Supplementary Online Information
TABLE S1. Measures of population subdivision (Fst, Gst) and Nm values for bacteria and fungi.
Species
BACTERIA
Rhizobium etli biovar
phaseoli
Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv trifolii
Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv trifolii
FUNGI
Agaricus bisporus
Armillaria gallica
N
populations
N
loci
Marker type
Diploid or haploid
marker/organism
Measure of
population
subdivision
6
10
allozymes
haploid
Gst, Nm
6
13
allozymes
haploid
Fst, Gst
value
Nm (calculated or
provided by author)
0.072
4.50
0.096
4.70
0.128
3.40
Reference
(Silva et al. 1999)
Fst
(Strain et al. 1995)
5
15
allozymes
haploid
Gst, Nm
(Hagen & Hamrick 1996)
4
8
1
1
haploid
haploid
Fst
Fst
0.3154
0.026
1.09
18.73
(Xu et al. 1998)
(Saville et al. 1996)
Armillaria gallica
Chondrostereum
purpureum
8
7
mtDNA
mtDNA
anonymous
nuclear loci
diploid
Fst
0.012
20.58
(Saville et al. 1996)
4
22
diploid
Gst
0.048
4.96
(Gosselin et al. 1999)
Coccidiodes immitis
3
10
diploid
Fst
0.572
0.19
(Burt et al. 1997)
Daldinia loculata
7
6
diploid
Fst
0.07
3.32
(Johannesson et al. 2001)
Daldinia loculata
Epichloё festucae
Fomitopsis pinicola
Fomitopsis rosea
Fusarium oxysporum
Lobaria pulmonaria
Microbotryum violaceum
Microbotryum violaceum
Microbotryum violaceum
7
2
4
4
12
6
14
6
8
14
84
42
11
1
1
5
5
5
haploid
diploid
diploid
diploid
haploid
diploid
diploid
diploid
diploid
Gst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Gst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.14
0.197
0.172
0.13
0.203
0.24
0.393
0.42
0.92
3.07
1.02
1.20
1.67
1.96
0.79
0.39
0.35
0.02
(Johannesson et al. 2001)
(Garcia et al. 2002)
(Högberg et al. 1995)
(Hogberg & Stenlid 1999)
(Gordon et al. 1992)
(Zoller et al. 1999)
(Bucheli et al. 2001)
(Bucheli et al. 2001)
(Bucheli et al. 2001)
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
18
19
haploid
Fst
0.32
1.06
(Carlier et al. 1996)
Schizophyllum commune
Stereum sanguinolentum
Tapesia yallundae
5
12
5
5
23
10
RAPD
anonymous
nuclear loci
anonymous
nuclear loci
Minisatellites
for haploid
ascospores
AFLP
AP-PCR
AP-PCR
mtDNA
rDNA
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
anonymous
nuclear loci
anonymous
nuclear loci
minisatellites
AFLP
diploid
diploid
diploid
Fst
Gst
Fst
0.181
0.11
-0.008
1.13
2.02
NA
(James & Vilgalys 2001)
(Stenlid & Vasiliauskas 1998)
(Douhan et al. 2002)
2
TABLE S2. Measures of population subdivision (Fst, Gst, Φst) and Nm values for plants.
Fst,
Gst,
Φst
value
Nm
(calculated
or provided
by author)
Mating
system
Distribution
Range covered
Measure of
population
subdivision
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Gst
0.133
3.26
both
unknown
regional
regional
Φst
0.6372
0.14
Reference
(Vendramin et al.
1999)
(Liao & Hsiao
1998)
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst, Nm
0.107
2.08
(Ge & Sun 1999)
SSRs
both
mixed
regional
regional
Gst, Nm
0.178
1.16
(Ge & Sun 1999)
45
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Φst
0.325
0.52
3
138
RAPDs
both
endemic
regional
Fst
0.2935
0.60
Anisantha sterilis
3
9
SSRs
both
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
(Wolff et al. 1997)
(Kwon & Morden
2002)
widespread
local
Fst
0.3108
0.55
(Green et al. 2001)
Anthyllis montana
16
1199
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.4237
0.34
Antirrhinum charidemi
5
11
allozymes
both
outcrossing
endemic
local
Gst
0.054
4.38
Antirrhinum valentinum
Arceuthobium
americanum
5
11
allozymes
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Gst
0.48
0.27
51
85
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Gst
0.303
0.58
Argania spinosa
19
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Gst
0.6
0.33
(Kropf et al. 2002)
(Mateu-Andres &
Segarra-Moragues
2000)
(Mateu-Andres &
Segarra-Moragues
2000)
(Jerome & Ford
2002)
(ElMousadik &
Petit 1996)
Argyroxiphium kauense
3
7
SSRs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.141
1.52
Aster tripolium
Astragalus
cremnophylax
8
33
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
regional
Φst
0.175
1.18
(Friar et al. 2001)
(Kruger et al.
2002)
3
220
AFLP
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.41
0.36
(Travis et al. 1996)
Avicennia germinans
14
349
AFLP
both
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Φst, Nm
0.41
0.41
Avicennia marina
14
3
SSRs
both
unknown
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.41
0.36
Beta vulgaris
40
1
cpDNA
seed
mixed
regional
regional
Fst, Nm
0.43
1.33
Buchloё dactyloides
4
10
allozymes
both
mixed
regional
regional
Φst
0.547
0.21
(Dodd et al. 2002)
(Maguire et al.
2000)
(Forcioli et al.
1998)
(Peakall et al.
1995)
Buchloё dactyloides
4
98
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
regional
Φst
0.681
0.12
(Peakall et al.
N pop’ns
N
loci
Marker
Pollen or
seed?
Abies alba
17
1
cpSSRs
pollen
Acorus gramineus
12
17
RAPDs
Aegiceras corniculatum
10
9
allozymes
Aegiceras corniculatum
10
18
Alkanna orientalis
4
Alphitonia ponderosa
Species
3
1995)
Caesalpinia echinata
5
134
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Φst
0.58
0.18
Calluna vulgaris
Calycophyllum
spruceanum
23
1
cpDNA
seed
mixed
regional
species-wide
Gst
0.473
0.56
9
65
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.118
1.87
Carapa guianensis
3
3
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Rst, Nm
0.017
14.10
Carex bigelowii
2
10
allozymes
both
regional
regional
Gst
0.13
1.67
Carex ensifolia
8
10
allozymes
both
mixed
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
regional
Gst
0.151
1.41
Carex lugens
3
10
allozymes
both
mixed
regional
regional
Gst
0.057
4.14
Carex stans
6
10
allozymes
both
mixed
regional
regional
Gst
0.425
0.34
Carpentaria acuminata
37
14
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.379
0.39
Caryocar brasiliense
10
10
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.07
3.32
Castanea sativa
38
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Gst
0.43
0.66
Cedrela odorata
10
97
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Φst
0.349
0.47
Centaurea corymbosa
6
5
allozymes
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.35
0.46
Centaurea corymbosa
6
6
SSRs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.23
0.84
Ceramium tenuicorne
Cerastium fischerianum
fischerianum
Cerastium fischerianum
molle
Cladophoropsis
membranacea
9
42
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
regional
Fst
0.31
0.56
9
110
RAPDs
both
widespread
local
Φst
0.3909
0.39
8
71
RAPDs
both
endemic
local
Φst
0.3493
0.47
6
8
SSRs
both
mixed
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
widespread
local
Fst
0.205
0.97
Colubrina oppositifolia
4
155
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
regional
Fst
0.4573
0.30
Corylus avellana
26
1
cpSSRs
seed
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.857
0.08
Corylus avellana
26
1
cpRFLP
seed
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.08
5.75
Cycas taitungensis
2
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.0056
90.41
(Cardoso et al.
1998)
(Rendell & Ennos
2002)
(Russell et al.
1999)
(Dayanandan et al.
1999)
(Stenstrom et al.
2001)
(Stenstrom et al.
2001)
(Stenstrom et al.
2001)
(Stenstrom et al.
2001)
(Shapcott 1998)
(Collevatti et al.
2001)
(Fineschi et al.
2000)
(Gillies et al.
1997)
(Freville et al.
2001)
(Freville et al.
2001)
(Gabrielsen et al.
2002)
(Maki & Horie
1999)
(Maki & Horie
1999)
(Van der Strate et
al. 2002)
(Kwon & Morden
2002)
(Palme &
Vendramin 2002)
(Palme &
Vendramin 2002)
(Huang et al.
2001)
4
Cycas taitungensis
2
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.021
23.18
Cyclobalanopsis glauca
25
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.612
0.32
Cypripedium calceolus
3
4
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst, Nm
0.014
18.00
Dendropanax arboreus
5
29
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
widespread
local
Φst
0.032
7.56
Dicorynia guianensis
12
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
endemic
regional
Nst
0.25
1.50
Dryas integrifolia
42
1
cpDNA
seed
unknown
widespread
species-wide
Gst
0.44
0.64
Elliottia racemosa
10
9
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
species-wide
Gst, Nm
0.18
1.20
Eritrichium nanum
20
884
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.166
1.26
Erodium paularense
3
26
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.1974
1.02
Erodium paularense
2
127
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
biregional
Φst
0.2683
0.68
Eryngium alpinum
14
62
AFLP
both
mixed
regional
local
Fst
0.42
0.35
Euterpe edulis
11
429
AFLP
both
mixed
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.426
0.34
Fagus sylvatica
6
13
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Gst
0.0091
27.22
Festuca pratensis
6
36
RAPDs
both
unknown
widespread
regional
Φst
0.2603
0.71
Fitzroya cupressoides
12
54
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.1438
1.49
Fraxinus excelsior
10
6
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.087
2.62
Fraxinus excelsior
12
5
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.043
5.56
Grevillea macleayana
6
6
SSRs
both
mixed
endemic
regional
Fst
0.218
0.90
Grevillea scapigera
5
167
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.1305
1.67
Gymnadenia conopsea
Haplostachys
halplostachya
10
3
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst, Nm
0.06
3.90
3
54
RAPDs
both
endemic
local
Gst
0.079
2.91
Heteropogon contortus
6
33
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
widespread
regional
Φst
0.3185
0.53
Hippophae rhamnoides
11
156
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Φst
0.209
0.95
(Huang et al.
2001)
(Huang et al.
2002)
(Brzosko et al.
2002)
(Schierenbeck et
al. 1997)
(Caron et al. 2000)
(Tremblay &
Schoen 1999)
(Godt & Hamrick
1999)
(Stehlik et al.
2001)
(Martin et al.
1997)
(Martin et al.
1999)
(Gaudeul et al.
2000)
(Cardoso et al.
2000)
(Sander et al.
2000)
(Kolliker et al.
1998)
(Allnutt et al.
1999)
(Heuertz et al.
2001)
(Morand et al.
2002)
(England et al.
2002)
(Rossetto et al.
1995)
(Gustafsson 2000)
(Morden &
Loeffler 1999)
(Carino & Daehler
1999)
(Bartish et al.
1999)
5
(Dawson et al.
1993)
(Turpeinen et al.
2001)
(Chiang & Schaal
1999)
(Schierenbeck et
al. 1997)
(Arafeh et al.
2002)
Hordeum spontaneum
20
7
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.67
0.12
Hordeum spontaneum
10
18
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.36
0.44
Hylocomium splendens
3
1
nrDNA
both
mixed
widespread
regional
Fst
0.296
0.59
Inga thibaudiana
3
29
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Φst
0.009
27.53
Iris haynei/atrofusca
9
132
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Gst, Nm
0.18
1.14
Isotoma petraea
6
60
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
regional
Gst
0.04
Kandelia candel
4
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst, Nm
36.20
Kandelia candel
4
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.875
0.0232
5
0.0187
5
Lambertia orbifolia
2
1
cpDNA
seed
mixed
regional
biregional
Gst
0.855
0.08
Leucopogon obtectus
4
82
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.133
1.63
Leucopogon obtectus
4
264
AFLP
both
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.103
2.18
Limonium dufourii
6
33
RAPDs
both
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.656
0.13
Limonium dufourii
6
51
AFLP
both
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.243
0.78
16?
43
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
local
Φst, Nm
0.1864
1.10
Medicago sativa
7
1
mtDNA
seed
regional
regional
Fst
0.12
3.67
Medicago truncatula
3
5
SSRs
both
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
local
Fst
0.37
0.43
Melaleuca alternifolia
40
5
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.072
3.40
Metrosideros bartlettii
3
286
AFLP
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst
0.144
1.49
Oryza glumaepatula
37
12
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.346
0.47
(Byrne et al. 1999)
(Zawko et al.
2001)
(Zawko et al.
2001)
(Palacios &
GonzalezCandelas 1997)
(Palacios et al.
1999)
(Grashof-Bokdam
et al. 1998)
(Muller et al.
2001)
(Bonnin et al.
2001)
(Rossetto et al.
1999)
(Drummond et al.
2000)
(Akimoto et al.
1998)
Oryza glumaepatula
4
156
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.67
0.12
(Buso et al. 1998)
Oryza glumaepatula
4
3
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.31
0.56
Parnassia palustris
14
6
allozymes
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.16
1.31
Parnassia palustris
14
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.79
0.13
(Buso et al. 1998)
(Bonnin et al.
2002)
(Bonnin et al.
2002)
Phyteuma
69
240
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.59
0.17
(Schönswetter et
Lonicera periclymenum
28.60
(Bussell 1999)
(Chiang et al.
2001)
(Chiang et al.
2001)
6
globulariifolium
al. 2002)
Picea abies
8
7
SCAR
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.118
1.87
Picea abies
95
3
SSRs
both
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.1451
1.47
Picea abies
36
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.41
0.72
Picea glauca
6
13
allozymes
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.014
17.61
Picea glauca
6
11
ESTP
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.02
12.25
(Scotti et al. 2000)
(Bucci &
Vendramin 2000)
(Gugerli et al.
2001)
(Jaramillo-Correa
et al. 2001)
(Jaramillo-Correa
et al. 2001)
Pinanga aristata
7
8
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst, Nm
0.21
0.93
(Shapcott 1999)
Pinanga dumetosa
Pinanga sp. aff.
brevipes
7
9
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst, Nm
0.099
2.27
(Shapcott 1999)
7
8
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst, Nm
0.261
0.70
(Shapcott 1999)
Pinanga tenella
7
9
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst, Nm
0.148
1.44
(Shapcott 1999)
Pinanga veitchii
7
8
allozymes
both
mixed
endemic
local
Fst, Nm
1.03
Pinus albicaulis
41
1
cpSSRs
pollen
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Φst
0.194
0.0463
6
10.29
(Shapcott 1999)
(Richardson et al.
2002)
Pinus brutia
8
1
cpSSRs
pollen
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.289
1.23
(Bucci et al. 1998)
Pinus eldarica
2
1
cpSSRs
pollen
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.068
6.85
Pinus flexilis
40
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.8
0.12
(Bucci et al. 1998)
(Mitton et al.
2000)
Pinus halepensis
10
1
cpSSRs
pollen
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.308
1.12
(Bucci et al. 1998)
Pinus oocarpa
10
131
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.122
1.80
(Diaz et al. 2001)
Pinus oocarpa
10
392
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.086
2.66
Pinus pinaster
12
19
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.047
5.07
Pinus pinaster
12
1
cpSSRs
pollen
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.039
12.32
(Diaz et al. 2001)
(Ribeiro et al.
2002)
(Ribeiro et al.
2002)
Pinus resinosa
7
1
cpSSRs
pollen
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Gst
0.121
3.63
Pinus resinosa
10
10
cpDNA
pollen
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.56
0.39
Pinus sylvestris
20
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.37
0.85
Pinus sylvestris
7
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.817
0.11
Pinus sylvestris
23
1
seed
regional
Φst
0.59
0.35
10
73
both
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
widespread
Plantago intermedia
mtDNA
RAPDs and
inter-SSRs
widespread
species-wide
Φst
0.672
0.12
(Echt et al. 1998)
(Walter &
Epperson 2001)
(Sinclair et al.
1999)
(Sinclair et al.
1999)
(Soranzo et al.
2000)
(Morgan-Richards
& Wolff 1999)
Plantago intermedia
9
8
allozymes
both
selfing and/or
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.777
0.07
(Morgan-Richards
7
clonal
Plantago major
9
73
RAPDs and
inter-SSRs
Plantago major
9
8
allozymes
both
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
Plathymenia reticulata
6
51
RAPDs
both
Populus tremuloides
23
132
RAPDs
Posidonia oceanica
17
6
Potamogeton pectinatus
40
Protium glabrum
& Wolff 1999)
widespread
species-wide
Φst
0.397
0.38
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.232
0.83
unknown
regional
regional
Φst, Nm
0.12
2.34
both
outcrossing
widespread
local
Fst
0.34
0.49
SSRs
both
endemic
regional
Fst, Nm
0.104
2.15
62
ISSR
both
mixed
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
regional
Φst
0.496
0.25
3
20
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Φst
-0.003
-83.58
Prunus africana
10
48
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Φst
0.734
0.09
Prunus mahaleb
7
73
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
local
Gst, Nm
0.1935
1.19
Pseudotsuga menziesii
3
16
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.73
0.09
Pseudotsuga menziesii
3
19
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.26
0.71
Pseudotsuga menziesii
3
1
mtDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.62
0.31
Pseudotsuga menziesii
3
1
seed
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.72
0.19
Pseudotsuga menziesii
3
1
mtDNA
nuclear
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.25
0.75
Quercus gambelii
3
127
minisatellites
both
mixed
regional
local
Fst
0.243
0.78
Quercus ilex
24
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.33
1.02
Quercus petraea
21
8
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Gst
0.027
9.01
Quercus petraea
21
31
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Gst
0.024
10.17
Quercus suber
Rhododendron
championiae
73
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.84
0.10
3
18
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst, Nm
0.198
1.01
Rhododendron farrerae
Rhododendron
honkongense
5
15
allozymes
both
outcrossing
widespread
local
Fst, Nm
0.128
1.70
3
13
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst, Nm
0.191
1.06
both
(Morgan-Richards
& Wolff 1999)
(Morgan-Richards
& Wolff 1999)
(Lacerda et al.
2001)
(Stevens et al.
1999)
(Procaccini et al.
2001)
(King et al. 2002)
(Schierenbeck et
al. 1997)
(Dawson & Powell
1999)
(Jordano & Godoy
2000)
(Aagaard et al.
1995)
(Aagaard et al.
1995)
(Aagaard et al.
1995)
(Aagaard et al.
1998)
(Aagaard et al.
1998)
(Kumar & Rogstad
1998)
(Belahbib et al.
2001)
(LeCorre et al.
1997)
(LeCorre et al.
1997)
(Belahbib et al.
