure 2: Concentration of BOD5, COD and TSS in the 2013 – 2014 periods in
wastewater at discharged point into environment of wastewater treatment plant - Huu
Nghi Joint Stock Company for Agricultural and Forestry Products
Comments: Concentration of BOD5, COD and TSS were very high, have value
exceeding the permissible limit. This is a warning sign for Huu Nghi JSC for
Agricultural and Forestry Products about the production activities in Da River Leftbank Industrial Zone and the impacts caused seriously environmental pollution.
Besides, compared with 2013, the indicators BOD5 and COD had increased trend in
2014, the indicator TSS had reduced, but not significantly. At the same time, level of
TSS had exceeded more than 3 times the permissible limit. It could be seen that Huu
44
Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products need more effort and apply
reasonable solutions to reduce environmental pollution, expecially water.
20
18
17.9
16.1
14.85
16
(mg/l)
14
12
10
AOX
8
6
4
2
0
2013
2014
QCVN 12:2008
(Column B)
Figure 3: The concentration of AOX in the 2013 – 2014 periods in wastewater sample
at the discharged point into environment of wastewater treatment system, Huu Nghi
JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products
Comments: Base on figure 3, compared with QCVN 12:2008, AOX had high level,
tended to increase from 2013 to 2014, and could continue to increase in the coming
years. If this company does not have the timely and effective solutions, it will be a
very large amount of pollutants in the wastewater being discharged directly into the
environment.
45
Table 6: The result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample at the discharged point
- R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd in 2014
STT
Indicators
Analysis method
Unit
Result
HBH4
0/NT-4
1
pH
TCVN6492:2011
-
2
BOD5
Biological culture
3
TSS
4
TDS
5
Sulfur calculated H2S
6
QCVN 14:2008
CmaxB
B
Kq=0.9
Kf=1.1
7.6
5-9
5–9
mg/l
120
50
49.5
mg/l
85
100
99
mg/l
619
1000
990
DR/2400-HACH
mg/l
0.61
4.0
3.96
Nitrate (NO3- -N)
DR/2400-HACH
mg/l
3.57
50
49.5
7
Oil (food)
Weight
mg/l
1.92
20
19.8
8
Phosphate (PO43- -P)
SMEWW4500PE:1
999
mg/l
1.05
10
9.9
MPN/100ml
Incubatory,
Membrane
filtration
5400
5000
4950
9
Total Coliform
SMEWW 2540 D
2012
SMEWW2540C:19
99
(Source: Environment analyzing and technique JSC – 2014a)
Comments: The result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample of R technical
research Vietnam Co, Ltd showed that some indicators of the Company were in
warning period: TSS = 85 is relatively high. Moreover, compared with QCVN
14:2008, column B (Kq=0.9 and Kf=1.1), BOD5 = 120 (exceeding 2.42 times) and
total Coliform = 5400 (exceeding 1.1 times) the permissible limits.
46
140
120
120
(mg/l)
100
80
60
49.5
BOD5
41
40
20
0
2013
2014
QCVN 14:2008
(Column B)
Figure 4: The concentration of BOD5 in the 2013 – 2014 periods in the domestic
wastewater sample at the discharged point into environment, R technical research
Vietnam Co, Ltd.
Comments: The result of analysis above showed that in 2013, the concentration of
BOD5 was under permissible limit. However, after 1 year, this indicator rocketed up to
120 mg/l in 2014, exceeding over 2 times the permissible limits. This is a disturbing
result and should be found the solution immediately in the coming years in the
environmental protection.
47
5500
5400
5400
5300
(mg/l)
5200
5100
5000
4970
4950
Coliform
4900
4800
4700
2013
2014
QCVN 14:2008
(Column B)
Figure 5: The concentration of Total Coliform in the 2013 – 2014 periods in domestic
wastewater at the discharged point into environment, R technical research Vietnam
Co, Ltd
Comments: Based on the above result, in 2013, total Coliform exceeded the
permissible limit, compared with QCVN 14:2008 and tend to strongly increase in
2014. Due to negligence in the management of discharge, R technical research
Vietnam Co, Ltd discharged a large amount of wastewater directly into environment.
The company would be handing violations in the following years if they do not repair
the discharge management.
