Online Supplementary Material
Estuaries and Coasts
Managing bay and estuarine ecosystems for multiple services
Needles, Lisa A.*, Sarah E. Lester, Richard Ambrose, Anders Andren, Marc Beyeler, Michael S. Connor, James E. Eckman, Barry A. Costa-Pierce, Steven D.
Gaines, Kevin D. Lafferty, Hunter S. Lenihan, Julia Parrish, Mark S. Peterson, Amy E. Scaroni, Judith S. Weis, Dean E. Wendt
*
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA and Center
for Coastal Marine Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
Email: lisa.needles@lifesci.ucsb.edu
Online Resource 1 Matrix Reference Table
Sources to support the Management Action/Service Matrix (Table 1). References are not exhaustive but rather represent the sources
utilized to determine the directional effect of a management action on a service as shown in Table 1. Abbreviations in column headers
are as follows: MS (Meta-service), HS (Aesthetic, Historical and Cultural), DV (Development), RC (Recreation), CY (Nutrient
Cycling), CM (Climate Regulation), BP (Biotic Provisioning), NBP (Non-biotic provisioning), PP (Physical Provisioning), TR
(Transportation), FP (Flood Protection), SS (Shoreline Stabilization), NC (Nutrient Capture and Cycling), CP (Removal of
Contaminants and Pathogens), BD (Conserving Native Biodiversity).
Management Action
HS
DV
RC
CY
CM
BP
NBP
PP
TR
FP
SS
NC
CP
BD
Aesthetic, Historical
and Spiritual Value
Viewshed protection
[3]
[4]
[5]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[6]
2
Aesthetic, Historical
and Spiritual Value
Site protection
(e.g. archeological)
[3]
[4, 7]
[5]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[6]
3
Aesthetic, Historical
and Spiritual Value
Species protection
[6, 8]
[4, 9]
[5]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
4
Area for Development
Siting, development (e.g. malls,
parking lots, buildings)
[4, 7]
[4]
[10]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[11]
[4, 9]
5
Recreation
Habitat restoration/creation
[6, 12]
[4, 9, 12]
[5, 12]
[13]
[1]
[14-16]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[5, 13]
[5, 12]
[5, 15, 16]
6
Recreation
Habitat protection
[6, 8]
[4, 9]
[17, 19, 20]
[19, 21-23]
[24]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[5, 25]
[5, 25]
[5, 16]
7
Recreation
Coastal access
(e.g. trails, parking)
[6]
[4, 26]
[26]
[1]
[1]
[26]
[26]
[1]
[26]
[26]
[26]
[1]
[11]
[5]
8
Recreation
Beach nourishment
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
[10]
9
Recreation
Installation of piers/ramps
(for boating)
[27]
[4]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[28]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[29]
[4, 30, 31]
10
Recreation
Dredging/channelization
[32-35]
[32-37]
[32-37]
[32-35]
[32-35]
[32-37]
[36]
[1]
[32-35]
[1]
[32]
[32-35]
[32-36, 38]
11
Recreation
Stock enhancement for
recreational fisheries
[40]
[4]
[15, 40]
[1]
[1]
[15, 40]
[1]
[1]
[15, 40]
[41, 42]
[42]
[43-46]
[1]
12
Climate Regulation
Habitat protection - emergent
vegetation (mangrove, marsh)
[17, 48, 49]
[1]
+ [17, 18]/
- [2]
[17, 19, 20]
[19, 21-23]
[17, 18, 50]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[17, 51-53]
[51, 54-56]
[17, 19, 20, 57,
58]
13
Climate Regulation
Habitat creation/restoration emergent vegetation
(mangrove, marsh)
[17, 48, 49]
[1]
+ [17, 18]/
- [2]
[17, 19, 20]
[19, 21-23]
[17, 18, 50]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[17, 51-53]
[51, 54-56]
[17, 19, 20, 57,
58]
[52, 59-61]
[52, 62]
14
Climate Regulation
Shoreside power (cold ironing)
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[63, 64]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
15
Climate Regulation
Restrict motorcraft use
[65]
[1]
+[65]/
- [1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[66]
16
Climate Regulation
Fuel efficiency standards
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
17
Biotic (e.g. food)
Habitat restoration/creation
[12]
[12]
[12]
[13]
[19, 21-23]
[14-16]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[17, 18, 51, 52]
[54-56]
[13]
[12]
[15, 16]
18
19
Biotic (e.g. food)
Habitat protection
[12, 17, 48, 49]
[12]
+[12, 17, 18]/
- [2]
[17, 19, 20]
[19, 21-23]
[24]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[17, 18, 51, 52]
[54-56]
[25]
[25]
[16]
Biotic (e.g. food)
Installation of piers/ramps
[27]
[4]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[28]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[29]
[4, 30, 31]
20
Biotic (e.g. food)
Dredging/channelization
[32-35]
[32-37]
[32-37]
[32-35]
[32-35]
[32-37]
[36]
[1]
[32-35]
[32]
[33]
[32-35]
Cultural
1
Climate Regulation
Service
Provisioning
MS
[5], [17, 18]/
- [2]
[52, 59-61]
[32-36, 38]
[32-35, 38, 39]
[15, 47]
[52, 62]
[32-35, 38, 39]
Provisioning
MS
Service
HS
DV
RC
CY
CM
BP
NBP
PP
TR
FP
SS
NC
CP
BD
[67, 68]
[1]
[68]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[68]