2001)
(Ng & Corlett
2000)
(Ng & Corlett
2000)
(Ng & Corlett
2000)
8
Rhododendron
moulmainense
Rhododendron
simiarum
4
15
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst, Nm
0.081
2.83
2
16
allozymes
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst, Nm
0.393
0.39
Rhododendron simsii
8
15
allozymes
both
outcrossing
widespread
local
Fst, Nm
0.056
4.21
Salicornia ramosissima
6
72
RAPDs
both
regional
regional
Φst
0.35
0.46
Sarconeurum glaciale
4
83
RAPDs
both
regional
local
Φst
0.273
0.67
Saxifraga cernua
2
38
RAPDs
both
widespread
local
Φst
0.4087
0.36
Saxifraga cespitosa
30
37
RAPDs
both
mixed
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
regional
Φst
0.71
0.10
Saxifraga oppositifolia
18
35
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Φst
0.36
0.44
Saxifraga oppositifolia
10
84
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
widespread
local
Φst
0.05
4.75
Saxifraga oppositifolia
15
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.213
1.85
Saxifraga oppositifolia
Schizachyrium
scoparium
15
151
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.152
1.39
(Ng & Corlett
2000)
(Ng & Corlett
2000)
(Ng & Corlett
2000)
(Kruger et al.
2002)
(Skotnicki et al.
1999)
(Gabrielsen &
Brochmann 1998)
(Tollefsrud et al.
1998)
(Gabrielsen et al.
1997)
(Gugerli et al.
1999)
(Holderegger et al.
2002)
(Holderegger et al.
2002)
4
60
RAPDs
both
regional
regional
Fst
0.05
4.75
(Huff et al. 1998)
Scutellaria indica
20
8
allozymes
both
regional
regional
Fst
0.937
0.02
(Sun 1999)
Scutellaria indica
10
?
RAPDs
both
unknown
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
regional
Gst
0.81
0.06
Senecio gallicus
11
9
RAPDs
both
regional
regional
Fst
0.339
0.49
Senecio vulgaris
9
26
RAPDs
both
widespread
local
Φst, Nm
0.382
0.40
Senecio vulgaris
10
183
AFLP
both
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
widespread
local
Φst
0.49
0.26
Silene acaulis
10
7
allozymes
both
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst, Nm
0.141
1.52
Silene paradoxa
8
59
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Φct
0.116
1.91
Silene paradoxa
8
1
cpSSRs
seed
outcrossing
regional
local
Φst
0.528
0.45
(Sun 1999)
(Comes & Abbott
2000)
(Muller-Scharer &
Fischer 2001)
(Steinger et al.
2002)
(Abbott et al.
1995)
(Mengoni et al.
2000)
(Mengoni et al.
2001)
Sorbus aucuparia
6
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Gst
0.29
1.22
Sticherus flabellatus
8
469
AFLP
both
unknown
regional
regional
Fst
0.783
0.07
Swietenia humilis
2
10
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.036
6.69
(Raspe et al. 2000)
(Keiper &
McConchie 2000)
(White & Powell
1997)
9
Swietenia humilis
4
10
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Rst, Nm
0.032
8.90
Symphonia globulifera
2
3
SSRs
both
mixed
regional
local
Fst
0.031
7.81
Symplocos laurina
2
380
SSRs
both
unknown
endemic
biregional
Gst, Nm
0.463
0.45
Trollius europaeus
18
117
AFLP
both
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.39
0.39
Viola riviniana
6
45
RAPDs
both
mixed
regional
local
Φst
0.41
0.36
Vouacapoua americana
14
1
cpDNA
seed
outcrossing
regional
local
Gst
0.89
0.06
Vouacapoua americana
4
8
SSRs
both
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.11
2.02
Vouacapoua americana
3
8
SSRs
both
regional
local
Fst
0.04
6.00
Wyethia reticulata
4
21
RAPDs
both
endemic
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.25
0.80
Wyethia reticulata
Yushania
niitakayamensis
4
9
allozymes
both
endemic
species-wide
Fst, Nm
0.19
1.10
13
43
RAPDs
both
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
regional
Φst
0.2007
1.00
Zostera marina
12
6
SSRs
both
mixed
widespread
species-wide
Φst
0.29
0.61
(White et al. 1999)
(Aldrich et al.
1998)
(Deshpande et al.
2001)
(Despres et al.
2002)
(Auge et al. 2001)
(Dutech et al.
2000)
(Dutech et al.
2002)
(Dutech et al.
2002)
(Ayres & Ryan
1997)
(Ayres & Ryan
1997)
(Hsiao & Lee
1999)
(Reusch et al.
2000)
10
TABLE S3. Measures of population subdivision (Fst, Gst, Φst) and Nm values for animals.
Fst,Gst,Φst
value
species-wide
species-wide
regional
Measure of
population
subdivision
Fst
Φst
Fst
0.724
0.023
0.356
Nm (calculated
or provided by
author)
0.19
21.24
0.90
endemic
regional
endemic
widespread
widespread
widespread
species-wide
species-wide
regional
local
local
local
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst
0.809
0.332
0.308
0.033
0.063
0.056
0.12
1.01
1.12
7.20
3.70
4.21
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Kst
0.247
1.52
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
endemic
endemic
endemic
regional
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
Gst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.03
0.68
0.103
0.185
8.08
0.24
2.18
1.10
6
1
1
allozymes
mtDNA
SSRs
minisatellites
SSRs +
minisatellites
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
endemic
regional
species-wide
species-wide
local
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
0.119
0.639
0.294
1.85
0.28
1.20
4
2
3
4
4
5
10
11
11
11
1
5
11
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
regional
endemic
regional
widespread
widespread
widespread
regional
local
local
local
local
local
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.106
0.007
0.188
0.052
0.066
0.013
0.1647
2.11
35.46
1.08
4.56
7.08
18.98
1.27
Aphis gossypii
Aphodius fossor
Apis mellifera
Apis mellifera
Arctocephalus gazella
Arctocephalus tropicalis
18
14
5
5
8
8
37
7
8
1
1
1
RAPDs
allozymes
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mixed
outcrossing
mixed
mixed
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
regional
regional
local
local
species-wide
species-wide
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst
Φst
0.879
0.011
0.0772
0.1907
0.074
0.19
0.03
22.48
2.99
2.12
6.26
2.13
Atypus affinis
Austropotamobius
4
25
15
19
allozymes
allozymes
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
regional
species-wide
regional
Fst, Nm
Fst
0.052
0.925
4.60
0.02
Species
N
pop’ns
N
loci
Marker
Mating
system
Distribution
Range
covered
Acanthurus bahianus
Acanthurus chirurgus
Acanthurus coeruleus
6
3
4
1
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
Achatinella mustelina
Acipenser brevirostrum
Acrossocheilus paradoxus
Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti
18
9
12
3
3
20
1
1
1
137
6
6
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
AFLP
RFLP
SSRs
unknown
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
Aepyceros melampus
12
1
mtDNA
Aglais urticae
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
9
22
22
6
5
1
3
3
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Andrias davidianus
Anolis marmoratus
6
6
5
Anopheles arabiensis
Anopheles dirus A
Anopheles dirus C
Anopheles dirus D
Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles gambiae
Reference
(Rocha et al. 2002)
(Rocha et al. 2002)
(Rocha et al. 2002)
(Holland & Hadfield
2002)
(Grunwald et al. 2002)
(Wang et al. 2000)
(Yan et al. 1999)
(Yan et al. 1999)
(Huber et al. 2002)
(Nersting & Arctander
2001)
(Vandewoestijne et al.
1999)
(Rassmann et al. 1997)
(Rassmann et al. 1997)
(Rassmann et al. 1997)
(Rassmann et al. 1997)
(Murphy et al. 2000)
(Schneider 1996)
(Onyabe & Conn
2001)
(Walton et al. 2001)
(Walton et al. 2001)
(Walton et al. 2001)
(Lehmann et al. 1997)
(Lehmann et al. 1997)
(Pinto et al. 2002)
(Vanlerberghe-Masuti
& Chavigny 1998)
(Roslin 2001)
(De la Rua et al. 2001)
(De la Rua et al. 2001)
(Wynen et al. 2000)
(Wynen et al. 2000)
(Pedersen &
Loeschcke 2001)
(Largiader et al. 2000)
11
pallipes
Axoclinus nigricaudus
Batillariella estuarina
Bemisia tabaci, biotype B
Bemisia tabaci, biotype Q
Bettongia tropica
Bettongia tropica
Biomphalaria glabrata
9
16
6
6
4
4
20
1
11
234
234
1
7
7
mtDNA
allozymes
RAPDs
RAPDs
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
Biomphalaria pfeifferi
30
8
Birgus latro
8
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus terrestris
Brachyramphus
marmoratus
Bufo calamita
Bufo canorus
Calidris alpina
Calidris melanotos
Calidris pusilla
Camponotus floridanus
Canis lupus
(Riginos & Nachman
2001)
(Pudovskis et al. 2001)
(Moya et al. 2001)
(Moya et al. 2001)
(Pope et al. 2000)
(Pope et al. 2000)
(Mavarez et al. 2002)
(Charbonnel et al.
2002)
endemic
regional
widespread
widespread
endemic
endemic
regional
species-wide
regional
regional
regional
local
local
local
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.536
0.455
0.325
0.273
0.561
0.062
0.23
0.43
0.30
0.52
0.67
0.39
3.78
0.84
SSRs
outcrossing
unknown
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
mixed
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
Fst
0.8
0.06
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
regional
almost
species-wide
Gst, Nm
0.37
0.85
18
14
6
8
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
0.0451
0.106
5.29
2.11
(Lavery et al. 1996)
(Widmer & SchmidHempel 1999)
(Estoup et al. 1996)
9
40
28
3
2
5
nuclear introns
SSRs
mtDNA
RAPDs
RAPDs
RAPDs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
endemic
widespared
regional
regional
regional
local
species-wide
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
Φst
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
0.093
0.365
0.76
0.26
0.27
0.16
2.44
0.43
0.16
0.71
0.27
1.31
(Friesen et al. 1997)
(Rowe et al. 1998)
(Shaffer et al. 2000)
(Haig et al. 1997)
(Haig et al. 1997)
(Haig et al. 1997)
3
30
4
8
1
6
10
8
2835
1
DNA Fing.
mtDNA
mixed
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
0.19
0.744
1.07
0.17
Canis lupus
Canis simensis
Capra ibex
Capreolus capreolus
Caretta caretta
Ceratitis capitata
9
2
7
17
6
16
9
9
18
1
1
1
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
endemic
regional
widespread
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
species-wide
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst
Φst
Fst
0.091
0.057
0.167
0.63
0.331
0.296
2.50
4.14
1.25
0.29
1.01
0.59
Ceratitis capitata
Cervus nippon
Cervus nippon
Chalcides viridanus
Charadrius semipalmatus
Chelonia mydas
20
3
14
17
3
9
1
1
9
2
9
1
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
Adh1 intron
glucose-6phosphate
dehydrogenase
intron
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
RAPDs
mtDNA
(Gadau et al. 1996)
(Vilá et al. 1999)
(Carmichael et al.
2001)
(Gottelli et al. 1994)
(Maudet et al. 2002)
(Vernesi et al. 2002)
(Laurent et al. 1998)
(Gomulski et al. 1998)
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
regional
regional
endemic
regional
widespread
regional
local
regional
species-wide
regional
regional
Φst
Φst
Fst
Nst
Fst, Nm
Nm
0.2
0.36
0.415
0.768
0.25
NA
1.00
0.89
0.35
0.15
0.75
0.64
Chioglossa lusitanica
Chrysochus cobaltinus
17
5
7
1
allozymes
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
regional
species-wide
regional
Fst
Φst
0.678
0.766
0.12
0.15
(He & Haymer 1999)
(Nagata et al. 1998)
(Goodman et al. 2001)
(Brown et al. 2000)
(Haig et al. 1997)
(Encalada et al. 1996)
(Alexandrino et al.
2000)
(Dobler & Farrell
12
Clethrionomys glareolus
Clevelandia ios
31
10
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
local
regional
Fst
Φst
0.234
0.0281
1.64
17.29
Coelopa frigida
2
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
biregional
Fst
0.76
0.16
Columbia inornata
Coregonus
lavaretus/oxyrhynchus
Coregonus
lavaretus/oxyrhynchus
Corophium volutator
2
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
endemic
local
Gst, Nm
0.0956
1.18
1999)
(Stacy et al. 1997)
(Dawson et al. 2002)
(MacDonald &
Brookfield 2002)
(Young & Allard
1997)
12
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.434
0.65
(Hansen et al. 1999)
12
6
6
32
SSRs
RAPDs
outcrossing
unknown
regional
widespread
regional
local
Fst
Φst
0.106
0.2051
2.11
0.97
Corvus kubaryi
2
9
SSRs
outcrossing
endemic
biregional
Fst
0.281
0.64
Cottus gobio
12
31
allozymes
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst, Nm
0.35
0.56
Cottus gobio
Cottus gobio
Craterocephalus
stercusmuscarum
Crepidula atrasolea
Crepidula convexa southern
Crepidula convexanorthern
Crepidula depressa
Crepidula fornicata
Crocidura russula
Cucumaria miniata
Cucumaria pseudocurata
Culex pipiens
Culex quinquefasciatus
Culicoides bolitinos
Culicoides imicola (ss)
Culicoides loxodontis
69
44
9
10
allozymes
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
0.54
0.49
0.21
0.26
16
3
7
1
allozymes
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
0.79
0.543
0.07
0.42
(Hansen et al. 1999)
(Wilson et al. 1997)
(Tarr & Fleischer
1999)
(Hänfling & Brandl
1998)
(Kontula & Vainola
2001)
(Hanfling et al. 2002)
(McGlashan & Hughes
2000)
(Collin 2001)
5
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.872
0.07
(Collin 2001)
3
3
5
15
3
11
14
7
4
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
4
196
196
196
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
allozymes
SSRs
RAPDs
RAPDs
RAPDs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst, Nm
Φst, Nm
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.761
-0.074
0.221
0.24
0.05
0.97
0.17
0.056
0.338
0.264
0.363
0.16
1.76
1.58
10.00
0.02
1.22
4.21
0.49
0.70
0.44
(Collin 2001)
(Collin 2001)
(Collin 2001)
(Ehinger et al. 2002)
(Arendt & Smith 1998)
(Arendt & Smith 1998)
(Chevillon et al. 1998)
(Fonseca et al. 2000)
(Sebastiani et al. 2001)
(Sebastiani et al. 2001)
(Sebastiani et al. 2001)
Cyclura carinata carinata
23
2
SSRs
outcrossing
endemic
regional
regional
regional
local
species-wide
species-wide
local
regional
regional
regional
regional
subspecieswide
Fst, Nm
0.41
0.36
Cynictis penicillata
21
1
mtDNA
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.411
0.72
Daphnia ambigua
10
12
allozymes
widespread
local
Gst
0.016
15.38
(Michels et al. 2001)
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
11
20
1
5
mtDNA
allozymes
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
(Welch et al. in press)
(Van Vuuren &
Robinson 1997)
regional
regional
regional
regional
Gst
Gst
0.568
0.253
0.38
0.74
(Raay & Crease 1995)
(Raay & Crease 1995)
13
Daphnia pulex
37
5
SSRs
Daphnia pulex
20
13
allozymes
Daphnia pulex
Dasyurus maculatus
Dasyurus maculatus
20
9
9
6
1
6
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
selfing and/or
clonal
outcrossing
outcrossing
Delphinapterus leucus
25
1
mtDNA
Delphinapterus leucus
5
1
Delphinapterus leucus
Dendroica petechia
Dendroica petechia
Diacamma cyaneiventre
Diacamma cyaneiventre
Diacamma cyaneiventre
Diacamma cyaneiventre
24
8
7
3
3
7
7
Dicentrarchus labrax
Dicentrarchus labrax
Discus macclintocki
regional
regional
Fst
0.4295
0.33
(Palsson 2000)
regional
regional
Gst
0.325
0.52
(Pfrender et al. 2000)
regional
endemic
endemic
regional
species-wide
species-wide
Gst
Φst
Φst
0.365
0.644
0.171
0.43
0.28
1.21
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Φst
0.385
0.80
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.33
1.02
5
6
1
8
1
8
1
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
widespread
endemic
endemic
endemic
endemic
regional
species-wide
species-wide
local
local
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.047
0.014
0.53
0.0195
0.33
0.26
0.75
5.07
17.61
0.44
12.57
1.02
0.71
0.17
4
14
10
6
6
1
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
unknown
regional
regional
narrow
biregional
regional
regional
Fst, Nm
Fst
Φst
0.007
0.0169
0.893
37.00
14.54
0.06
Drosophila buzzatii
5
10
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.136
1.59
Drosophila madeirensis
5
3
SSRs
transposable
elements
(Pfrender et al. 2000)
(Firestone et al. 1999)
(Firestone et al. 1999)
(Brown Gladden et al.
1997)
(O'Corry-Crowe et al.
1997)
(Brown Gladden et al.
1999)
(Gibbs et al. 2000)
(Milot et al. 2000)
(Doums et al. 2002)
(Doums et al. 2002)
(Doums et al. 2002)
(Doums et al. 2002)
(García de León et al.
1997)
(Lemaire et al. 2000)
(Ross 1999)
(Frydenberg et al.
2002)
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.01069
23.14
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
10
2
48
19
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
regional
biregional
Fst
Fst
0.039
0.009
6.16
27.53
Drosophila mettleri
Drosophila
nigrospiracula
3
8
allozymes
outcrossing
endemic
regional
Fst
0.012
20.58
3
8
allozymes
outcrossing
endemic
regional
Fst
0.013
18.98
Drosophila pachea
Drosophila simulans
Drosophila teissieri
3
2
5
8
19
8
allozymes
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
widespread
regional
regional
biregional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.002
0.003
0.1218
124.75
83.08
1.80
Echinometra lucunter
10
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.261
1.42
Echinometra vanbrunti
Echinometra viridis
3
4
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
0.057
0.361
8.27
0.89
(Lepetit et al. 2002)
(Agis & Schlotterer
2001)
(Colson 2002)
(Pfeiler & Markow
2001)
(Pfeiler & Markow
2001)
(Pfeiler & Markow
2001)
(Colson 2002)
(Cobb et al. 2000)
(McCartney et al.
2000)
(McCartney et al.
2000)
(McCartney et al.
