Appendix Table S2 Threats associated with impoundments that change ecological conditions
and affect fish population distribution and abundance within relict river-fragments (1 and 2) or
threaten extinction of relict populations (3) on the plains of North America, with selected
examples.
Threats
Examples
Citations
1. Habitat threats
Serial discontinuity (temperature)
Edwards (1978); Anderson et al.
(1983)
Serial discontinuity (substrate)
Gore & Bryant (1986); Wilhite &
Hubert (2011)
Geomorphic stabilization
Shields et al. (2000); Sabo et al.
(2012)
In-fragment land use
Hoagstrom et al. (2008); O'Neill &
Thorp (2011)
Novel habitats
Johnson (2002); Sabo et al. (2012)
Water quality & quantity
Hoagstrom (2009); Falke et al.
(2011)
Flow-regime alteration
Hoagstrom et al. (2010); Perkin et
al. (2011)
Non-native invasions
Quist et al. (2004); Falke & Gido
(2006)
Assemblage flux
Hoagstrom et al. (2007); Falke et
al. (2012)
Dispersal-limitation, climate-change
trap
Matthews & Zimmerman (1990);
Perkin et al. (2013)
Diminished population/metapopulation
Luttrell et al. (1999); Falke et al.
(2010)
Diminished effective population size
Alò & Turner (2005); Osborne et
al. (2005).
2. Faunal threats
3. Extinction debt
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