[1]
[69]
[41, 42]
[42]
[43-46]
[1]
[15, 47, 70]
[1]
[75]
[75]
[72-74, 76, 77]
[78]
[78]
21
Biotic (e.g. food)
Open diversion gates
[1]
[1]
[1]
22
Biotic (e.g. food)
Stock enhancement
[40]
[1]
[15, 40]
[1]
[1]
[15, 40, 70]
[1]
[1]
[15, 40]
23
Biotic (e.g. food)
Increase aquaculture
development
[71]
[71]
[71]
[71]
[1]
[71-74]
[1]
[1]
[1]
24
Biotic (e.g. food)
Non-native introductions
(for the purposes of food)
[78]
[1]
[78]
[78]
[1]
[78]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[78]
[78]
25
Biotic (e.g. food)
Treatment of sewage and
discharge to increase aq. food
production
[79-81]
[1]
[79-81]
[1]
[1]
[79-81]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[79-81]
[79-83]
[79-81]
26
Biotic (e.g. food)
Fishery regulation
[16]
[1]
[16]
[16, 84, 85]
[1]
[16, 84, 85]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[16, 85]
[16, 85]
[85]
[16, 84, 85]
Desalination
[86, 87]
[86, 87]
[86, 87]
[86, 87]
[1]
[86, 87]
[86, 87]
[86, 87]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[86]
[86]
[86, 87]
Salt pond creation
[88, 89]
[1]
[88, 89]
[1]
[1]
[88, 89]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[88, 89]
Sand mining
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[90]
[1]
[90]
27
28
29
Storm Protection
Management Action
Non-biotic
(e.g. fresh water, salt,
sand)
Non-biotic
(e.g. fresh water, salt,
sand)
Non-biotic
(e.g. fresh water, salt,
sand)
[1]
30
Physical (energy)
Provide tidal power
[1]
[1]
[91, 92]
[1]
[1]
[93]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[91, 92]
31
Physical (energy)
Provide cooling source
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
32
Transportation
(shipping and ports)
Installation of piers/ramps
[27]
[4]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[28]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[29]
[4, 30, 31]
33
[32-35]
[32-37]
[32-37]
[32-35]
[32-35]
[32-37]
[36]
[1]
[32-35]
[32]
[33]
[32-35]
[32-36, 38]
[32-35, 38, 39]
34
Transportation
(shipping and ports)
Transportation
(shipping and ports)
Allowing large container shipping
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[94]
[1]
35
Flood Protection
Water storage: Manage water
entry into estuary
(e.g. flood gates, sewage)
[95]
[95]
[95]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[95]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
36
Flood Protection
Dredging/channelization
[32-35]
[32-37]
[32-37]
[32-35]
[32-35]
[32-37]
[36]
[1]
[32-35]
[32]
[33]
[32-35]
[32-36, 38]
[32-35, 38, 39]
37
Flood Protection
Creating levees
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[1]
[1]
[32, 33, 96]
[32]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
[32, 33, 96]
38
Flood Protection
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
[97]
39
Flood Protection
[1]
[1]
[2]
[1]
[98]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[98]
40
Flood Protection
[95, 101, 102]
[95, 101, 102]
[95]
[95, 101, 102]
[95, 101, 102]
Dredging/channelization (for the
maintenance of shipping)
Implementing development
regulations (buffers and zoning)
Implement managed retreat
(realignment)
Open diversion gates
[99]
[95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102]
[1]
[95, 101, 102]
[99, 100]
[95]
[99]
[95]
[95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102]
[95, 101, 102]
Storm Protection
MS
Service
HS
DV
RC
CY
CM
BP
NBP
PP
TR
FP
SS
NC
CP
BD
[103-105]
[103-105]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[103]
[106]
[103-105]
[103-105]
[103-105]
[107]
[1]
[33]
[107]
[33, 107, 108]
[33, 107, 108]
[33, 107, 108]
[33, 107, 108]
41
Flood Protection
Invasive removal (e.g. mitten
crab, nutria)
[103-105]
[1]
[1]
[103-105]
42
Flood Protection
Estuary/wetland
conservation/restoration/creation
[33, 107,
108]
[33, 107, 108]
[33, 107, 108]
[33, 107, 108]
43
Shoreline Stability
Enhance/create emergent
vegetation
(e.g. mangrove, saltmarsh)
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
[107, 109]
44
Shoreline Stability
Enhance/create seagrass
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
[110, 111]
45
Shoreline Stability
Enhance/create barrier islands
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[1]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
[95, 112]
46
Shoreline Stability
Install revetment/riprap/
breakwater/bulkhead
[34, 97,
113, 114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
[34, 97, 113,
114]
47
Shoreline Stability
Beach nourishment
[113, 115]
[113, 115]
[113, 115]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[113, 115]
[113, 115]
[1]
[1]
[113, 115]
48
Shoreline Stability
Implement managed retreat
(realignment)
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[113, 116]
[98]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[99]
[99, 100]
[1]
[1]
[99]
49
Shoreline Stability
[117]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[98]