14
Emberiza citrinella
Emberiza schoeniclus
Emydoidea blandingii
Emys orbicularis
8
8
5
65
7
4
156
1
SSRs
SSRs
RAPDs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
species-wide
Fst
Fst, Nm
Φst
Φst
0.01
0.0444
0.4505
0.89
24.75
5.40
0.30
0.06
Epinephelus marginatus
3
9
allozymes
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.214
0.92
Epinephelus marginatus
Eretmodus cyanostictus
Eretmodus cyanostictus
7
4
4
7
1
6
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
endemic
endemic
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.018
0.089
0.127
13.64
5.12
1.72
Erinaceus europaeus
8
6
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
local
Rst, Nm
0.079
2.34
Eubalaena glacialis
Eucyclogobius newberryi
2
9
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
biregional
regional
Fst
Φst
0.219
0.9023
1.78
0.05
Euhadra quaesita
Ficedula hypoleuca
Ficedula hypoleuca
27
3
3
1
7
1
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
unknown
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
Φst
Fst
Fst
0.84
0.017
0.4233
0.10
14.46
0.68
Formica cinerea
Gadus morhua
23
5
5
1
SSRs
mtDNA
mixed
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
0.111
0.0016
2.00
312.00
Gadus morhua
Gadus morhua
Galaxias maculatus
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Geochelone elephantopus
Globicephala melas
Gnamptogenys striatula
Greya politella
9
14
7
3
17
4
33
27
1
5
1
7
10
8
8
1
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
mixed
outcrossing
regional
regional
widespread
regional
endemic
regional
widespread
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
regional
species-wide
regional
local
species-wide
Nst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Nst
-0.001
0.0084
0.458
0.159
0.188
0.006
0.172
0.979
1.16
29.40
0.59
1.32
1.08
41.42
.07 - .26
0.01
Gulo gulo
Gulo gulo
Halichoerus grypus
Haptosquilla pulchella
12
3
2
24
12
15
8
1
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
local
regional?
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Φst
0.0668
0.045
0.006
0.87
3.49
5.31
41.00
0.07
Heterocephalus glaber
15
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
regional
species-wide
Φct
0.68
0.24
Heterohyrax brucei
Hirundichthys affinis
Hyla arenicolor
Hyla arenicolor
Hyla regilla
16
6
20
12
7
8
58
1
1
40
SSRs
RAPDs
mtDNA
mtDNA
multilocus
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
widespread
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
local
local
Fst
Φst
Φst
Φst
Φst
0.176
0.42
0.861
0.699
0.056
1.17
0.35
0.08
0.22
4.21
2000)
(Lee et al. 2001)
(Grapputo et al. 1998)
(Mockford et al. 1999)
(Lenk et al. 1999)
(De Innocentiis et al.
2001)
(De Innocentiis et al.
2001)
(Ruber et al. 2001)
(Ruber et al. 2001)
(Becher & Griffiths
1998)
(Rosenbaum et al.
2000)
(Dawson et al. 2002)
(Watanabe & Chiba
2001)
(Haavie et al. 2000)
(Haavie et al. 2000)
(Goropashnaya et al.
2001)
(Carr et al. 1995)
(Árnason & Pálsson
1996)
(Ruzzante et al. 1998)
(Waters et al. 2000)
(Reusch et al. 2001)
(Ciofi et al. 2002)
(Fullard et al. 2000)
(Giraud et al. 2000)
(Brown et al. 1997)
(Kyle & Strobeck
2001)
(Walker et al. 2001)
(Allen et al. 1995)
(Barber et al. 2002)
(Faulkes et al. 1997)
(Gerlach & Hoeck
2001)
(Gomes et al. 1998)
(Barber 1999)
(Barber 1999)
(Call et al. 1998)
15
Isodon obesulus
11
39
microsatellites
RAPDs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.208
0.95
Kobus kob
Lagopus lagopus scoticus
Lagopus mutus
Lanius ludovicianus
Larinus cynarae
Lasiorhinus krefftii
Lasiorhinus krefftii
Lates niloticus
Lepus americanus
Lepus corsicanus
Limosa haemastica
7
14
16
5
15
2
2
5
14
3
2
1
7
1
1
7
16
16
50
7
1
7
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
allozymes
SSRs
SSRs
allozymes
SSRs
mtDNA
RAPDs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
endemic
narrow
regional
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
local
species-wide
local
regional
species-wide
local
local
regional
species-wide
regional
Kst
Rst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
0.49
0.153
0.93
0.75
0.154
0.05
0.058
0.015
0.015
0.8
0.69
0.52
1.38
0.04
0.17
1.37
4.75
4.06
16.42
16.42
0.13
0.12
Linckia laevigata
4
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Φst, Nm
0.147
2.90
Linepithema humile
Litoria fallax
10
22
8
1
SSRs
mtDNA
mixed
outcrossing
widespread
regional
local
species-wide
Fst
Φst
0.003
0.985
83.08
0.01
Litoria pearsoniana
Littorina saxatilis X
tenebrosa
Loligo forbesi
13
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.69
0.22
15
7
1
7
mtDNA
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
0.411
0.093
0.72
2.44
Loligo opalescens
Lontra canadensis
11
7
6
9
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional?
regional
Fst
Fst, Nm
0.0028
0.038
89.04
6.68
Loxodonta africana
3
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.553
0.40
Loxodonta africana
3
4
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.013
18.98
Loxodonta africana
Lycaon pictus
Lycaon pictus
Lycosid sp.
Lymnaea truncatula
2
6
6
6
12
9
1
60
1
6
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
mixed
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
biregional
regional
regional
regional
regional
Gst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.141
0.525
0.097
0.086
0.753
1.52
0.45
2.33
5.31
0.08
Macaca sylvanus
Macquaria
novemaculeata
Macropus rufus
Macrosiphoniella
tanacetaria
Macrotis lagotis
9
5
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.118
1.87
10
13
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
regional
regional
species-wide
biregional
Φst
Φst
0.05
0.18
9.50
2.28
9
10
9
1
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
outcrossing
regional
endemic
regional
species-wide
Fst
Φst
0.12
0.317
1.83
1.08
(Cooper 2000)
(Birungi & Arctander
2000)
(Piertney et al. 1998)
(Holder et al. 2000)
(Mundy et al. 1997)
(Briese et al. 1996)
(Taylor et al. 1994)
(Taylor et al. 1994)
(Hauser et al. 1998)
(Burton et al. 2002)
(Pierpaoli et al. 1999)
(Haig et al. 1997)
(Williams & Benzie
1997)
(Krieger & Keller
2000)
(James & Moritz 2000)
(McGuigan et al.
1998)
(Small & Gosling
2000)
(Shaw et al. 1999)
(Reichow & Smith
2001)
(Blundell et al. 2002)
(Nyakaana &
Arctander 1999)
(Nyakaana &
Arctander 1999)
(Whitehouse & Harley
2001)
(Girman et al. 2001)
(Girman et al. 2001)
(Colgan et al. 2002)
(Meunier et al. 2001)
(von Segesser et al.
1999)
(Jerry & Baverstock
1998)
(Clegg et al. 1998)
(Massonnet et al.
2002)
(Moritz et al. 1997)
16
Macrotis lagotis
6
9
SSRs
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.11
2.02
Makaira nigricans
2
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
biregional
Nm
NA
1.88
Makaira nigricans
2
5
SSRs
outcrossing
widespread
biregional
Nm
NA
0.74
Makaira nigricans
2
4
allozymes
outcrossing
widespread
biregional
Nm
NA
1.50
Makaira nigricans
Manorina melanophrys
Martes pennanti
Matsucoccus feytaudi
Megaptera novaengliae
Megaptera novaengliae
2
8
13
22
14
8
4
5
13
1
1
1
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
endemic
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
biregional
local
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
regional
Nm
Fst
Fst
Nst
Gst, Nm
Φst
NA
0.08
0.136
0.87
0.42
0.51
1.29
2.88
1.59
0.07
0.69
0.48
Megaptera novaengliae
Melanochromis auratus
Melanoplus oregonensis
Meleagris gallopavo
Meleagris gallopavo
Meleagris gallopavo
8
9
15
5
5
5
5
4
1
1
83
5
scnDNA
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
SSRs + actin
intron
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
AFLP
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
endemic
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
local
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.048
0.151
0.46
0.546
0.175
0.113
4.96
1.41
0.59
0.42
1.18
1.96
Melitaea didyma
Melospiza melodia
Merluccius merluccius
Merluccius merluccius
Mesomys hispidus
Microstomus pacificus
9
18
6
2
4
6
25
1
6
5
1
1
allozymes
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
widespread
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
species-wide
biregional
regional
species-wide
Fst, Nm
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Φst
0.09
0.294
0.039
0.0067
0.737
0.278
2.15
1.20
6.16
37.06
0.56
1.30
Microtus oeconomus
9
8
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.167
1.25
Mogurnda adspersa
Mus musculus domesticus
Mus musculus musculus
Myotis bechsteinii
Myotis bechsteinii
Myotis bechsteinii
Myotis bechsteinii
Myotis myotis
Myotis myotis
Myrmecobius fasciatus
Mytilocypris ambiguosa
Mytilocypris henricae
Mytilocypris mytiloides
13
6
10
10
10
10
10
2
2
2
19
7
41
1
6
5
1
7
1
1
6
1
1
6
6
6
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtSSR
mtSSR
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
allozymes
allozymes
allozymes
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
narrow
regional
endemic
regional
local
local
local
local
local
local
local
biregional
biregional
species-wide
regional
regional
regional
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.977
0.18
0.14
0.68
0.015
0.658
0.961
0.333
0.991
0.15
0.354
0.108
0.363
0.01
1.14
1.54
0.24
16.42
0.13
0.01
0.50
0.00
2.83
0.46
2.06
0.44
(Moritz et al. 1997)
(Buonaccorsi et al.
2001)
(Buonaccorsi et al.
2001)
(Buonaccorsi et al.
2001)
(Buonaccorsi et al.
2001)
(Painter et al. 2000)
(Kyle et al. 2001)
(Burban et al. 1999)
(Baker et al. 1994)
(Baker et al. 1998)
(Baker et al. 1998)
(Markert et al. 1999)
(Knowles 2001)
(Mock et al. 2002)
(Mock et al. 2002)
(Mock et al. 2002)
(Johannesen et al.
1996)
(Fry & Zink 1998)
(Lundy et al. 1999)
(Lundy et al. 2000)
(Patton et al. 1996)
(Stepien 1999)
(Van de Zande et al.
2000)
(Hurwood & Hughes
1998)
(Dallas et al. 1995)
(Dallas et al. 1995)
(Kerth et al. 2000)
(Kerth et al. 2002)
(Kerth et al. 2002)
(Kerth et al. 2002)
(Castella et al. 2000)
(Castella et al. 2000)
(Fumagalli et al. 1999)
(Finston 2002)
(Finston 2002)
(Finston 2002)
17
Mytilocypris praenuncia
Mytilocypris splendida
10
7
6
6
allozymes
allozymes
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
endemic
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
0.11
0.192
2.02
1.05
Mytilus galloproviancialis
3
1
F mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.176
1.17
Mytilus galloproviancialis
Necator americanus
Negaprion brevirostris
3
4
4
1
1
4
M mtDNA
mtDNA
SSRs
regional
widespread
regional
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
0.402
0.24
0.016
0.37
1.58
15.40
Nematostella vectensis
Nerodia sipedon
Noturus exilis
Odobenus rosmarus
rosmarus
Odobenus rosmarus
rosmarus
9
3
21
31
8
1
RAPDs
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
outcrossing
outcrossing
(Finston 2002)
(Finston 2002)
(Ladoukakis et al.
2002)
(Ladoukakis et al.
2002)
(Hawdon et al. 2001)
(Feldheim et al. 2001)
regional
regional
endemic
regional
local
species-wide
Φst
Fst
Fst
0.2176
0.006
0.512
0.90
41.42
0.48
(Pearson et al. 2002)
(Prosser et al. 1999)
(Hardy et al. 2002)
4
11
SSRs
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.037
6.51
(Anderson et al. 1998)
4
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Φst
0.873
0.07
Odontesthes argentinensis
6
9
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
species-wide
Fst
0.029
8.37
Odontesthes argentinensis
Oedura reticulata
Oedura reticulata
Oedura reticulata
Oligoryzomys microtis
Oncorhynchus clarki
clarki
6
4
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
narrow
narrow
narrow
regional
species-wide
local
local
local
regional
Φst
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
0.085
0.12
0.11
0.32
0.206
5.38
3.67
4.05
1.06
2.57
(Anderson et al. 1998)
(Beheregaray &
Sunnucks 2001)
(Beheregaray &
Sunnucks 2001)
(Sarre 1995)
(Sarre 1995)
(Sarre 1995)
(Patton et al. 1996)
13
6
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.121
1.82
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
9
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
regional
Φst
0.453
0.60
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
stonei
Oncorhynchus nerka
Oncorhynchus nerka
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
9
16
30
30
1
3
6
1
mtDNA
SSRs
scnDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
local
species-wide
species-wide
Φst
Fst
Φst
Φst
0.106
0.058
0.44
0.74
4.22
4.06
0.32
0.18
(Wenburg et al. 1998)
(Churikov & Gharrett
2002)
(Churikov & Gharrett
2002)
(Small et al. 1998)
(Bagley & Gall 1998)
(Bagley & Gall 1998)
15
5
5
11
1
2
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
regional
regional
regional
local
local
Fst
Φct
Fst
0.02
0.023
0.01
12.25
21.24
24.75
(Nielsen et al. 1999)
(Taylor et al. 1997)
(Taylor et al. 1997)
4
1
SSRs
mtDNA
minisatellites
somatolactin
intron
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.24
0.79
(Ford 2000)
4
1
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.057
4.14
(Ford 2000)
4
12
1
1
p53 intron
transferrin (noncharge changing
sites)
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
widespread
regional
regional
Fst
Φst, Nm
0.07
0.08
3.32
6.00
(Ford 2000)
(Fuller et al. 1997)
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Oryctoloagus cuniculus
18
Oryzomys capito
Osmerus mordax
Otis tarda
Ovis canadensis
Ozotoceros bezoarticus
Panthera onca
Panthera onca
Panthera onca
Panthera onca
Panthera onca
Panthera onca
3
49
2
23
6
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
29
1
29
1
29
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
biregional
regional
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
triregional
triregional
biregional
biregional
Fst, Nm
Gst
Φst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.012
0.96
0.49
0.497
0.37
0.063
0.3
0.295
0.065
0.342
0.045
17.34
0.02
0.52
0.51
0.87
3.72
1.17
0.60
7.19
0.48
10.61
Panthera pardus
9
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
regional
Fst
0.782
0.14
Panthera pardus
Partula suturalis
Partula taeniata
Peltoperla tarteri
Penaeus monodon
Perameles gunnii
Perca fluviatilis
Perca fluviatilis
9
11
14
8
13
2
66
35
25
1
1
1
1
2
1
19
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
minisatellites
mtDNA
RAPDs
outcrossing
unknown
unknown
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
endemic
endemic
regional
widespread
endemic
widespread
widespread
species-wide
regional
regional
local
regional
local
regional
regional
Fst
Φst
Φst
Φst
Φst
Fst
Φst
Φst
0.364
0.682
0.474
0.17
0.835
0.352
0.66
0.48
0.44
0.23
0.55
2.44
0.10
0.46
0.26
0.27
Perna canaliculus
22
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Φst
0.162
2.59
Peromyscus leucopus
Peromyscus maniculatus
Peromyscus maniculatus
Peromyscus maniculatus
Petrogale lateralis
Petrogale xanthopus
Petrogale xanthopus
Phalacrocorax carbo
Phalaropus lobatus
Phascolarctos cinereus
Phascolarctos cinereus
Phascolarctos cinereus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
11
2
6
9
5
3
3
21
3
10
16
5
4
4
8
12
12
12
11
4
1
7
9
6
1
1
1
8
SSRs
RAPDs
RAPDs
RAPDs
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
RAPDs
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
mtDNA
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
local
regional
biregional
local
local
local
local
regional
regional
species-wide
species-wide
regional
regional
regional
Fst
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst
Nst
Nst
Rst
Fst, Nm
Fst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.04
0.01
0.36
0.1
0.192
0.107
0.272
0.069
0.1
0.085
0.756
0.233
0.034
0.18
6.00
25.30
0.40
2.25
1.05
2.09
1.34
3.37
2.37
2.69
0.16
1.65
14.21
1.14
Phocoenoids dalli
4
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
biregional
Gst
0.1632
2.56
Phocoenoids dalli
Phocoenoids dalli
11
11
1
6
mtDNA
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
species-wide
species-wide
Φst
Fst
0.0369
0.007
13.05
35.46
(Patton et al. 1996)
(Bernatchez 1997)
(Pitra et al. 2000)
(Ramey II 1995)
(González et al. 1998)
(Eizirik et al. 2001)
(Eizirik et al. 2001)
(Eizirik et al. 2001)
(Eizirik et al. 2001)
(Eizirik et al. 2001)
(Eizirik et al. 2001)
(Uphyrkina et al.
2001)
(Uphyrkina et al.