4.2.2. Assessment of wastewater‘s impacts of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone to
local people based on survey
To assess more accurately and objectively wastewater’s impacts of the Industrial Zone
to production activities, health and living life of local people, this study has conducted
direct interviews of households living around the Industrial Zone areas within a radius
of 2 kilometers. The survey results are synthesized in the following tables and figures:
48
4.2.2.1. The basic information of investigated subject
Farmers
43%
57%
10%
20%
30%
Male
Female
22%
18%
Officials
Workers
Retired
Others
Figure 6: The proportion of men
and women of investigated groups
Figure 7: The proportion of careers
of investigated groups
Comments: The investigated result showed that with the total of questionnaires,
women are 34 people (56.7 %), and men are 26 people (43.3 %). Almost investigated
subjects are farmers with 18 questionnaires (30 %) and workers with 13 questionnaires
(21.7 %). All of the investigated subjects are belong to Huu Nghi Ward – Hoa Binh
City. They have different ages, qualifications and backgrounds. They live in different
areas around the Industrial Zone. Therefore, the information is accurate and honest
4.2.2.2. Assessment of the impact of wastewater of Industrial Zone to local people.
* The situation of using water of local people
Through the result of investigation, the situation of using water of local people as
below:
With domestic water: almost people in Huu Nghi Ward use water from fresh water
supply project of Hoa Binh Fresh Water JSC. Some households are still using well
water.
With agricultural water: 100% of people use water from Dung stream to serve for
agricultural production. Because Dung stream is a directly receiving source of
wastewater from Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, agricultural production is
effected seriously.
49
* Wastewater’s impacts of the Industrial Zone to agriculture production and the health
of people living around there.
50
Table 7: The impact of wastewater of the Industrial Zone to agriculture production and the health of people living
around there
Impact to crop
Address
Group 1 –
Huu Nghi
Ward
Group 3 –
Huu Nghi
Ward
Group 7 –
Huu Nghi
Ward
Group 12 –
Huu Nghi
Ward
Number of
Questionnaires
Impact to
health of
people
Impact to breed
Cannot
Cause
Reduced
continue Proportion
Proportion disease Proportion
crop
to
(%)
(%)
for
(%)
yields
produce
animals
Reduced
the
Proportion
growth
Yes
(%)
of
animals
No
10
6
60
4
40
8
80
2
20
10
0
10
3
30
7
70
6
60
4
40
10
0
10
5
50
5
50
4
40
6
60
10
0
10
5
50
5
50
6
60
4
40
10
0
51
Group 17 –
Huu Nghi
Ward
Group 23 –
Huu Nghi
Ward
10
5
50
5
50
4
40
6
60
10
0
10
6
60
4
40
7
70
3
30
10
0
Total
60
30
30
35
25
60
0
Proportion
(%)
100
50
50
58.3
41.7
100
0
52
Comments: Through above table, wastewater of the Industrial Zone impacted to
agricultural production of local people.
With the crop: 60% of people in group 1, 30% of people in group 3, 50% of people in
group 7, 50% of people in group 12, 50% of people in group 17, 60% of people in group
23, Huu Nghi Ward said that wastewater of the Industrial Zone made them cannot
continue to produce. The rest of people the wastewater of the Industrial impacted to their
crop yields. No one said that the wastewater did not impact to their production activities.
With the breeding: 80% of people in group 1, 60% of people in group 3, 40%of people in
group 7, 60% of people in group 12, 40%of people in group 17, 70of people in group 23,
Huu Nghi Ward said that wastewater of the Industrial Zone impacted to their breeding
and caused diseases to animals. The rest of investigated people said that wastewater of
the Industrial Zone reduced the growth of animals. No one said that the breeding was not
affected by wastewater of the Industrial Zone.
With health: 100% of people in the groups have been investigated said that wastewater
of the Industrial Zone impacted to their health, caused several diseases such diseases of
skin, eyes, respiratory, etc. No one said that wastewater from the Industrial Zone did not
impact to their health.
In investigated groups, group 12 and group 17 suffered the most impacts from the
Industrial Zone’s wastewater because those groups are located nearest to the discharge
source.
4.3. Recommendation of solutions to overcome and minimize water pollution of Da
River Left-bank Industrial Zone
53
To address water pollution of the Industrial Zone and bad effects of wastewater to
human’s life, health and production activities, recommendation of solutions and
minimization of water pollution are essential. In order to achieve high efficiency, it is
necessary to apply both management and technology solutions.
4.3.1. Management solutions
Management solutions in mechanisms, policies and technical require a synchronous
coordination and assignment of responsibilities for related sectors. If the causes of water
pollution of the Industrial Zone are well-recovered , a huge of amount of pollutants
would decrease and would be under the values regulated in column B of QCVN 40:2011,
QCVN 12:2008 and QCVN 14:2008.