[1]
[1]
[1]
50
Shoreline Stability
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[1]
[1]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118, 119]
51
Nutrient Capture &
Cycling
[1]
[79-81]
[1]
[1]
[79-81]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[79-81]
[79-83]
[79-81]
52
Nutrient Capture &
Cycling
[17, 19, 20]
[19, 21-23]
[17, 18, 50]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[17, 51-53]
[51, 54-56]
[17, 19, 20, 57,
58]
53
Nutrient Capture &
Cycling
Nutrient Capture &
Cycling
Nutrient Capture &
Cycling
Nutrient Capture &
Cycling
Removal of
Contaminants &
Pathogens
Removal of
Contaminants &
Pathogens
Removal of
Contaminants &
Pathogens
Removal of
Contaminants &
Pathogens
54
Water Quality
Management Action
55
56
57
58
59
60
Creating/maintaining cobble
beach
Creating/maintaining sill/salt
marsh vegetation
Treatment of wastewater prior
to discharge
Enhance/create emergent
vegetation
(e.g. mangrove, saltmarsh)
Restore and enhance shellfish
(filtration; e.g. oysters)
Aerate (i.e. DO maintenance)
Create bioswale/retention
ponds
Water disposal: direct untreated
water into estuary
Treatment of wastewater prior
to discharge
Treatment of stormwater prior
to discharge
Enhance/create emergent
vegetation
(e.g. mangrove, saltmarsh)
Restore and enhance shellfish
(filtration; e.g. oysters)
[79-81]
[17, 48, 49]
[1]
+ [17, 18]/
- [2]
[33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108]
[52, 59-61]
[52, 62]
[1]
[1]
[120, 121]
[122]
[123]
[121, 124]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[121]
[125, 126]
[122]
[127] [16, 121,
122]
[15, 124, 128,
129]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[130]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[131]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[79-81]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[79-81]
[79-83]
[79-81]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[132-134]
[1]
[17, 19, 20]
[19, 21-23]
[17, 18, 50]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[17, 51-53]
[51, 54-56]
[17, 19, 20, 57,
58]
[52, 59-61]
[52, 62]
[122]
[123]
[121, 124]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[121]
[125, 126]
[122]
[79-81]
[1]
[17, 48, 49]
[1]
[1]
[1]
+ [17, 18]/
- [2]
[120, 121]
[79-81]
[127] [16, 85,
121, 122]
[15, 85, 124,
128, 129]
Conserving Native Biodiversity
Water
Quality
MS
Service
61
62
Removal of
Contaminants &
Pathogens
Removal of
Contaminants &
Pathogens
Management Action
HS
DV
RC
CY
CM
BP
NBP
PP
TR
FP
SS
NC
CP
BD
Create bioswale/retention
ponds
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[131]
[1]
Water disposal: direct untreated
water into estuary
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[6, 8]
[4, 9]
[4, 9]
[5]
[1]
[135]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[135]
[12]
[13]
[19, 21-23]
[14-16]
[2]
[2]
[17, 18, 51, 52]
[54-56]
[13]
63
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Species protection
64
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Habitat restoration/creation
65
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Reintroduction of natives
[136, 137]
[136, 137]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[136]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[136]
[136]
[136]
66
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Removal of non-native species
(poison or mechanical)
[138, 139]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[139]
[1]
[140]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[139, 141]
[136]
[139, 142]
67
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Creating a fishery for invasives
[139, 143]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[143]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[143]
[1]
[1]
[143]
68
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Physical barriers
[1]
[144]
[144]
[1]
[1]
[144]
[1]
[1]
[144]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[144]
69
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Treatment of ballast discharge
[144-146]
[145]
[1]
[1]
[147]
[145, 147]
[1]
[1]
[145]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[94, 146]
[145, 147]
70
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Offshore ballast exchange
[145]
[145]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[145]
[1]
[1]
[145]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[94]
[145]
71
Conserving Native
Biodiversity
Hull fouling regulations
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[148, 149]
[150]
[1]
[1]
[150]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[150-152]
72
Conserve Native
Biodiversity
Spatial closures
[153-155]
[154]
[153-155]
[1]
[1]
[156-158]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[154, 156-158]
[12]
[12]
[2]
[12]
[15, 16]
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