2001)
(Goodacre 2002)
(Goodacre 2002)
(Schultheis et al. 2002)
(Benzie et al. 2002)
(Robinson et al. 1993)
(Nesbo et al. 1999)
(Nesbo et al. 1999)
(Apte & Gardner
2002)
(Mossman & Waser
1999)
(Vucetich et al. 2001)
(Vucetich et al. 2001)
(Vucetich et al. 2001)
(Eldridge et al. 2001)
(Pope et al. 1996)
(Pope et al. 1996)
(Goostrey et al. 1998)
(Haig et al. 1997)
(Houlden et al. 1996)
(Houlden et al. 1999)
(Fowler et al. 2000)
(Rosel et al. 1999)
(Rosel et al. 1999)
(McMillan &
Bermingham 1996)
(Escorza-Trevino &
Dizon 2000)
(Escorza-Trevino &
19
Dizon 2000)
(Toline & Baker 1995)
(Kim et al. 1998)
(Haig et al. 1994)
(Stangel et al. 1992)
(Haig et al. 1996)
(Rodriguez-Lanetty &
Hoegh-Guldberg 2002)
(Hoarau et al. 2002)
(Castilla et al. 1998)
(Gerlach & Hoeck
2001)
(Emerson & Wallis
1994)
(Emerson & Wallis
1994)
(Rico & Turner 2002)
(Roeder et al. 2001)
(Dallimer et al. 2002)
(Nusser et al. 1996)
Phoxinus eos
Phyllostis xanthopygus
Picoides borealis
Picoides borealis
Picoides borealis
18
10
14
26
20
1
1
47
16
47
mtDNA
mtDNA
RAPDs
allozymes
RAPDs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
endemic
endemic
endemic
endemic
local
regional
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
Gst, Nm
Φst
Fst, Nm
Fst, Nm
Fst
0.431
0.28
0.19
0.14
0.21
0.57
1.29
1.04
1.53
0.94
Plesiastrea versipora
Pleuronectes platessa
Podarcis atrata
7
11
4
1
6
1
rDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
mixed
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
endemic
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.536
0.0086
0.637
0.22
28.82
0.28
Procavia johnstoni
12
3
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.388
0.39
Prodontria bicolorata
7
7
allozymes
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.325
0.52
Prodontria modesta
Pseudotropheus callainos
Pygoscelis adeliae
Quela quela
Rallus longirostris levipes
7
3
13
8
4
7
6
5
6
16
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
endemic
endemic
regional
widespread
endemic
species-wide
local
species-wide
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Fst
Gst
0.204
0.0343
0.0007
0.002
0.28
0.98
7.04
9.00
124.75
0.64
Rana luteiventris
7
44
allozymes
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
RAPDs
multilocus
microsatellites
outcrossing
regional
local
Φst
0.063
3.72
Rana sylvatica
Rangifer taarandus
platyrhynchus
Rangifer taarandus
platyrhynchus
11
5
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.014
17.61
(Call et al. 1998)
(Newman & Squire
2001)
2
9
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.034
7.10
(Cote et al. 2002)
2
9
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.069
3.37
Rattus fuscipes greyii
Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum
16
1
MHC
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.78
0.07
(Cote et al. 2002)
(Seddon & Baverstock
1999)
9
6
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.11664
1.89
Rhopalosiphum padi
11
1
mtDNA
widespread
widespread
Cpt
0.1318
3.29
Rhopalosiphum padi
Rhopalosiphum padi
5
8
7
7
SSRs
SSRs
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
Fst
Fst
0.0603
0.0323
3.90
7.49
(Delmotte et al. 2002)
(Delmotte et al. 2002)
Rhopalosiphum padi
Rhopalosiphum padi
Rhytidoponera sp. 12
Salmo marmoratus
Salmo salar
Salmo salar
Salmo salar
5
8
6
8
4
4
16
4
4
1
15
7
1
8
allozymes
allozymes
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mixed
selfing and/or
clonal
outcrossing
selfing and/or
clonal
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
(Rossiter et al. 2000)
(Martínez-Torres et al.
1996)
widespread
widespread
regional
narrow
regional
regional
widespread
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
local
local
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst
Φst
Fst
0.169
0.0264
0.5
0.66
0.142
0.398
0.054
1.23
9.22
0.50
0.13
1.51
0.76
4.38
(Delmotte et al. 2002)
(Delmotte et al. 2002)
(Tek Tay et al. 1997)
(Fumagalli et al. 2002)
(Tessier et al. 1997)
(Tessier et al. 1997)
(McConnell et al.
20
Salmo salar
Salmo salar
4
14
7
5
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
local
local
Fst
Fst
0.0957
0.034
2.36
7.10
Salmo trutta
11
38
allozymes
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.478
0.27
Salmo trutta
10
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.59
0.35
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
13
11
11
41
7
1
6
8
33
1
mtDNA
SSRs
allozymes
allozymes
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
local
local
regional
regional
Nst
Fst
Fst
Gst
Φst
0.91
0.263
0.258
0.268
.390 - .475
0.05
0.70
0.72
0.68
-
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
58
39
1
34
mtDNA
allozymes
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
Φst
Gst
0.559
0.455
0.39
0.30
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus alpinus
Salvelinus confluentus
9
32
5
15
47
10
7
8
6
1
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
local
regional
local
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
Φst
Φst
0.401
0.049
0.037
0.37
0.8805
0.37
4.85
6.50
0.43
0.07
Salvelinus fontinalis
Salvelinus fontinalis
Sceloporus woodi
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma mansoni
Sciurus vulgaris
Sebastes fasciatus
Sebastes fasciatus
Sebastes marinus
Sebastes mentella
Sebastes mentella
Sebastes viviparus
Semibalanus balanoides
Sigmodon hispidus
58
24
5
17
17
17
17
15
2
6
2
2
10
2
14
13
1
6
1
7
7
7
7
1
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
1
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
RAPDs
RAPDs
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
MHC
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
mixed
mixed
mixed
mixed
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
endemic
widespread
widespread
widespread
widespread
widespread
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
local
local
species-wide
local
local
local
local
regional
biregional
regional
biregional
biregional
regional
biregional
regional
regional
Fst
Φst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
Φst
Fst
0.47
0.191
0.896
0.07
0.035
0.143
0.072
0.681
0.022
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.016
0.011
0.163
0.56
1.06
0.06
3.32
6.89
1.50
3.22
0.23
11.11
27.53
27.53
27.53
31.00
15.38
22.48
1.28
Silurus glanis
Sistrurus c. catenatus
Sitobion avenae
13
5
8
10
6
5
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
selfing and/or
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
local
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.364
0.164
0.032
0.44
1.27
7.56
1997)
(Tessier & Bernatchez
1999)
(Garant et al. 2000)
(Bernatchez & Osinov
1995)
(Bernatchez & Osinov
1995)
(Apostolidis et al.
1997)
(Estoup et al. 1998)
(Estoup et al. 1998)
(Bouza et al. 1999)
(Weiss et al. 2000)
(Machordom et al.
2000)
(Bouza et al. 2001)
(Aurelle & Berrebi
2001)
(Ruzzante et al. 2001)
(Hansen et al. 2002)
(Brunner et al. 1998)
(Taylor et al. 1999)
(Danzmann & Ihssen
1995)
(Hebert et al. 2000)
(Clark et al. 1999)
(Prugnolle et al. 2002)
(Prugnolle et al. 2002)
(Prugnolle et al. 2002)
(Prugnolle et al. 2002)
(Barratt et al. 1999)
(Roques et al. 1999)
(Roques et al. 2001)
(Roques et al. 1999)
(Roques et al. 1999)
(Roques et al. 2001)
(Roques et al. 1999)
(Dufresne et al. 2002)
(Pfau et al. 2001)
(Triantafyllidis et al.
2002)
(Gibbs et al. 1997)
(Simon et al. 1999)
21
clonal
Sorex araneus
17
7
Sorex araneus
14
Sorex araneus
(Lugon-Moulin et al.
1999)
(Lugon-Moulin &
Hausser 2002)
(Lugon-Moulin &
Hausser 2002)
(Maldonado et al.
2001)
(Finch & Lambert
1996)
(Garcia-Martinez et al.
1999)
(Stepien & Faber
1998)
(Simonsen et al. 1998)
(Simonsen et al. 1998)
(van Hooft et al. 2000)
outcrossing
regional
local
Fst
0.076
3.04
1
SSRs
Y chromosome
SSR
outcrossing
regional
local
Rst
0.738
0.09
14
8
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
local
Rst
0.061
3.85
Sorex ornatus
12
30
allozymes
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.278
0.65
Sphenodon punctatus
4
135
minisatellites
outcrossing
endemic
species-wide
Fst
0.15
1.42
Stenella coeruleoalba
2
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
biregional
Gst, Nm
0.34
0.98
Stizostedion vitreum
Syncerus caffer
Syncerus caffer
Syncerus caffer
6
11
11
9
1
1
6
14
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
Φst
Kst
Fst
Fst
0.153
0.1
0.085
0.059
2.77
4.50
2.69
3.99
Syncerus caffer caffer
4
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
MHC class II
DRB gene
outcrossing
regional
regional
Gst
0.076
3.04
Tamias amoenus
Tanganicodus irsacae
Tanganicodus irsacae
Telespiza cantans
3
3
3
4
7
1
6
9
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
endemic
endemic
endemic
local
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.036
0.526
0.24
0.169
6.69
0.45
0.79
1.23
Tetranychus uricae
7
5
allozymes
mixed
widespread
regional
Fst
0.38
0.41
Tetrao urogallus
Thalassarche
chrysostoma
Thalassarche
chrysostoma
Thalassarche melanophris
Thalassarche melanophris
Thaleichthys pacificus
Thaumetopoea
pityocampa
Thaumetopoea
pityocampa
Thymallus arcticus
Thymallus thymallus
18
10
SSRs
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst
0.046
5.18
(Wenink et al. 1998)
(Schulte-Hostedde et
al. 2001)
(Ruber et al. 2001)
(Ruber et al. 2001)
(Tarr et al. 1998)
(Tsagkarakou et al.
1998)
(Segelbacher & Storch
2002)
5
1
mtDNA
outcrossing
widespread
species-wide
Fst
0.00136
367.15
(Burg & Croxall 2001)
4
5
4
12
7
1
7
4
SSRs
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
widespread
widespread
regional
species-wide
species-wide
species-wide
regional
Fst
Fst
Fst
Fst
0.02
0.275
0.032
0.023
12.25
1.32
7.56
21.24
(Burg & Croxall 2001)
(Burg & Croxall 2001)
(Burg & Croxall 2001)
(McLean et al. 1999)
8
183
AFLP
outcrossing
regional
regional
Fst, Nm
0.356
0.47
(Salvato et al. 2002)
8
6
28
1
10
1
mtDNA
SSRs
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
widespread
regional
regional
regional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Φct
0.446
0.23
0.59
0.62
0.84
0.35
Tragelaphus trepsiceros
Trichechus manatus
8
8
1
1
mtDNA
mtDNA
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
species-wide
species-wide
Kst
Φst
0.527
0.798
0.45
0.13
(Salvato et al. 2002)
(Koskinen et al. 2002)
(Koskinen et al. 2000)
(Nersting & Arctander
2001)
(Garcia-Rodriguez et
22
Triturus cristatus
Triturus marmoratus
Uria aalge
Uria lomvia
Urophora cardui
2
3
10
7
41
8
8
1
1
18
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
mtDNA
allozymes
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
widespread
widespread
regional
local
local
biregional
biregional
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Gst, Nm
Gst, Nm
Fst
0.0455
0.13
0.65
0.56
0.128
5.24
1.67
0.60
0.10
1.70
Ursus americanus
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
12
4
16
10
19
16
SSRs
SSRs
SSRs
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
regional
regional
widespread
regional
species-wide
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Fst, Nm
0.106
0.069
0.0028
2.11
3.37
89.00
Varanus komodoensis
4
10
SSRs
outcrossing
endemic
regional
Fst, Nm
0.32
0.30
Vespula germanica
Vulpes vulpes
Wilsonia pusilla
Zacco pachycephalus
4
4
9
12
3
7
1
26
SSRs
SSRs
mtDNA
allozymes
mixed
outcrossing
outcrossing
outcrossing
widespread
regional
regional
endemic
regional
local
species-wide
species-wide
Fst
Fst
Φst
Fst
0.28
0.01-0.15
0.55
0.497
0.64
0.41
0.25
al. 1998)
(Jehle et al. 2001)
(Jehle et al. 2001)
(Friesen et al. 1996)
(Friesen et al. 1996)
(Eber & Brandl 1997)
(Marshall & Ritland
2002)
(Waits et al. 2000)
(Paetkau et al. 1999)
(Ciofi & Bruford
1999)
(Goodisman et al.
2001)
(Lade et al. 1996)
(Kimura et al. 2002)
(Wang et al. 1999)
23
TABLE S4. Selection gradients and differentials for studies with experimentally enhanced phenotypic variation. Studies are classified according to
experimental design, whether traits were varied by phenotypic manipulation or by combining varying strains, and fitness measure. Linear selection
gradient or differential, with significance levels, and sample size are provided.
Taxonomic
group
Experimental
design
Source of
phenotypic
variation
Experimental
conditions
Trait or
conditions
varied or
manipulated
Trait class
Trait name
Episode, site,
or treatment
Fitness
measure
Linear
gradient
(β)
P(β)
Linear
differential
(s)
P(s)
N
Source
FUNGI
Cochliobolus
carbonum
Cochliobolus
carbonum
Cochliobulus
heterostrophus
Cochliobulus
heterostrophus
Cochliobulus
heterostrophus
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
varying
strains
varying
strains
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
laboratory
among
subspecies
physiology
against race O
growth rate
0.58
na
laboratory
among
subspecies
physiology
growth rate
0.17
na
laboratory
single allele
life history
growth rate
0.025
na
laboratory
single allele
physiology
growth rate
0.302
na
laboratory
single allele
physiology
against race 3
Mating type
allele
Against O
allele
Selection
against T
allele
growth rate
0.12
na
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
laboratory
laboratory
laboratory
laboratory
laboratory
among races
among races
among races
among races
among races
laboratory
among races
physiology
laboratory
among races
physiology
competitive
ability
competitive
ability
(Welz &
Leonard
1993)
(Welz &
Leonard
1993)
(Leonard
1977)
(Leonard
1977)
(Leonard
1977)
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
low density
growth rate
-0.374
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
low density
growth rate
-0.196
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
low density
growth rate
-4.62
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
low density
growth rate
-0.749
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
low density
growth rate
0.048
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
low density
growth rate
-0.608
na
high density
growth rate
0.083
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
24
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Erysiphe
graminis
tritici
Ophiostoma
ulmi
Phytophthora
infestans
Puccinia
graminis
avenae
Puccinia
graminis
avenae
Puccinia
graminis
tritici
Puccinia
graminis
tritici
Puccinia
graminis
tritici
Puccinia
hordei
Puccinia
hordei
Puccinia
striiformis
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
manipulated
trait
varying
strains
varying
strains
laboratory
laboratory
laboratory
laboratory
among races
among races
among races
among races
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
physiology
competitive
ability
against
nonagressive
subsp.
competitive
ability
Unneccessary
virulence
allele
Unneccessary
virulence
alleles
competitive
ability for host
variety
competitive
ability for
temperature
and density
Unneccessary
virulence
alleles
competitive
ability
laboratory
among races
laboratory
among
subspecies
physiology
laboratory
among races
physiology
laboratory
single allele
physiology
laboratory
laboratory
among races
among races
physiology
physiology
physiology
common
garden
varying
strains
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
laboratory
laboratory
among races
among races
physiology
laboratory
among races
physiology
experimental
plots
among races
physiology
laboratory
among races
physiology
competitive
ability
competitive
ability
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
high density
growth rate
0.113
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
high density
growth rate
-3.52
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
high density
growth rate
0.164
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
high density
growth rate
0.527
na
(Ohara &
Brown 1996)
high density
growth rate
0.185
growth rate
0.517
(0.087)
0.622
(0.131)
growth rate
0.126
(0.013)
growth rate
0.163
(0.041)
growth rate
0.423
(0.06)
growth rate
na
(Brasier
1987)
na
na
(Thurston
1961)
(Leonard
1969)
na
(Martens
1973)
na
(Loegering
1951)
na
(Katsuya &
Green 1967)
growth rate
0.279
(0.035)
growth rate
0.384
(0.024)
growth rate
0.194
(0.02)
growth rate
growth rate
0.804
0.435
(0.033)
na
(Osoro &
Green 1976)
na
na
na
na
(FalahatiRastegar et
al. 1981)
(FalahatiRastegar et
al. 1981)
(Brown &
Sharp 1970)
25
Venturia
inaequalis
Venturia
inaequalis
PLANT
Amphicarpaea
bracteata
common
garden
common
garden
manipulated
trait
varying
strains
common
garden
varying
strains
laboratory
laboratory
single allele
among
populations
experimental
plots
among
lineages
physiology
physiology
physiology
Unnecessary
benomyl
resistance
benomyl
sensitivity
high/low light
environments
number of
rosette leaves
(i.e.
developmental
stage of
flowering)
(McGee &
Zuck 1981)
growth rate
growth rate
offspring after 3
generations
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
1996-1997, AS
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
1996-1997, AS
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
1997-1998, AS
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
1997-1998, AS
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
1997-1998, AS
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
1996-1997, SR
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
1996-1997, SR
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
1996-1997, SR
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
1997-1998, SR
Arabidopsis
thaliana
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
varying
strains
experimental
plots
experimental
plots
shading
regimes
shading
regimes
life history
morphology
date of bolting
rosette
diameter
0.57
na
(McGee &
Zuck 1981)
na
na
294
Arabidopsis
thaliana
morphology
0.056
0.215
(0.07)
1996-1997, AS
1997-1998, SR
1997-1998, SR
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
0.3
<0.0001
0.59
-0.13
<0.001
-0.14
0.52
<0.0001
0.16
ns
-0.18
<0.01
<.0001
<.05
294
0.69
<.0001
294
0.36
<.0001
256
-0.25
<.0001
256
0.3
<0.0001
0.41
<.0001
256
0.1
ns
0.45
<.0001
151
-0.33
<.0001
151
-0.17
<0.01
(Parker
1994)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
0.54
<0.0001
0.63
<.0001
151
0.21
<0.0001
0.62
<.0001
555
-0.1
<0.001
-0.37
<.0001
555
0.56
<0.0001
0.72
<.0001
555
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
26
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
unshaded
early,
unshaded late
unshaded
early,
unshaded late
unshaded
early,
unshaded late
unshaded
early, shaded
late
unshaded
early, shaded
late
unshaded
early, shaded
late
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
shaded early,
unshaded late
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
shaded early,
unshaded late
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
shaded early,
unshaded late
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
number of
rosette leaves
shaded early,
shaded late
Arabidopsis
thaliana
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
life history
date of bolting
shaded early,
shaded late
Arabidopsis
thaliana
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
shading
regimes
morphology
rosette
diameter
shaded early,
shaded late
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
total number of
fruits/mean for
site
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
physiology
photosynthetic
rate
dry
environment
reproductive
biomass
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
physiology
stomatal
conductance
dry
environment
reproductive
biomass
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
physiology
water-use
efficiency
dry
environment
reproductive
biomass
0.07
ns
0.12
ns
139
-0.37
<0.0001
-0.33
<.0001
139
0.48
<0.0001
0.51
<.0001
139
0.26
<0.05
0.05
ns
144
-0.61
<0.0001
-0.44
<.0001
144
0.45
<0.0001
0.59
<.0001
144
0.15
ns
0.08
0.4074
116
-0.41
<.0001
116
<.01
116
-0.45
<0.0001
0.17
ns
0.29
0.24
<0.01
-0.11
ns
127
-0.75
<0.0001
-0.62
<.0001
127
0.27
<0.0004
0.38
<.0001
127
0.41
<.05
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Callahan &
Pigliucci
2002)
(Dudley
1996)
57
(Dudley
1996)
-0.33
<.05
57
(Dudley
1996)
0.51
<0.01
0.66
<.001
57
27
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
Cakile
edentula var.