To implement coercive measures against Da river Left-bank Industrial Zone if they
continue to discharge untreated or unsatisfactory treated wastewater into the environment
and pollute receiving water source.
* The functional units have to organize inspection and examination of the observance of
regulations in environmental protection of the Industrial Zone.
* In addition, local government needs to apply mechanisms to charging fees for
environmental protection and wastewater discharge according to regulations.
* For Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone
- To timely build wastewater treatment system to treat wastewater for whole Industrial
Zone. At the same time, to operate wastewater treatment system regularly to affectively
treat a huge of amount of wastewater in the Industrial Zone.
54
- To maintain controlling of environmental pollution annually and report to functional
authorities as a base for environmental management and monitoring;
- To build plans for prevention and overcoming environmental incidents;
- To implement solutions to protect environment in accordance with laws such as:
+ To urge wastewater treatment of factories and companies in the Industrial Zone,
especially companies that are in the list of polluters of Hoa Binh DNRE;
+ To ensure wastewater treatment to meet the national technical standards;
- To provide warning and discipline levels for irresponsible behavior leads to
environmental incidents for the Industrial Zone. At the same time, to provide reWard
levels for individuals or groups having good initiative to reduce the level of pollution in
the Industrial Zone;
- To raise constantly awareness in environmental protection for workers and employees
such as organizing short-term training through organizations to educate people the
consciousness of environmental protection
4.3.2. Technological solutions
In order to reduce to a minimum in both amount and concentration of pollutants, the
Industrial Zone has to select appropriate production technologies. Solutions should be
made as follows:
+ To issue a number of policies to encourage companies which still use outdated
technologies. So, they would invest in improving production lines, apply clean
technologies to minimize maximum the amount of wastewater.
55
+ To allow only investment projects which already have advanced technologies and
create less amount of wastewater
Besides of selection of advanced technologies and production lines, the disposal of
wastewater in the Industrial Zone should also implement as following solutions:
+ For wastewater treatment system’s construction of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone,
according to technological diagram, the Industrial Zone only apply aerobic biological
treatment, that is not highly effective in wastewater treatment. Therefore, the Industrial
Zone should combine physical, chemical and biological method together to thoroughly
handle the problems. At the same time, the Industrial Zone should install flow
measurement system and continuous monitoring of all discharged points to measure
automatic parameters of treated wastewater as pH, COD, TSS, TDS, NH3, Color, etc. On
applying those methods, the Industrial Zone can ensure wastewater treatment meets
QCVN 40:2011, QCVN 12:2008 and QCVN 14:2008, column B.
Through process of learning, researching and collecting references, the author suggests
the Industrial Zone to use wastewater treatment process as following:
56
Wastewater
Wastewater pit
Pump
Garbage blocking grid
Compressor
Conditioning
aeration tank
Oil separator tank
Oil tank
Neutral
compounds
Neutral reaction
tank
Adhesive compound
Coagulated
reaction tank
Dissolved
tank
Sand filter tank
Disinfecting tank
Flow measurement and
monitoring system
Mud tank
Mud vehicle
Treated water
storage tank
Water reached
permissible
standard
Discharge to
receiving
source
Figure 8: Diagram of wastewater treatment technology
57
This system is a complex process, which includes several stages: preliminary treatment,
aerobic microbial treatment and coagulated chemical treatment.
The technological process is described as following:
Wastewater from various manufacturing companies in Industrial Zone flows with
wastewater system to wastewater pit. From wastewater pit, wastewater is pumped to
conditioning aeration tank (the top of tank has garbage block in grid) to reduce COD and
BOD5 concentrations. Subsequently, wastewater is put into an oil separator tank to
remove oil from wastewater; the separated oil will be put into oil tank. Wastewater flows
to neutral reaction tank to bring pH to appropriate value for coagulated treatment. In
coagulated reaction tank, suspended solids in water are coagulated. Then, wastewater
flow into settling tank to remove suspended solids, mud is put into the mud tank. After
that, wastewater is sent to sand filter tank to remove almost thoroughly suspended solids.
After crossing sand filter tank, wastewater is taken to disinfecting tank. Finally,
wastewater is passed into treated wastewater tank and flows drains and discharge to
environment. At the beginning of drains, there are measurement and monitoring systems
for some pollutants in wastewater.
* Advantages and disadvantages of the system:
- Advantages:
+ Wastewater treatment standards
+ Less the auxiliary works, less construction area.
+ Simple operation line
+ Simple equipment, easy to monitor and manage.