lacustris
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
wet and dry
races
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
experimental
plots
Impatiens
capensis
Impatiens
reciprocal
transplant
reciprocal
manipulated
trait
manipulated
experimental
plots
experimental
wet and dry
races
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
morphology
leaf size
dry
environment
reproductive
biomass
morphology
vegetative
biomass
dry
environment
reproductive
biomass
physiology
photosynthetic
rate
wet
environment
reproductive
biomass
physiology
stomatal
conductance
wet
environment
reproductive
biomass
physiology
water-use
efficiency
wet
environment
reproductive
biomass
physiology
leaf size
wet
environment
reproductive
biomass
morphology
vegetative
biomass
life history
emergence
time
morphology
leaf length
morphology
height
life history
emergence
time
morphology
leaf length
morphology
height
morphology
leaf length
morphology
morphology
height
leaf length
wet
environment
at
transplantation,
high density
at
transplantation,
high density
at
transplantation,
high density
at
transplantation,
low density
at
transplantation,
low density
at
transplantation,
low density
after
transplantation,
high density
after
transplantation,
high density
after
reproductive
biomass
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
number of
(Dudley
1996)
0.2
ns
0.54
<.001
57
(Dudley
1996)
0.89
<.001
57
(Dudley
1996)
0.18
<.05
99
(Dudley
1996)
0.1
ns
99
(Dudley
1996)
0.01
ns
0.01
ns
99
(Dudley
1996)
0
ns
0
ns
99
(Dudley
1996)
0.39
<.001
99
-0.139
<0.01
203
0.223
<0.001
203
0.082
ns
203
-0.078
ns
193
0.25
<0.01
193
-0.153
<0.05
193
0.129
<0.05
203
0.252
0.468
<0.001
<0.001
203
193
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
28
capensis
transplant
trait
plots
experimental
plots
elongated vs.
nonelongated
experimentally
elongated vs.
nonelongated
height
transplantation,
low density
after
transplantation,
low density
reproductive
structures
number of
reproductive
structures
Impatiens
capensis
reciprocal
transplant
manipulated
trait
morphology
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
morphology
plant size
Bruuk
total seeds
produced
0.41
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
life history
growth habit
Bruuk
total seeds
produced
0
ns
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
life history
onset of
flowering
Bruuk
total seeds
produced
0.05
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
morphology
fresh weight
Bruuk
total seeds
produced
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
morphology
plant size
Heteren
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
life history
growth habit
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
life history
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
reciprocal
transplant
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
Plantago
lanceolata
Plantago
reciprocal
transplant
reciprocal
varying
strains
varying
experimental
plots
experimental
-0.119
<0.05
<0.001
193
<.001
189
-0.14
ns
189
ns
0.07
ns
32
-0.3
ns
0.44
ns
189
total seeds
produced
0.36
<0.001
0.46
<0.001
312
Heteren
total seeds
produced
-0.19
<0.001
-0.28
<0.001
312
onset of
flowering
Heteren
total seeds
produced
-0.01
ns
-0.36
<0.001
283
morphology
fresh weight
Heteren
total seeds
produced
-0.08
ns
0.19
<0.001
312
reciprocal
transplant
morphology
plant size
Junne
total seeds
produced
0.29
<0.001
0.75
<0.001
247
reciprocal
transplant
reciprocal
life history
life history
growth habit
onset of
Junne
Junne
total seeds
produced
total seeds
-0.26
-0.11
-0.06
-0.39
ns
<0.05
247
140
ns
ns
1.25
Schmitt
1996)
(Dudley &
Schmitt
1996)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
29
lanceolata
transplant
strains
plots
transplant
Plantago
lanceolata
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
experimental
plots
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
Sinapis
arvensis
ANIMAL
Chelydra
serpentina
reciprocal
transplant
varying
strains
greenhouse
reciprocal
transplant
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
lineages for
stress
treatments
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
greenhouse
flowering
produced
morphology
fresh weight
Junne
morphology
leaf hair
density
control
morphology
leaf size
morphology
leaf hair
density
morphology
leaf size
morphology
leaf hair
density
morphology
leaf size
morphology
leaf hair
density
morphology
leaf size
morphology
leaf hair
density
morphology
leaf size
morphology
leaf hair
density
morphology
leaf size
control
water
potential of
control
high boron
high boron
high salt
high salt
low water
low water
low light
low light
low nutrient
low nutrient
total seeds
produced
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
seed
weight/treatment
mean
recapture
0.04
ns
0.16
ns
247
0.07
(0.07)
ns
0.09
ns
144
-0.05
(0.07)
-0.007
(0.09)
0.09
(0.09)
-0.16
(0.12)
0.21
(0.11)
-0.05
(0.07)
0.23
(0.07)
-0.38
(0.18)
0.51
(0.19)
-0.01
(0.03)
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(van
Tienderen &
van der
Toorn 1991)
(Roy et al.
1999)
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
-0.08
ns
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
-0.004
ns
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
0.08
ns
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
-0.18
ns
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
0.22
<0.05
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
-0.15
<0.05
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
<0.001
0.25
<0.001
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
<0.001
-0.45
<0.01
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
<0.001
0.52
<0.001
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
ns
0.01
ns
144
(Roy et al.
1999)
-0.03
(0.03)
ns
-0.156
ns
-0.03
ns
144
112
(Janzen
1993)
30
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
hatchling size
by incubation
conditions
Chelydra
serpentina
common
garden
manipulated
trait
experimental
pond
incubation
temperature
Chelydra
serpentina
common
garden
manipulated
trait
experimental
pond
incubation
temperature
Chelydra
serpentina
Chelydra
serpentina
Chelydra
serpentina
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
experimental
pond
experimental
pond
experimental
pond
Parus
caeruleus
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
incubation
temperature
incubation
temperature
incubation
temperature
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
Parus
caeruleus
Parus
caeruleus
markrecapture
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
incubation
substrate
(Janzen
1993)
life history
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
behavior
morphology
morphology
morphology
behavior
clutch size
PC1 (body
size and
shape)
PC2 (body
size and
shape)
PC3 (body
size and
shape)
PC4 (body
size and
shape)
PC5 (body
size and
shape)
recapture
recapture
112
0.327
<0.05
112
(Janzen
1993)
recapture
0.048
ns
112
(Janzen
1993)
recapture
0.282
<0.05
112
(Janzen
1993)
recapture
0.162
<0.05
112
(Janzen
1993)
recapture
0.057
ns
112
(Janzen
1993)
locomotor
performance
PC1 (body
size and
shape)
PC2 (body
size and
shape)
PC3 (body
size and
shape)
recapture
behavior
morphology
nestling
fledging
condition
combined
years and
treatments
hatching date
nestling
fledging
combined
years and
treatments
1992,
combined
morphology
ns
(Janzen
1993)
running speed
propensity to
run
control
-0.096
-0.001
survival to first
year
-0.901
(0.884)
survival to first
year
-0.012
(0.234)
survival to first
year
survival to first
year
survival to first
year
-0.247
(0.262)
0.809
(1.822)
0.758
(0.376)
survival to first
year
0.027
(0.016)
ns
112
(Janzen
1995)
ns
0.295
ns
121
(Janzen
1995)
ns
0.093
ns
121
(Janzen
1995)
ns
-0.408
ns
121
ns
0.196
ns
121
<0.05
0.671
ns
121
<0.05
(Janzen
1995)
(Janzen
1995)
(Merila et al.
1999)
3659
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
survival to first
year
-0.019
(0.016)
0.034
(0.032)
ns
3659
ns
1038
(Merila et al.
1999)
31
Parus
caeruleus
Phyllonorycter
mespilella
Phyllonorycter
mespilella
Phyllonorycter
mespilella
markrecapture
common
garden
common
garden
common
garden
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
experimental
plots
experimental
plots
experimental
plots
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
crossfostering,
brood size
manipulation
timing of sapfeeding stage
timing of sapfeeding stage
timing of sapfeeding stage
Salmo salar
common
garden
manipulated
trait
experimental
pond
Salmo salar
Thalassoma
common
garden
disturbed
manipulated
trait
varying
experimental
pond
natural
Parus
caeruleus
Parus
caeruleus
Parus
caeruleus
Parus
caeruleus
Parus
caeruleus
Parus
caeruleus
markrecapture
markrecapture
markrecapture
markrecapture
markrecapture
markrecapture
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
manipulated
trait
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
condition
treatments
control
hatching date
1992,
combined
treatments
morphology
nestling
fledging
condition
1993,
combined
treatments
control
hatching date
1993,
combined
treatments
morphology
nestling
fledging
condition
1994,
combined
treatments
control
hatching date
1994,
combined
treatments
morphology
nestling
fledging
condition
1995,
combined
treatments
control
life history
hatching date
sapfeeding
duration
sapfeeding
duration
sapfeeding
duration
egg size
life history
egg size
egg size
dominance
life history
morphology
egg size
standard
life history
life history
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
0.02
(0.032)
ns
1038
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
-0.019
(0.029)
ns
1177
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
0.05
(0.029)
ns
1177
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
0.041
(0.041)
ns
594
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
-0.001
(0.041)
ns
594
(Merila et al.
1999)
survival to first
year
0.043
(0.034)
ns
850
(Merila et al.
1999)
1995,
combined
treatments
mixed
treatments
mixed
treatments
mixed
treatments
survival to first
year
total
survivorship
survivorship
from parasitoid
suvivorship
from other
-0.01
(0.034)
0.488
(0.126)
0.001
1401
1988-1990
offspring
survival
proportion
offspring
survivalX
potential
maternal
fecundity
quality of
0.358
(0.145)
0.35
0.009
<0.01
1401
70
ns
850
0.33
<0.001
0.34
<0.001
0.16
ns
(McGregor
1998)
(McGregor
1998)
(McGregor
1998)
(Einum &
Fleming
2000)
(Einum &
Fleming
2000)
(Warner &
32
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
habitat, markrecapture
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
length
mating site
Schultz
1992)
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body depth
1988-1990
quality of
mating site
0.09
ns
70
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
tail length
1988-1990
quality of
mating site
0.08
ns
70
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
pectoral fin
length
1988-1990
quality of
mating site
0.26
<0.05
70
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
black + white
area
1988-1990
quality of
mating site
0.05
ns
70
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
relative white
area
1988-1990
quality of
mating site
-0.04
ns
70
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
standard
length
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
0.64
<0.01
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body depth
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
0.13
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
morphology
tail length
pectoral fin
length
1989-1990
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
quality of
mating site
0.14
ns
55
0.46
<0.05
55
(Warner &
Schultz
33
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
disturbed
habitat
varying
strains
natural
conditions
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
disturbed
habitat
varying
strains
natural
conditions
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
1992)
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
black + white
area
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
0.07
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
relative white
area
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
-0.27
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body weight
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
-0.1
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
physiology
gut parasites
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
-0.07
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
physiology
muscle
parasites
1989-1990
quality of
mating site
-0.06
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
standard
length
1988-1990
mating site
defense
0.32
<0.01
67
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body depth
1988-1990
mating site
defense
0.07
ns
67
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
tail length
morphology
pectoral fin
length
1988-1990
mating site
defense
1988-1990
mating site
defense
0.09
-0.04
ns
ns
67
67
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
34
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
black + white
area
1988-1990
mating site
defense
0.02
ns
67
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
relative white
area
1988-1990
mating site
defense
0.18
ns
67
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
standard
length
1989-1990
mating site
defense
0.47
<0.05
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body depth
1989-1990
mating site
defense
0.23
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
tail length
1989-1990
mating site
defense
-0.06
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
pectoral fin
length
1989-1990
mating site
defense
-0.09
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
black + white
area
1989-1990
mating site
defense
0.02
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
morphology
relative white
area
body weight
1989-1990
1989-1990
mating site
defense
mating site
defense
0.39
<0.05
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
-0.29
ns
55
35
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
physiology
gut parasites
1989-1990
mating site
defense
-0.02
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
physiology
muscle
parasites
1989-1990
mating site
defense
-0.07
ns
55
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
standard
length
1988-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.12
ns
63
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body depth
1988-1990
attractiveness to
female
-0.03
ns
63
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
tail length
1988-1990
attractiveness to
female
-0.06
ns
63
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
pectoral fin
length
1988-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.11
ns
63
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
black + white
area
1988-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.07
ns
63
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
relative white
area
1988-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.19
<0.05
63
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
standard
length
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.04
ns
51
36
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thalassoma
bifasciatum
Thamnophis
elegans
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
disturbed
habitat
common
garden, markrecapture
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
varying
strains
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
natural
conditions
laboratory,
natural
conditions
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
dominance
hierarchies
through
transplanting
males
birth size
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body depth
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.06
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
tail length
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.04
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
pectoral fin
length
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.12
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
black + white
area
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
0
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
relative white
area
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
0.28
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
morphology
body weight
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
-0.2
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
physiology
gut parasites
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
-0.11
ns
51
(Warner &
Schultz
1992)
physiology
life history
muscle
parasites
birth size
1989-1990
attractiveness to
female
survivorship
0.05
0.23
(0.04)
ns
51
(Bronikowski
2000)
0.001
448
TABLE S5. Effects of quantitative trait loci for animal crosses.
Species
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila mauritiana X D. sechellia
Drosophila mauritiana X D. simulans
Drosophila mauritiana X D. simulans
Drosophila mauritiana X D. simulans
Drosophila mauritiana X D. simulans
Drosophila mauritiana X D. simulans
Drosophila mauritiana X D. simulans
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
cross
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
Trait
alfalfa race - fecundity on alfalfa
alfalfa race - fecundity on clover
alfalfa race - acceptance of alfalfa
clover race - fecundity on alfalfa
clover race - fecundity on clover
clover race - acceptance of alfalfa
clover race - acceptance of clover
mean lifespan
fertility
early fertility fraction
age of first reproduction
population growth
lifespan
body length
fertility
female pheromones
anal plate bristle number
clasper bristle number
sex comb tooth number
fifth sternite bristle number
anal plate area
posterior lobe area
lifespan - males
lifespan - females
sternopleural bristle number, 18°C, males
sternopleural bristle number, 25°C, males
sternopleural bristle number, 29°C, males
sternopleural bristle number, 18°C, females
sternopleural bristle number, 25°C, females
sternopleural bristle number, 29°C, females
abdominal bristle number, 18°C, males
abdominal bristle number, 25°C, males
abdominal bristle number, 29°C, males
abdominal bristle number, 18°C, females
abdominal bristle number, 25°C, females
abdominal bristle number, 29°C, females
male lifespan - low density
male lifespan - high density
female lifespan - low density
Trait Type
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
morphology
life history
physiology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
life history
life history
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
life history
life history
life history
No.
QTLs
4
4
5
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
4
3
8
1
3
6
6
1
2
1
3
8
4
1
5
5
4
5
4
6
4
6
6
6
5
6
3
2
3
Largest
effect size
0.8
-1.46
0.78
1.46
-1.29
24
25
23
33
46.2
53.6
-29.2
50.2
-15.9
1.22
-1.52
31.26
32.24
18.23
35
30.49
13.11
23.32
26.57
13.95
16.2
15.21
20.58
4.79
6.18
-4.2
Minor
QTL2
Minor
QTL3
Minor
QTL4
Minor
QTL5
Minor
QTL6
Minor
QTL7
Minor
QTL8
-1.02
0.9
-0.87
0.045
0.85
-0.7
0.06
14
13
-3.5
0.61
0.11
0.06
0.12
-11.8
21.7
15
14.3
46.1
-6.9
-0.69
15.6
-14.8
-0.63
-6.9
-0.6
-4.9
-15.3
6.83
7.89
6.85
13.01
4.67
3.64
7.38
5.56
6.89
3.27
4.02
3.21
-2.89
3.45
-3.76
7.71
13.83
8.15
2.86
14.55
6.1
21.51
6.59
10.32
10.78
2.68
8.79
-1.48
9.96
9.66
8.37
16.82
11.06
7.73
2.47
19.65
3.28
12.12
3.81
6.31
7.87
12.35
0.1
0.15
-21.5
3.88
4.56
7.67
10.84
8.04
13.5
12.48
15.21
19.84
4.79
4.57
10.83
5.52
-10.5
-11.2
Minor
QTL9
Minor
QTL10
Minor
QTL11
Minor
QTL12
Minor
QTL13
Minor
QTL14
Minor
QTL15
Minor
QTL16
Minor
QTL17
Minor
QTL18
Minor
QTL19
Method of
measurement
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
PVE
PVE
PVE
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
SD
SD
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
absolute
absolute
absolute
Reference
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Hawthorne & Via 2001)
(Shook & Johnson 1999)
(Shook & Johnson 1999)
(Shook & Johnson 1999)
(Shook & Johnson 1999)
(Shook & Johnson 1999)
(Ayyadevara et al. 2001)
(Knight et al. 2001)
(Knight et al. 2001)
(Coyne & Charlesworth 1997)
(True et al. 1997)
(True et al. 1997)
(True et al. 1997)
(True et al. 1997)
(True et al. 1997)
(True et al. 1997)
(Nuzhdin et al. 1997)
(Nuzhdin et al. 1997)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Gurganus et al. 1998)
(Leips & Mackay 2000)
(Leips & Mackay 2000)
(Leips & Mackay 2000)
38
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila pseudoobscura X D. persimilis
Drosophila pseudoobscura X D. persimilis
Drosophila simulans X D. mauritiana
Drosophila simulans X D. mauritiana
Drosophila simulans X D. melanogaster
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila simulans X D. sechellia
Drosophila yakuba X D. santomea
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Gasterosteus aculeatus
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
inter
female lifespan - high density
sex comb tooth number
male lifespan
female lifespan
hindgrooming (autonomic)
quivering (autonomic)
grasping (autonomic)
self-righting (autonomic)
cuticular hydrocarbon profile
reproductive success
ovariole number
courtship song - interpulse interval
sternopleural bristle number - line 2
courtship song - intrapulse frequency
courtship song - interpulse interval
posterior lobe size/shape
shape of posterior lobe
female pheromones
male pheromone
octanoic acid resistance - males
octanoic acid resistance - females
posterior lobe area - sim BC
posterior lobe area - sec BC
adj PC1 (posterior lobe shape) - sim BC
adj PC1 (posterior lobe shape) - sec BC
sex comb tooth number - sim BC
sex comb tooth number - sec BC
testes length - sim BC
testes length - sec BC
cyst length - sim BC
cyst length - sec BC
tibia length - sim BC
tibia length - sec BC
testicular atrophy - sim BC
testicular atrophy - sec BC
absence of cysts - sim BC
absence of cysts - sec BC
quantity of sperm - sim BC
quantity of sperm - sec BC
larval hairs
larval toxin resistance
abdominal pigmentation
number of short gill rakers
lateral plate number
life history
morphology
life history
life history
behavior
behavior
behavior
behavior
physiology
life history
life history
behavior
morphology
behavior
behavior
morphology
morphology
physiology
physiology
physiology
physiology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
life history
morphology
physiology
morphology
morphology
morphology
1
2
23
23
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
9
19
5
5
4
5
11
11
9
9
4
4
7
7
3
3
5
5
3
3
4
4
3
3
1
3
3
2
2
-5.24
0.34
-0.6
-0.58
-0.73
0.51
100
-0.016
-2.98
24.9
31
30
37.3
15.9
14.9
-0.23
-0.3
0.2
0.55
0.44
-0.008
-2.71
19.4
9.7
6.8
34.1
13.6
4.4
24.4
14.7
4.5
21
25
-25.5
-36.9
63.6
27.9
53.2
-58.1
72.6
46.1
-37.3
34.1
44.5
-34.9
-0.285
-0.022
-0.453
-0.315
-1.165
-0.47
100
29
18
18
-3.5
-6.1
-1.6
-6
-13.5
-34.4
12
37
-35.8
23.8
-9.6
5.8
-2.79
-0.018
-0.401
-0.103
-0.943
0.255
5
9
-18.5
-19.7
-9.3
-7.1
15.9
-0.4
-5.3
35
-22.3
31.9
40.6
19.1
0.187
-0.007
-0.235
-0.306
-0.228
0.448
15.4
10
14.9
8.5
6.6
0.1
7
6
-7
-13.6
1.6
24.5
39.3
-16.5
35.4
-15.8
34.1
2.8
10
0.063
0.229
5.7
3.8
15.5
6.7
15.8
3.3
12
-6.5
-28.8
36.5
15.6
21.7
-19.2
34
-13.5
3.7
-3.6
38.4
-6.3
51.8
-15.3
44.7
-30.3
58.5
40.9
27.2
-33.3
10.4
2.5
-15.7
-22.1
43.1
5.5
11.8
-0.7
-14.89
-30.7
30
19.1
3.2
-9.5
-36.3
4.5
-6.7
-23.3
7.7
12.7
0.7
2.6
4.3
4.2
1.3
4.4
absolute
absolute
absolute
absolute
SD
SD
SD
SD
%D
SD
SD
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
%D
PVE
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
%D
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
%D
%D
PVE
PVE
(Leips & Mackay 2000)
(Nuzhdin & Reiwitch 2000)
(Vieira et al. 2000)
(Vieira et al. 2000)
(Ashton et al. 2001)
(Ashton et al. 2001)
(Ashton et al. 2001)
(Ashton et al. 2001)
(Takahashi et al. 2001)
(Wayne et al. 2001)
(Wayne et al. 2001)
(Gleason et al. 2002)
(Robin et al. 2002)
(Williams et al. 2001)
(Williams et al. 2001)
(Liu et al. 1996)
(Zeng et al. 2000)
(Coyne 1996b)
(Coyne 1996a)
(Jones 1998)
(Jones 1998)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Macdonald & Goldstein 1999)
(Sucena & Stern 2000)
(Jones 2001)
(Llopart et al. 2002)
(Peichel et al. 2001)
(Peichel et al. 2001)
39
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Laupala kohalensis X L. paranigra
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
inter
inter
inter
inter
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
dorsal spine 1
dorsal spine 2
pelvic spine length
singing pulse rate variation
weight at 1 week
weight at 2 weeks
weight at 3 weeks
weight at 4 weeks
weight at 5 weeks
weight at 6 weeks
weight at 7 weeks
weight at 8 weeks
weight at 9 weeks
weight at 10 weeks
early growth
middle growth
six-week growth
late growth
body size
coronoid height
superior condylar length
condylar width
inferior condylar length
condylar base length
posterior angular height
posterior angular length
anterior angular length
superior angular length
posterior corpus height
coronoid base length
posterior-inferior basal length
anterior-inferior basal length
inferior incisor alveolus length
incisor alveolus width
superior incisor alveolus length
anterior corpus height
molar alveolus height
superior molar alveolus length
inferior molar alveolus length
superior coronoid length
body weight
abdominal fat weight
abdominal fat percentage
liver weight
morphology
morphology
morphology
behavior
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
physiology
physiology
physiology
physiology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
2
2
1
3
7
10
16
13
16
15
14
14
16
17
11
12
14
12
11
12
8
5
9
11
8
8
5
4
8
12
5
11
5
5
4
8
11
7
8
9
10
8
4
5
1.53
2.72
3.35
9
9.6
8.8
15.6
18.3
18
18
16.3
12.7
18.4
15.2
11.3
8.5
11.1
8.4
-0.28
16.5
4.1
10.5
9.3
4.9
16.4
6.6
3.6
3.9
5.9
14.1
3.8
6.1
4.4
13.3
7.6
14.5
6.5
7
7.4
9.9
23.1
18.1
10.2
24.7
1.42
2.57
6.5
5.4
4.5
6.5
1.9
2
2.7
5.2
5.1
6.3
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.1
1.9
-0.17
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.8
3.8
2
2.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
3.9
2.7
3.3
2.4
3.6
1.7
2.9
3.7
3.5
5.5
4.6
7.1
4
8.3
4.4
6.1
2.3
3.2
5.8
5.3
4
6.3
2.3
6.7
3
7.2
2.8
7.7
6.8
2.6
0.18
3.2
3.8
2.6
5.1
1.9
7
2.5
3.5
1.9
2.8
1.5
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.2
6.5
3.2
3.2
1.9
3.4
5.2
5.1
13.4
4.7
6.6
7.6
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.4
8.2
5.1
3
6.2
3.1
3.5
3.4
1.8
2.4
0.18
2.5
2.1
9.6
2.5
2
2.6
2
2.6
3.8
4.9
6.7
2.1
3.9
1.8
2.4
1.8
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.4
3.4
7
3.9
5.3
9.7
9.2
2.1
2.2
7.8
5.9
2.5
12.4
6.4
9
2.6
4.5
3.6
5.4
3.4
-0.21
9.2
3.8
2.5
4.4
2.5
3.2
3.8
2.3
3.8
8.6
10.2
8
3.1
4.7
12
10.1
16.2
12.4
2.4
3.9
6
2
-0.19
2.5
2.8
1.3
1.9
2.9
6.6
9.1
11.5
16.3
8.7
13.6
6.3
2
4.9
8.2
2.4
-0.21
5.7
1.8
2.8
4.4
13.7
8.2
12.6
3.5
10.2
1.5
10.4
1.8
2.3
10.6
2.4
0.24
2.3
1.7
1.5
12.7
1.6
12.3
17.8
3.4
3.3
4
11.7
2.9
2.4
3.4
2.4
-0.2
2
2.1
1.4
2.3
17.7
3
3.6
3.4
3.2
15
1.3
2.1
2.6
4.4
0.17
2.8
2.2
4.4
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.9
3.5
2.9
0.22
1.5
6.5
4.4
3.4
2.3
3.1
4
5.2
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.2
3.1
6.7
4.8
5
2.8
3.3
2.9
1.6
2.6
2.4
1.5
2.7
2.6
3.2
2.8
1.9
10.6
2.8
6.1
2.2
4.7
4.9
2.9
3.5
3.7
2.5
6.8
2.7
2.4
2.8
7.3
3
4.1
5.6
3.1
3.1
6.6
3.2
4.3
8.3
3.6
3.2
2.5
2.5
3.3
10.1
7.7
2.7
2.3
3.3
2.9
3.5
2.5
0.2
3.3
6.8
1.6
2.6
4.2
2.9
3.4
6.4
4.4
3.7
2.1
1.8
2
3.6
2.3
2.6
4.4
3.4
4.3
2.2
4.3
2.9
1.5
1.3
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.8
4
1.8
2.6
2.5
3.4
2.2
3.2
5.1
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.3
3
1.5
3.4
6.6
3.3
2.1
PVE
PVE
PVE
%D
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
SD
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
(Peichel et al. 2001)
(Peichel et al. 2001)
(Peichel et al. 2001)
(Shaw & Parsons 2002)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1996)
(Keightley et al. 1996)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Cheverud et al. 1997)
(Brockmann et al. 1998)
(Brockmann et al. 1998)
(Brockmann et al. 1998)
(Brockmann et al. 1998)
40
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Mus musculus
Nasonia giraulti X N. vitripennis
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
intra
inter
intra
intra
intra
kidney weight
spleen weight
growth rate
left-right centroid size (mandibular)
assymetry of centroid size (mandibular)
unsigned assymetry of centroid size
testis weight
seminal vesicle weight
aggression
maternal performance
early growth
early growth (maternal effect)
molar centroid size
wing size
time to hatch - pooled
embryonic length - pooled
weight at swim-up - pooled
morphology
morphology
life history
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
morphology
behavior
behavior
physiology
physiology
morphology
morphology
life history
morphology
morphology
5
4
20
11
2
1
5
1
2
2
5
4
3
2
3
2
2
13.4
23
11
8.78
2.24
2.38
20.7
24.2
6.18
3.02
9.53
6.57
44
14.7
13.1
15.3
8.2
7.3
7.3
8.5
6.2
10.7
4.9
2.9
2.11
3.76
3.38
3.58
17.5
11.9
13.5
9.2
4.61
2.49
9.07
5.46
1.88
9.13
2.14
3
5.21
1.82
4.6
9.5
10.9
5.3
2.15
6.57
3.93
4.66
3.86
3.17
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
PVE
%D
PVE
PVE
PVE
(Brockmann et al. 1998)
(Brockmann et al. 1998)
(Vaughn et al. 1999)
(Klingenberg et al. 2001)
(Klingenberg et al. 2001)
(Klingenberg et al. 2001)
(Le Roy et al. 2001)
(Le Roy et al. 2001)
(Brodkin et al. 2002)
(Peripato et al. 2002)
(Wolf et al. 2002)
(Wolf et al. 2002)
(Workman et al. 2002)
(Weston et al. 1999)
(Robison et al. 2001)
(Robison et al. 2001)
(Robison et al. 2001)
41
References
Aagaard JE, Krutovskii KV, Strauss SH (1998) RAPD markers of mitochondrial origin exhibit lower population diversity and higher differentiation than RAPDs
of nuclear origin in Douglas fir. Molecular Ecology 7, 801-812.
Aagaard JE, Vollmer SS, Sorensen FC, Strauss SH (1995) Mitochondrial-DNA Products among Rapd Profiles Are Frequent and Strongly Differentiated between
Races of Douglas-Fir. Molecular Ecology 4, 441-446.
Abbott RJ, Chapman HM, Crawford RMM, Forbes DG (1995) Molecular Diversity and Derivations of Populations of Silene- Acaulis and SaxifragaOppositifolia from the High Arctic and More Southerly Latitudes. Molecular Ecology 4, 199-207.
Agis M, Schlotterer C (2001) Microsatellite variation in natural Drosophila melanogaster populations from New South Wales (Australia) and Tasmania.
Molecular Ecology 10, 1197-1205.
Akimoto M, Shimamoto Y, Morishima H (1998) Population genetic structure of wild rice Oryza glumaepatula distributed in the Amazon flood area influenced
by its life- history traits. Molecular Ecology 7, 1371-1381.
Aldrich PR, Hamrick JL, Chavarriaga P, Kochert G (1998) Microsatellite analysis of demographic genetic structure in fragmented populations of the tropical tree
Symphonia globulifera. Molecular Ecology 7, 933-944.
Alexandrino J, Froufe E, Arntzen JW, Ferrand N (2000) Genetic subdivision, glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization in the golden-striped salamander,
Chioglossa lusitanica (Amphibia : Urodela). Molecular Ecology 9, 771-781.
Allen PJ, Amos W, Pomeroy PP, Twiss SO (1995) Microsatellite variation in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) shows evidence of genetic differentiation between
two British breeding colonies. Molecular Ecology 4, 653-662.
Allnutt TR, Newton AC, Lara A, et al. (1999) Genetic variation in Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce), a threatened South American conifer. Molecular Ecology 8,
975-987.
Anderson LW, Born EW, Gjertz I, et al. (1998) Population structure and gene flow of the Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the eastern Atlantic
Artic based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation. Molecular Ecology 7, 1323-1336.
Apostolidis AP, Triantaphyllidis D, Kouvatsi A, Economidis PS (1997) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and phylogeography among Salmo trutta L.
(Greek brown trout) populations. Molecular Ecology 6, 531-542.
Apte S, Gardner JPA (2002) Population genetic subdivision in the New Zealand greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus) inferred from single-strand conformation
polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology 11, 1617-1628.
Arafeh RMH, Sapir Y, Shmida A, et al. (2002) Patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation in Iris haynei and I-atrofusca (Iris sect. Oncocyclus = the royal irises)
along an ecogeographical gradient in Israel and the West Bank. Molecular Ecology 11, 39-53.
Arendt S, Smith MJ (1998) Genetic diversity and population structure in two species of sea cucumber: differing patterns according to mode of development.
Molecular Ecology 7, 1053-1064.
Árnason R, Pálsson S (1996) Mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequence variation of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, from Norway. Molecular Ecology 5, 715724.
Ashton K, Wagoner AP, Carrillo R, Gibson G (2001) Quantitative trait loci for the monoamine-related traits heart rate and headless behavior in Drosophila
melanogaster. Genetics 157, 283-294.
Auge H, Neuffer B, Erlinghagen F, Grupe R, Brandl R (2001) Demographic and random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses reveal high levels of genetic
diversity in a clonal violet. Molecular Ecology 10, 1811-1819.
42
Aurelle D, Berrebi P (2001) Genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations from south-western France: data from mitochondrial control region
variability. Molecular Ecology 10, 1551-1561.
Ayres DR, Ryan FJ (1997) The clonal and population structure of a rare endemic plant, Wyethia reticulata (Asteraceae): allozyme and RAPD analysis. Molecular
Ecology 6, 761-772.
Ayyadevara S, Ayyadevara R, Hou S, Thaden JJ, Reis RJS (2001) Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci governing longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans in
recombinant-inbred progeny of a Bergerac-BO x RC301 interstrain cross. Genetics 157, 655-666.
Bagley MJ, Gall GAE (1998) Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variability among populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Molecular
Ecology 7, 945-962.
Baker CS, Medrano-Gonzalez L, Calambokidis J, et al. (1998) Population structure of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation among humback whales in the
North Pacific. Molecular Ecology 7, 695-707.
Baker CS, Slade RW, Bannisgter SL, et al. (1994) Hierarchical structure of mitochondrial DNA gene flow among humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae,
worldwide. Molecular Ecology 3, 313-327.
Barber PH (1999) Patterns of gene flow and population genetic structure in the canyon treefrog, Hyla arenicolor (Cope). Molecular Ecology 8, 563-576.
Barber PH, Palumbi SR, Erdmann MV, Moosa MK (2002) Sharp genetic breaks among populations of Haptosquilla pulchella (Stomatopoda) indicate limits to
larval transport: patterns, causes, and consequences. Molecular Ecology 11, 659-674.
Barratt EM, Gurnell J, Malarky G, Deaville R, Bruford MW (1999) Genetic structure of fragmented populations of red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in the UK.
Molecular Ecology 8, S55-S63.
Bartish IV, Jeppsson N, Nybom H (1999) Population genetic structure in the dioecious pioneer plant species Hippophae rhamnoides investigated by random
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Molecular Ecology 8, 791-802.
Becher SA, Griffiths R (1998) Genetic differentiation among local populations of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in mosaic habitats. Molecular
Ecology 7, 1599-1604.
Beheregaray LB, Sunnucks P (2001) Fine-scale genetic structure, estuarine colonization and incipient speciation in the marine silverside fish Odontesthes
argentinensis. Molecular Ecology 10, 2849-2866.
Belahbib N, Pemonge MH, Ouassou A, et al. (2001) Frequent cytoplasmic exchanges between oak species that are not closely related: Quercus suber and Q-ilex
in Morocco. Molecular Ecology 10, 2003-2012.
Benzie JAH, Ballment E, Forbes AT, et al. (2002) Mitochondrial DNA variation in Indo-Pacific populations of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon.
Molecular Ecology 11, 2553-2569.
Bernatchez L (1997) Mitochondrial DNA analysis confirms the existence of two glacial races of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax and their reproductive isolation
in the St. Lawrence River estuary (Québec, Canada). Molecular Ecology 6, 73-83.
Bernatchez L, Osinov A (1995) Genetic diversity of trout (genus Salmo) from its most eastern native range based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene
variation. Molecular Ecology 4, 285-297.
Birungi J, Arctander P (2000) Large sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA genotypes of the control region within populations of the African antelope, kob
(Kobus kob). Molecular Ecology 9, 1997-2008.
Blundell GM, Ben-David M, Groves P, Bowyer RT, Geffen E (2002) Characteristics of sex-biased dispersal and gene flow in coastal river otters: implications for
natural recolonization of extirpated populations. Molecular Ecology 11, 289-303.
Bonnin I, Colas B, Bacles C, et al. (2002) Population structure of an endangered species living in contrasted habitats: Parnassia palustris (Saxifragaceae).
Molecular Ecology 11, 979-990.
43
Bonnin I, Ronfort J, Wozniak F, Olivieri I (2001) Spatial effects and rare outcrossing events in Medicago truncatula (Fabaceae). Molecular Ecology 10, 13711383.
Bouza C, Arias J, Castro J, Sanchez L, Martinez P (1999) Genetic structure of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., at the southern limit of the distribution range of the
anadromous form. Molecular Ecology 8, 1991-2001.
Bouza C, Castro J, Sanchez L, Martinez P (2001) Allozymic evidence of parapatric differentiation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) within an Atlantic river basin
of the Iberian Peninsula. Molecular Ecology 10, 1455-1469.
Brasier CM (1987) Recent genetic changes in the Ophiostoma ulmi population: the threat to the future of the elm. In: Populations of plant pathogens (eds. Wolfe
MS, Caten CE), pp. 213-226. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Briese DT, Espiau C, Pouchot-Lermans A (1996) Micro-evolution in the weevil genus Larinus: the formation of host biotypes and speciation. Molecular Ecology
5, 531-545.
Brockmann GA, Haley CS, Renne U, Knott SA, Schwerin M (1998) Quantitative trait loci affecting body weight and fatness from a mouse line selected for
extreme high growth. Genetics 150, 369-381.
Brodkin ES, Goforth SA, Keene AH, Fossella JA, Silver LM (2002) Identification of quantitative trait loci that affect aggressive behavior in mice. Journal of
Neuroscience 22, 1165-1170.
Bronikowski AM (2000) Experimental evidence for the adaptive evolution of growth rate in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Evolution 54, 1760-1767.
Brown Gladden JG, Ferguson MM, Clayton JW (1997) Matriarchal genetic population structure of North American beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas
(Cetacea: Monodontidae). Molecular Ecology 6, 1033-1046.
Brown Gladden JG, Ferguson MM, Friesen MK, Clayton JW (1999) Population structure of North American beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) based on
nuclear DNA microsatellite variation and contrasted with the population structure revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation. Molecular Ecology 8, 347363.