58
- Disadvantage
+ Mainly apply bioremediation technology. So, it should be considered carefully to the
conditions for the best of mud work.
59
PART 5
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1. Discussion
Through research result, it can be discussed the specified contents as following:
Firstly, the operation and implementation status of environmental protection in the
Industrial Zone is relatively good. Besides, some companies were still neglected and not
strictly controlled to have been sanctioned for administrative violations of environmental
protection. Otherwise, the Industrial Zone did not have centralized wastewater treatment
system.
Secondly, the wastewater situation of the Industrial Zone and surrounding areas are
complex and alarming. Some companies in the Industrial Zone have wastewater samples
with very high levels of BOD5, COD, total Coliform, AOX, TSS, etc that cause serious
pollution in the 2013 – 2014 periods. Consequently, wastewater affected local people
health and their agricultural production levels by making crop yield reduction, causing
disease for human and animals, and reducing the growth of livestock.
Thirdly, solutions to minimize wastewater pollution are pointed out. It is necessary to
apply management and technology solutions together. Authorities have to enhance
regulations on water resources to the Industrial Zone. Besides, it should be applied a clear
mechanism for management of water resources and irrigation structures, to coordinate
and manage the construction, approval of organizations and individuals that are directly
60
related to the exploitation and water resources. In the coming years, the Industrial Zone
has to operate and improve centralized wastewater treatment system.
5.2. Conclusion
With the title “Assessment of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in the
2013-2014 periods”, the study has shown both environmental protection work and
situation of wastewater treatment in the Industrial Zone currently. With whole scene of
pollution and its impacts, it is an alarm for not only the Industrial Zone but also local
people and authorities in environmental protection. It is urgency to prevent water
pollution by thorough solutions.
Although the study has yielded some initial findings, some of its limitations still exist.
The findings from this study can be examined in a pilot process to check its
compatibility. A further research for this study can focus more on solutions to improve
wastewater in the Industrial Zone, then to propose amendment and adjustment for the
next step of implementation.
61
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64
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: SAMPLE SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRE
ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER’S IMPACT ON DA RIVER LEFT-BANK
INDUSTRIAL ZONE TO LOCAL PEOPLE
This survey questionnaire is part of real study of students in K42 -Environmental
Science Management (Advanced Education Program) - Thai Nguyen University of
Agriculture and Forestry.
Information that you provide will help students collect data and information for
research: "Assessment on situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial
Zone – Hoa Binh City in the 2013 – 2014 periods”.
With permission and supervision of Hoa Binh Environmental Protection Agency
and Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, I guarantee that the information
done by students will not cause any effects to you. We appreciate your enthusiasm in
providing information in high accuracy during this survey.
Sincerely yours!
Interviewer: Tran Thi Lan Huong
Class: K42 - Environmental Science and Management (Advanced Education
Programs)
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry.
65
PART I
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name: ....................................................................................
2. Address: .................................................................................
3. Age: .............. Gender: ......... EthniCity:..................................
4. Telephone number: .................................................................
5. Interview Time (DD/MM/YY): ...............................................
Please answer or mark "X" in appropriate answers for your opinions!
PART II
ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER’S IMPACT ON DA RIVER
LEFT-BANK INDUSTRIAL ZONE TO LOCAL PEOPLE
Question 1: Does wastewater of the Industrial Zone impact to your crop?
Absolutely yes
Sometimes
It depends
Absolutely no
Question 2: Does wastewater of the Industrial Zone impact to your breeding?
Absolutely yes
Sometimes
It depends
Absolutely no
Question 3: Does wastewater the Industrial Zone impact to your health?
Yes
No
Question 4: How are your crop activities when the Industrial Zone discharges
into the environment?
66
Normally
Reduces crop yields
Cannot continue to produce
Others
Question 5: How are your breeding activities when the Industrial Zone
discharge into the environment?
Normally
Reduced the growth of animals
Cause disease for animals
Others
If you answer “Absolutely yes”, “It depends”, “Sometimes” or “Othes”, please write
the reasons belows?
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Informer
(Signature and full name)
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APPENDIX 2
PHOTOS OF THE DA RIVER LEFT-BANK INDUSTRIAL ZONE’S WASTEWATER
The end point of wastewater of the Industrial
Zone discharged into Dung stream
Wastewater receiving point of Dung stream
from Huu Nghi AFP JSC , Sugar Hoa Binh
JSC and Sankok Vietnam Company, Ltd)
Wastewater canal in the Industrial Zone
Wastewater stagnant point
in the Industrial Zone
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