Brown JF, Sharp EL (1970) The relative survival ability of pathogenic types of Puccinia striiformis in mixtures. Phytopathology 60, 529-533.
Brown JM, Leebens-Mack HH, Thompson JN, Pellmyr O, Harrison RG (1997) Phylogeography and host association in a pollinating seed parasite Greya
politella (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae). Molecular Ecology 6, 215-224.
Brown RP, Campos-Delgado R, Pestano A (2000) Mitochondrial DNA evolution and population history of the Tenerife skink Chalcides viridanus. Molecular
Ecology 9, 1061-1067.
Brunner PC, Douglas MR, Bernatchez L (1998) Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA assessment of population structure and stocking effects in Artic charr
Salvelinus alpinus (Teleostei: Salmonidae) from central alpine lakes. Molecular Ecology 7, 209-223.
Brzosko E, Wróblewska A, Ratkiewicz M (2002) Spatial genetic structure and clonal diversity of island populations of lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus)
from the Biebrza National Park (northeast Poland). Molecular Ecology 11, 2499-2509.
Bucci G, Anzidei M, Madaghiele A, Vendramin GG (1998) Detection of haplotypic variation and natural hybridization in halepensis-complex pine species using
chloroplast simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Molecular Ecology 7, 1633-1643.
Bucci G, Vendramin GG (2000) Delineation of genetic zones in the European Norway spruce natural range: preliminary evidence. Molecular Ecology 9, 923934.
Bucheli E, Gautschi B, Shykoff JA (2001) Differences in population structure of the anther smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum on two closely related host
species, Silene latifolia and S. dioicia. Molecular Ecology 10, 285-294.
Buonaccorsi VP, McDowell JR, Graves JE (2001) Reconciling patterns of inter-ocean molecular variance from four classes of molecular markers in blue marlin
(Makaira nigricans). Molecular Ecology 10, 1179-1196.
44
Burban C, Petit RJ, Carcreff E, Jactel H (1999) Rangewide variation of the maritime pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi Duc. (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae) in
relation to the genetic structure of the host. Molecular Ecology 8, 1593-1602.
Burg TM, Croxall JP (2001) Global relationships amongst black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses: analysis of population structure using mitochondrial DNA
and microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 10, 2647-2660.
Burt A, DeChairo BM, Koenig GL, et al. (1997) Molecular markers reveal differentiation among isolates of Coccidioides immitis from California, Arizona and
Texas. Molecular Ecology 6, 781-786.
Burton C, Krebs CJ, Taylor EB (2002) Population genetic structure of the cyclic snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) in southwestern Yukon, Canada. Molecular
Ecology 11, 1689-1701.
Buso GSC, Rangel PH, Ferreira ME (1998) Analysis of genetic variability of South American wild rice populations (Oryza glumaepatula) with isozymes and
RAPD markers. Molecular Ecology 7, 107-117.
Bussell JD (1999) The distribution of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) diversity amongst populations of Isotoma petraea (Lobeliaceae). Molecular
Ecology 8, 775-789.
Byrne M, Macdonald B, Coates D (1999) Divergence in the chloroplast genome and nuclear rDNA of the rare Western Australian plant Lambertia orbifolia
Gardner (Proteaceae). Molecular Ecology 8, 1789-1796.
Call DR, Hallett JG, Mech SG, Evans M (1998) Considerations for measuring genetic variation and population structure with multilocus fingerprinting.
Molecular Ecology 7, 1337-1346.
Callahan HS, Pigliucci M (2002) Shade-induced plasticity and its ecological significance in wild populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ecology 83, 1965-1980.
Cardoso MA, Provan J, Powell W, Ferreira PCG, De Oliveira DE (1998) High genetic differentiation among remnant populations of the endangered Caesalpinia
echinata Lam. (Leguminosae- Caesalpinioideae). Molecular Ecology 7, 601-608.
Cardoso SRS, Eloy NB, Provan J, Cardoso MA, Ferreira PCG (2000) Genetic differentiation of Euterpe edulis Mart. populations estimated by AFLP analysis.
Molecular Ecology 9, 1753-1760.
Carino DA, Daehler CC (1999) Genetic variation in an apomictic grass, Heteropogon contortus, in the Hawaiian Islands. Molecular Ecology 8, 2127-2132.
Carlier J, Lebrun MH, Zapater MF, Dubois C, Mourichon X (1996) Genetic structure of the global population of banana black leaf streak fungus,
Mycosphaerella fijiensi. Molecular Ecology 6, 499-510.
Carmichael LE, Nagy JA, Larter NC, Strobeck C (2001) Prey specialization may influence patterns of gene flow in wolves of the Canadian Northwest.
Molecular Ecology 10, 2787-2798.
Caron H, Dumas S, Marque G, et al. (2000) Spatial and temporal distribution of chloroplast DNA polymorphism in a tropical tree species. Molecular Ecology 9,
1089-1098.
Carr SM, Sneller AJ, Howse KA, Wroblewstri JS (1995) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and genetic stock structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
from bay and offshore locations on the Newfoundland continental shelf. Molecular Ecology 4, 79-88.
Castella V, Ruedi M, Excoffier L, et al. (2000) Is the Gibraltar Strait a barrier to gene flow for the bat Myotis myotis (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae)? Molecular
Ecology 9, 1761-1772.
Castilla AM, Fern V, Fernández-pedrosa, et al. (1998) Conservation genetics of insular Podarcis lizards using partial cytochrome b seuences. Molecular Ecology
7, 1407-1411.
Charbonnel N, Angers B, Rasatavonjizay R, et al. (2002) The influence of mating system, demography, parasites and colonization on the population structure of
Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Madagascar. Molecular Ecology 11, 2213-2228.
Cheverud JM, Routman EJ, Duarte FAM, et al. (1996) Quantitative trait loci for murine growth. Genetics 142, 1305-1319.
45
Cheverud JM, Routman EJ, Irschick DJ (1997) Pleiotropic effects of individual gene loci on mandibular morphology. Evolution 51, 2006-2016.
Chevillon C, Rivet Y, Raymond M, et al. (1998) Migration/selection balance and ecotypic differentiation in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Molecular Ecology 7,
197-208.
Chiang TY, Chiang YC, Chen YJ, et al. (2001) Phylogeography of Kandelia candel in East Asiatic mangroves based on nucleotide variation of chloroplast and
mitochondrial DNAs. Molecular Ecology 10, 2697-2710.
Chiang TY, Schaal BA (1999) Phylogeography of North American populations of the moss species Hylocomium sylendens based on the nucleotide sequence of
internal transcribed spacer 2 of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molecular Ecology 8, 1037-1042.
Churikov D, Gharrett AJ (2002) Comparative phylogeography of the two pink salmon broodlines: an analysis based on a mitochondrial DNA genealogy.
Molecular Ecology 11, 1077-1101.
Ciofi C, Bruford MW (1999) Genetic structure and gene flow among Komodo dragon populations inferred by microsatellite loci analysis. Molecular Ecology 8,
S17-S30.
Ciofi C, Milinkovitch MC, Gibbs JP, Caccone A, Powell JR (2002) Microsatellite analysis of genetic divergence among populations of giant Galápagos tortoises.
Molecular Ecology 11, 2265-2283.
Clark AM, Bowen BW, Branch LC (1999) Effects of natural habitat fragmentation on an endemic scrub lizard (Sceloporus woodi): an historical perspective
based on a mitochondrial DNA gene genealogy. Molecular Ecology 8, 1093-1104.
Clegg SM, Hale P, Moritz C (1998) Molecular population genetics of the red kangaroo. Molecular Ecology 7, 679-686.
Cobb M, Huet M, Lachaise D, Veuille M (2000) Fragmented forests, evolving flies: molecular variation in African populations of Drosophila teissieri. Molecular
Ecology 9, 1591-1597.
Colgan DJ, Brown S, Major RE, et al. (2002) Population genetics of wolf spiders of fragmented habitat in the wheat belt of New South Wales. Molecular
Ecology 11, 2295-2305.
Collevatti RG, Grattapaglia D, Hay JD (2001) Population genetic structure of the endangered tropical tree species Caryocar brasiliense, based on variability at
microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology 10, 349-356.
Collin R (2001) The effects of mode of development on phylogeography and population structure of North Atlantic Crepidula (Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae).
Molecular Ecology 10, 2249-2262.
Colson I (2002) Selection and gene flow between microenvironments: The case of Drosophila at Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel. Molecular Ecology
11, 1311-1316.
Comes HP, Abbott RJ (2000) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and quantitative trait analyses across a major phylogeographical break in the
Mediterranean ragwort Senecio gallicus Vill. (Asteraceae). Molecular Ecology 9, 61-76.
Cooper ML (2000) Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) populations in Western Australia reveals
genetic differentiation related to environmental variables. Molecular Ecology 9, 469-479.
Cote SD, Dallas JF, Marshall F, et al. (2002) Microsatellite DNA evidence for genetic drift and philopatry in Svalbard reindeer. Molecular Ecology 11, 19231930.
Coyne JA (1996a) Genetics of a difference in male cuticular hydrocarbons between two sibling species, Drosophila simulans and D-sechellia. Genetics 143,
1689-1698.
Coyne JA (1996b) Genetics of differences in pheromonal hydrocarbons between Drosophila melanogaster and D-simulans. Genetics 143, 353-364.
Coyne JA, Charlesworth B (1997) Genetics of a pheromonal difference affecting sexual isolation between Drosophila mauritiana and D-sechellia. Genetics 145,
1015-1030.
46
Dallas JF, Dod B, Bourset P, Prager EM, Bonhomme F (1995) Population subdivision and gene flow in Danish house mice. Molecular Ecology 4, 311-320.
Dallimer M, Blackburn C, Jones PJ, Pemberton JM (2002) Genetic evidence for male biased dispersal in the red-billed quelea Quelea quelea. Molecular Ecology
11, 529-533.
Danzmann RG, Ihssen PE (1995) A phylogeographic survey of brook charr (Savelinus fontinalis) in Algonquin Park, Ontario based upon mitochondrial DNA
variation. Molecular Ecology 4, 681-697.
Dawson IK, Chalmers KJ, Waugh R, Powell W (1993) Detection and Analysis of Genetic-Variation in Hordeum- Spontaneum Populations from Israel Using
Rapd Markers. Molecular Ecology 2, 151-159.
Dawson IK, Powell W (1999) Genetic variation in the Afromontane tree Prunus africana, an endangered medicinal species. Molecular Ecology 8, 151-156.
Dawson MN, Louie KD, Barlow M, Jacobs DK, Swift CC (2002) Comparative phylogeography of sympatric sister species, Clevelandia ios and Eucyclogobius
newberryi (Teleostei, Gobiidae), across the California Transition Zone. Molecular Ecology 11, 1065-1075.
Dayanandan S, Dole J, Bawa K, Kesseli R (1999) Population structure delineated with microsatellite markers in fragmented populations of a tropical tree, Carapa
guianensis (Meliaceae). Molecular Ecology 8, 1585-1592.
De Innocentiis S, Sola L, Cataudella S, Bentzen P (2001) Allozyme and microsatellite loci provide discordant estimates of population differentiation in the
endangered dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) within the Mediterranean Sea. Molecular Ecology 10, 2163-2175.
De la Rua P, Galian J, Serrano J, Moritz RFA (2001) Genetic structure and distinctness of Apis mellifera L. populations from the Canary Islands. Molecular
Ecology 10, 1733-1742.
Delmotte F, Leterme N, Gauthier JP, Rispe C, Simon JC (2002) Genetic architecture of sexual and asexual populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi based
on allozyme and microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 711-723.
Deshpande AU, Apte GS, Bahulikar RA, et al. (2001) Genetic diversity across natural populations of three montane plant species from the Western Ghats, India
revealed by intersimple sequence repeats. Molecular Ecology 10, 2397-2408.
Despres L, Loriot S, Gaudeul M (2002) Geographic pattern of genetic variation in the European globeflower Trollius europaeus L. (Ranunculaceae) inferred
from amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 2337-2347.
Diaz V, Muniz LM, Ferrer E (2001) Random amplified polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism assessment of genetic variation in
Nicaraguan populations of Pinus oocarpa. Molecular Ecology 10, 2593-2603.
Dobler S, Farrell BD (1999) Host use evolution in Chrysochus milkweed beetles: evidence from behaviour, population genetics and phylogeny. Molecular
Ecology 8, 1297-1307.
Dodd RS, Afzal-Rafii Z, Kashani N, Budrick J (2002) Land barriers and open oceans: effects on gene diversity and population structure in Avicennia germinans
L. (Avicenniaceae). Molecular Ecology 11, 1327-1338.
Douhan GW, Peever TL, Murray TD (2002) Multilocus population structure of Tapesia yallundae in Washington State. Molecular Ecology 11, 2229-2239.
Doums C, Cabrera H, Peeters C (2002) Population genetic structure and male-biased dispersal in the queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Molecular Ecology
11, 2251-2264.
Drummond RSM, Keeling DJ, Richardson TE, Gardner RC, Wright SD (2000) Genetic analysis and conservation of 31 surviving individuals of a rare New
Zealand tree, Metrosideros bartlettii (Myrtaceae). Molecular Ecology 9, 1149-1157.
Dudley SA (1996) Differing selection on plant physiological traits in response to environmental water availability: A test of adaptive hypotheses. Evolution 50,
92-102.
Dudley SA, Schmitt J (1996) Testing the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: Density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis.
American Naturalist 147, 445-465.
47
Dufresne F, Bourget E, Bernatchez L (2002) Differential patterns of spatial divergence in microsatellite and allozyme alleles: further evidence for locus-specific
selection in the acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides? Molecular Ecology 11, 113-123.
Dutech C, Maggia L, Joly HI (2000) Chloroplast diversity in Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae), a neotropical forest tree. Molecular Ecology 9, 14271432.
Dutech C, Seiter J, Petronelli P, Joly HI, Jarne P (2002) Evidence of low gene flow in a neotropical clustered tree species in two rainforest stands of French
Guiana. Molecular Ecology 11, 725-738.
Eber S, Brandl R (1997) Genetic differentiation of the tephritid fly Urophora cardui in Europe as evidence for its biogeographical history. Molecular Ecology 6,
651-660.
Echt CS, DeVerno LL, Anzidei M, Vendramin GG (1998) Chloroplast microsatellites reveal population genetic diversity in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait.
Molecular Ecology 7, 307-316.
Ehinger M, Fontanillas P, Petit E, Perrin N (2002) Mitochondrial DNA variation along an altitudinal gradient in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura
russula. Molecular Ecology 11, 939-945.
Einum S, Fleming IA (2000) Highly fecund mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness. Nature 405, 565-567.
Eizirik E, Kim JH, Menotti-Raymond M, et al. (2001) Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia,
Felidae). Molecular Ecology 10, 65-79.
Eldridge MDB, Kinnear JE, Onus ML (2001) Source population of dispersing rock-wallabies (Petrogale lateralis) identified by assignment tests on multilocus
genotypic data. Molecular Ecology 10, 2867-2876.
ElMousadik A, Petit RJ (1996) Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the argan tree of Morocco. Molecular Ecology 5, 547-555.
Emerson BC, Wallis GB (1994) Species status and population genetic structure of the flightless chafer beetles Prodontria modesta and P. bicolorata (Coleoptera;
Scarabaeidae) from South Island, New Zealand. Molecular Ecology 3, 339-345.
Encalada SE, Lahanas PN, Bjorndal KA, et al. (1996) Phylogeography and population structure of the Atlantic and Mediterranean green turtle Chelonia mydas: a
mitochondrial control region sequence assessment. Molecular Ecology 5, 473-483.
England PR, Usher AV, Whelan RJ, Ayre DJ (2002) Microsatellite diversity and genetic structure of fragmented populations of the rare, fire-dependent shrub
Grevillea macleayana. Molecular Ecology 11, 967-977.
Escorza-Trevino S, Dizon AE (2000) Phylogeography, intraspecific structure and sex-biased dispersal of Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, revealed by
mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA analyses. Molecular Ecology 9, 1049-1060.
Estoup A, Solignace M, Cornuet J-M, Goudet J, Scholl A (1996) Genetic differentiation of continental and island populations of Bombus terrestris
(Hymenoptera: Aplidae) in Europe. Molecular Ecology 5, 19-31.
Estoup S, Rousset R, Michalakis Y, et al. (1998) Comparative analysis of microsatellite and allozyme markers: a case study investigating microgeographic
differentiation in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Molecular Ecology 7, 339-353.
Falahati-Rastegar M, Manners JG, Smartt J (1981) Effects of temperature and inoculum density on competition between races of Puccinia hordei. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 77, 359-368.
Faulkes GG, Abbott DB, O'Brien HP, et al. (1997) Micro- and macrogeographical genetic structure of colonies of naked mole rats Heterocephalus glaber.
Molecular Ecology 6, 615-628.
Feldheim KA, Gruber SH, Ashley MV (2001) Population genetic structure of the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) in the western Atlantic: DNA
microsatellite variation. Molecular Ecology 10, 295-303.
48
Finch MO, Lambert DM (1996) Kinship and genetic divergence among populations of tuatara Sphenodon punctatus as revealed by minisatellite DNA profiling.
Molecular Ecology 5, 651-658.
Fineschi S, Taurchini D, Villani F, Vendramin GG (2000) Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals little geographical structure in Castanea sativa Mill.
(Fagaceae) throughout southern European countries. Molecular Ecology 9, 1495-1503.
Finston T (2002) Geographic patterns of population genetic structure in Mytilocypris (Ostracoda : Cyprididae): interpreting breeding systems, gene flow and
history in species with differing distributions. Molecular Ecology 11, 1931-1946.
Firestone KB, Elphinstone MS, Sherwin WB, Houldin BA (1999) Phylogeographical population structure of tiger quolls Dasyurus maculatus (Dasyuridae:
Marsupialia), an endangered carnivorous marsupial. Molecular Ecology 8, 1613-1625.
Fonseca DM, LaPointe DA, Fleischer RC (2000) Bottlenecks and multiple introductions: population genetics of the vector of avian malaria in Hawaii. Molecular
Ecology 9, 1803-1814.
Forcioli D, Saumitou-Laprade P, Valero M, Vernet P, Cuguen J (1998) Distribution of chloroplast DNA diversity within and among populations in
gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (Chenopodiaceae). Molecular Ecology 7, 1193-1204.
Ford MJ (2000) Effects of natural selection on patterns of DNA sequence variation at the transferrin, somatolactin, and p53 genes within and among chinook
salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations. Molecular Ecology 9, 843-855.
Fowler EV, Houlden BA, Hoeben P, Timms P (2000) Genetic diversity and gene flow among southeastern Queensland koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus).
Molecular Ecology 9, 155-164.
Freville H, Justy F, Olivieri I (2001) Comparative allozyme and microsatellite population structure in a narrow endemic plant species, Centaurea corymbosa
Pourret (Asteraceae). Molecular Ecology 10, 879-889.
Friar EA, Boose DL, LaDoux T, Roalson EH, Robichaux RH (2001) Population structure in the endangered Mauna Loa silversword, Argyroxiphium kauense
(Asteraceae), and its bearing on reintroduction. Molecular Ecology 10, 1657-1663.
Friesen VL, Congdon BC, Walsh HE, Birt TP (1997) Intron variation in marbled murrelets detected using analyses of single-stranded conformational
polymorphisms. Molecular Ecology 6, 1047-1058.
Friesen VL, Montevecchi WA, Baker AJ, Barrett RT, Davidson WS (1996) Population differentation and evolution in the common guillemot Uria aalge.
Molecular Ecology 5, 793-805.
Fry AJ, Zink RM (1998) Geographic analysis of nucleotide diversity and song sparrow (Aves: Emberizidae) population history. Molecular Ecology 7, 13031313.
Frydenberg J, Pertoldi C, Dahlgaard J, Loeschcke V (2002) Genetic variation in original and colonizing Drosophila buzzatii populations analysed by
microsatellite loci isolated with a new PCR screening method. Molecular Ecology 11, 181-190.
Fullard KJ, Early G, Heide-Jorgensen MP, et al. (2000) Population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic: a correlation with sea surface
temperature? Molecular Ecology 9, 949-958.
Fuller SJ, Wilson JC, Mather PB (1997) Patterns of differentiation among wild rabbit populations Oryctolagus cuniculus L. in arid and semiarid ecosystems of
north-eastern Australia. Molecular Ecology 6, 145-153.
Fumagalli L, Moritz C, Taberlet P, Friend JA (1999) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within the remnant populations of the endangered numbat
(Marsupialia : Myrmecobiidae : Myrmecobius fasciatus). Molecular Ecology 8, 1545-1549.
Fumagalli L, Snoj A, Jesenek D, et al. (2002) Extreme genetic differentiation among the remnant populations of marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) in Slovenia.
Molecular Ecology 11, 2711-2716.
49
Gabrielsen TM, Bachmann K, Jakobsen KS, Brochmann C (1997) Glacial survival does not matter: RAPD phylogeography of Nordic Saxifraga oppositifolia.
Molecular Ecology 6, 831-842.
Gabrielsen TM, Brochmann C (1998) Sex after all: high levels of diversity detected in the arctic clonal plant Saxifraga cernua using RAPD markers. Molecular
Ecology 7, 1701-1708.
Gabrielsen TM, Brochmann C, Rueness J (2002) The Baltic Sea as a model system for studying postglacial colonization and ecological differentiation,
exemplified by the red alga Ceramium tenuicorne. Molecular Ecology 11, 2083-2095.
Gadau GL, Heinze J, Hölldobler B, Schmid M (1996) Population and colony structure of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus. Molecular Ecology 5, 785792.
Garant D, Dodson JJ, Bernatchez L (2000) Ecological determinants and temporal stability of the within- river population structure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar L.). Molecular Ecology 9, 615-628.
García de León FJ, Chikhi L, Bonhomme F (1997) Microsatellite polymorphism and population subdivision in natural populations of European sea bass
Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758). Molecular Ecology 6, 51-62.
Garcia RA, Zapater JMM, Criado BG, Zabalgogeazcoa I (2002) Genetic structure of natural populations of the grass endophyte Epichloe festucae in semiarid
grasslands. Molecular Ecology 11, 355-364.
Garcia-Martinez J, Moya A, Raga JA, Latorre A (1999) Genetic differentiation in the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba from European waters according to
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis. Molecular Ecology 8, 1069-1073.
Garcia-Rodriguez AI, Bowen BW, Domning D, et al. (1998) Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): how many populations and how
many taxa? Molecular Ecology 7, 1137-1149.
Gaudeul M, Taberlet P, Till-Bottraud I (2000) Genetic diversity in an endangered alpine plant, Eryngium alpinum L.. (Apiaceae), inferred from amplified
fragment length polymorphism markers. Molecular Ecology 9, 1625-1637.
Ge XJ, Sun M (1999) Reproductive biology and genetic diversity of a cryptoviviparous mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae) using allozyme and
intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. Molecular Ecology 8, 2061-2069.
Gerlach G, Hoeck HN (2001) Islands on the plains: metapopulation dynamics and female biased dispersal in hyraxes (Hyracoidea) in the Serengeti National
Park. Molecular Ecology 10, 2307-2317.
Gibbs HL, Dawson RJG, Hobson KA (2000) Limited differentiation in microsatellite DNA variation among northern populations of the yellow warbler: evidence
for male- biased gene flow? Molecular Ecology 9, 2137-2147.
Gibbs HL, Prior KA, Weatherhead PJ, Johnson G (1997) Genetic structure of populations of the threatened eastern massasauga rattlesnake, Sistrurus c.
catenatus: evidence from microsatellite DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 6, 1123-1132.
Gillies ACM, Cornelius JP, Newton AC, et al. (1997) Genetic variation in Costa Rican populations of the tropical timber species Cedrela odorata L., assessed
using RAPDs. Molecular Ecology 6, 1133-1145.
Giraud T, Blatrix R, Poteaux C, Solignac M, Jaisson P (2000) Population structure and mating biology of the polygynous ponerine ant Gnamptogenys striatula in
Brazil. Molecular Ecology 9, 1835-1841.
Girman D, Vila C, Geffen E, et al. (2001) Patterns of population subdivision, gene flow and genetic variability in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus).
Molecular Ecology 10, 1703-1723.
Gleason JM, Nuzhdin SV, Ritchie MG (2002) Quantitative trait loci affecting a courtship signal in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 89, 1-6.
Godt MJW, Hamrick JL (1999) Population genetic analysis of Elliottia racemosa (Ericaceae), a rare Georgia shrub. Molecular Ecology 8, 75-82.
50
Gomes C, Dales RBG, Oxenford HA (1998) The application of RAPD markers in stock discrimination of the four-wing flying fish, Hirunichthys affinis in the
central western Atlantic. Molecular Ecology 7, 1029-1039.
Gomulski LM, Bourtzis K, Brogna S, et al. (1998) Intron size polymorphism of the Adh1 gene parallels the worldside colonization history of the Mediterranean
fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Molecular Ecology 7, 1729-1741.
González S, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA, et al. (1998) Conservation genetics of the endangered Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Molecular Ecology 7, 4756.
Goodacre SL (2002) Population structure, history and gene flow in a group of closely related land snails: genetic variation in Partula from the Society Islands of
the Pacific. Molecular Ecology 11, 55-68.
Goodisman MAD, Matthews RW, Crozier RH (2001) Hierarchical genetic structure of the introduced wasp Vespula germanica in Australia. Molecular Ecology
10, 1423-1432.
Goodman SJ, Tamate HB, Wilson R, et al. (2001) Bottlenecks, drift and differentiation: the population structure and demographic history of sika deer (Cervus
nippon) in the Japanese archipelago. Molecular Ecology 10, 1357-1370.
Goostrey S, Carss DN, Noble LR, Piertney SB (1998) Population introgression and differentiation in the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Europe.
Molecular Ecology 7, 329-338.
Gordon TR, Okamoto D, Milgroom MG (1992) The structure and interrelationship of fungal populations in native and cultivated soils. Molecular Ecology 1,
231-249.
Goropashnaya AV, Seppa P, Pamilo P (2001) Social and genetic characteristics of geographically isolated populations in the ant Formica cinerea. Molecular
Ecology 10, 2807-2818.
Gosselin L, Jobidon R, Bernier L (1999) Genetic variability and structure of Canadian populations of Chondrostereum purpureum, a potential biophytocide.
Molecular Ecology 8, 113-122.
Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C, Applebaum GD, et al. (1994) Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular
Ecology 3, 301-312.
Grapputo A, Pilastro A, Marin G (1998) Genetic variation and bill size dimorphism in a passerine bird. Molecular Ecology 7, 1173-1182.
Grashof-Bokdam CJ, Jansen J, Smulders MJM (1998) Dispersal patterns of Lonicera periclymenum determined by genetic analysis. Molecular Ecology 7, 165174.
Green JM, Barker JHA, Marshall EJP, et al. (2001) Microsatellite analysis of the inbreeding grass weed Barren Brome (Anisantha sterilis) reveals genetic
diversity at the within- and between-farm scales. Molecular Ecology 10, 1035-1045.
Grunwald C, Stabile J, Waldman JR, Gross R, Wirgin I (2002) Population genetics of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum based on mitochondrial DNA
control region sequences. Molecular Ecology 11, 1885-1898.
Gugerli F, Eichenberger K, Schneller JJ (1999) Promiscuity in populations of the cushion plant Saxifraga oppositifolia in the Swiss Alps as inferred from random
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Molecular Ecology 8, 453-461.
Gugerli F, Sperisen C, Buchler U, et al. (2001) Haplotype variation in a mitochondrial tandem repeat of Norway spruce (Picea abies) populations suggests a
serious founder effect during postglacial re-colonization of the western Alps. Molecular Ecology 10, 1255-1263.
Gurganus MC, Fry JD, Nuzhdin SV, et al. (1998) Genotype-environment interaction at quantitative trait loci affecting sensory bristle number in Drosophila
melanogaster. Genetics 149, 1883-1898.
Gustafsson S (2000) Patterns of genetic variation in Gymnadenia conopsea, the fragrant orchid. Molecular Ecology 9, 1863-1872.
51
Haavie J, Saetre GP, Moum T (2000) Discrepancies in population differentiation at microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA and plumage colour in the pied
flycatcher - inferring evolutionary processes. Molecular Ecology 9, 1137-1148.
Hagen MJ, Hamrick JL (1996) A hierarchical analysis of population genetic structure in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii. Molecular Ecology 5, 177-186.
Haig SM, Bowman B, Mullins TD (1996) Population structure of red-cockaded woodpeckers in south Florida: RAPDs revisited. Molecular Ecology 5, 725-734.
Haig SM, Gratto-Trevor CL, Mullins TD, Colwell MA (1997) Population identification of western hemisphere songbirds throughout the annual cycle. Molecular
Ecology 6, 413-427.
Haig SM, Rhymer JM, Heckel DG (1994) Population differentation in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA of red-cockaded woodpeckers Picoides borealis.
Molecular Ecology 3, 581-595.
Hänfling B, Brandl R (1998) Genetic variability, population size and isolation of distinct populations in the freshwater fish Cottus gobio L. Molecular Ecology 7,
1625-1632.
Hanfling B, Hellemans B, Volckaert FAM, Carvalho GR (2002) Late glacial history of the cold-adapted freshwater fish Cottus gobio, revealed by microsatellites.
Molecular Ecology 11, 1717-1729.
Hansen MM, Mensberg KLD, Berg S (1999) Postglacial recolonization patterns and genetic relationships among whitefish (Coregonus sp.) populations in
Denmark, inferred from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 8, 239-252.
Hansen MM, Ruzzante DE, Nielsen EE, Bekkevold D, Mensberg K-LD (2002) Long-term effective population sizes, temporal stability of genetic composition
and potential for local adaptation in anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Molecular Ecology 11, 2523-2535.
Hardy ME, Grady JM, Routman EJ (2002) Intraspecific phylogeography of the slender madtom: the complex evolutionary history of the Central Highlands of the
United States. Molecular Ecology 11, 2393-2403.
Hauser L, Carvalho GR, Pitcher TJ, Ogutu-Ohwayo R (1998) Genetic affinities of an introduced predator: Nile perch in Lake Victoria, East Africa. Molecular
Ecology 7, 849-857.
Hawdon JM, Li T, Zhan B, Blouin MS (2001) Genetic structure of populations of the human hookworm, Necator americanus, in China. Molecular Ecology 10,
1433-1437.
Hawthorne DJ, Via S (2001) Genetic linkage of ecological specialization and reproductive isolation in pea aphids. Nature 412, 904-907.
He M, Haymer DS (1999) Genetic relationships of populations and the origins of new infestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Molecular Ecology 8, 12471257.
Hebert C, Danzman RG, Jones MW, Bernatchez L (2000) Hydrography and population genetic structure in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill) from
eastern Canada. Molecular Ecology 9, 971-982.
Heuertz M, Hausman JF, Tsvetkov I, Frascaria-Lacoste N, Vekemans X (2001) Assessment of genetic structure within and among Bulgarian populations of the
common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Molecular Ecology 10, 1615-1623.
Hoarau G, Rijnsdorp AD, Van der Veer HW, Stam WT, Olsen JL (2002) Population structure of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in northern Europe:
microsatellites revealed large-scale spatial and temporal homogeneity. Molecular Ecology 11, 1165-1176.
Högberg N, J. Stenlid, Karlsson J-O (1995) Genetic differentiation in Fomitopsis pinicola (Schwarts: Fr.) Karst studied by means of arbitrary-primed PCR.
Molecular Ecology 4, 675-680.
Hogberg N, Stenlid J (1999) Population genetics of Fomitopsis rosea - a wood-decay fungus of the old-growth European taiga. Molecular Ecology 8, 703-710.
Holder K, Montgomerie R, Friesen VL (2000) Glacial vicariance and historical biogeography of rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) in the Bering region.
Molecular Ecology 9, 1265-1278.
52
Holderegger R, Stehlik I, Abbott RJ (2002) Molecular analysis of the Pleistocene history of Saxifraga oppositifolia in the Alps. Molecular Ecology 11, 14091418.
Holland BS, Hadfield MG (2002) Islands within an island: phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella
mustelina. Molecular Ecology 11, 365-375.
Houlden BA, Costello BH, Sharkey D, et al. (1999) Phylogeographic differentiation in the mitochondrial control region in the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus
(Goldfuss 1817). Molecular Ecology 8, 999-1011.
Houlden BA, England PR, Taylor AC, Greville WD, Sherwin WB (1996) Low genetic variability of the koala Phascolarctos cinereus in south-eastern Australia
following a severe population bottleneck. Molecular Ecology 5, 269-281.
Hsiao JY, Lee SM (1999) Genetic diversity and microgeographic differentiation of Yushan cane (Yushania niitakayamensis ; Poaceae) in Taiwan. Molecular
Ecology 8, 263-270.
Huang S, Chiang YC, Schaal BA, Chou CH, Chiang TY (2001) Organelle DNA phylogeography of Cycas taitungensis, a relict species in Taiwan. Molecular
Ecology 10, 2669-2681.
Huang SSF, Hwang S-Y, Lin T-P (2002) Spatial pattern of chloroplast DNA variation of Cyclobalanopsis glauca in Taiwan and East Asia. Molecular Ecology
11, 2349-2358.
Huber K, Le Loan L, Hoang TH, et al. (2002) Genetic differentiation of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) using microsatellite
markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 1629-1635.
Huff DR, Quinn JA, Higgins B, Palazzo AJ (1998) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation among native little bluestem Schizachyrium
scoparium (Michx.) Nash populations from sites of high and low fertility in forest and grassland biomes. Molecular Ecology 7, 1591-1597.
Hurwood DA, Hughes JM (1998) Phylogeography of the freshwater fish, Mogurnda adspersa, in streams of northeastern Queensland, Australia: evidence for
altered drainage patterns. Molecular Ecology 7, 1507-1517.
James CH, Moritz C (2000) Intraspecific phylogeography in the sedge frog Litoria fallax (Hylidae) indicates pre-Pleistocene vicariance of an open forest species
from eastern Australia. Molecular Ecology 9, 349-358.
James TY, Vilgalys R (2001) Abundance and diversity of Schizophyllum commune spore clouds in the Caribbean detected by selective sampling. Molecular
Ecology 10, 471-479.
Janzen FJ (1993) An Experimental-Analysis of Natural-Selection on Body Size of Hatchling Turtles. Ecology 74, 332-341.
Janzen FJ (1995) Experimental-Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination. Evolution 49, 864-873.
Jaramillo-Correa JP, Beaulieu J, Bousquet J (2001) Contrasting evolutionary forces driving population structure at expressed sequence tag polymorphisms,
allozymes and quantitative traits in white spruce. Molecular Ecology 10, 2729-2740.
Jehle R, Arntzen W, Burke T, Krupa AP, Hodl W (2001) The annual number of breeding adults and the effective population size of syntopic newts (Triturus
cristatus, T- marmoratus). Molecular Ecology 10, 839-850.
Jerome CA, Ford BA (2002) The discovery of three genetic races of the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum (Viscaceae) provides insight into the
evolution of parasitic angiosperms. Molecular Ecology 11, 387-405.
Jerry DR, Baverstock PR (1998) Consequences of a catadromous life-strategy for levels of mitochondrial DNA differentiation among populations of the
Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata. Molecular Ecology 7, 1003-1013.
Johannesen J, Veith M, Seitz A (1996) Population genetic structure of the butterfly Melitaea didyma (Nymphalidae) along a northern distribution border.
Molecular Ecology 5, 259-267.
53
Johannesson H, Vasiliauskas R, Dahlberg A, Penttila R, Stenlid J (2001) Genetic differentiation in Eurasian populations of the postfire ascomycete Daldinia
loculata. Molecular Ecology 10, 1665-1677.
Jones CD (1998) The genetic basis of Drosophila sechellia's resistance to a host plant toxin. Genetics 149, 1899-1908.
Jones CD (2001) The genetic basis of larval resistance to a host plant toxin in Drosophila sechellia. Genetical Research 78, 225-233.
Jordano P, Godoy JA (2000) RAPD variation and population genetic structure in Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae), an animal-dispersed tree. Molecular Ecology 9,
1293-1305.
Katsuya K, Green GJ (1967) Reproductive potentials of races 15B and 56 of wheat stem rust. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 45,
1077-1091.
Keightley PD, Hardge T, May L, Bulfield G (1996) A genetic map of quantitative trait loci for body weight in the mouse. Genetics 142, 227-235.
Keiper FJ, McConchie R (2000) An analysis of genetic variation in natural populations of Sticherus flabellatus R. Br. (St John) using amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Molecular Ecology 9, 571-581.
Kerth G, Mayer F, Konig B (2000) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) reveals that female Bechstein's bats live in closed societies. Molecular Ecology 9, 793-800.
Kerth G, Mayer F, Petit E (2002) Extreme sex-biased dispersal in the communally breeding, nonmigratory Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Molecular
Ecology 11, 1491-1498.
Kim I, Phillips CJ, Monjeau JA, et al. (1998) Habitat islands, genetic diversity, and gene flow in a Patagonian rodent. Molecular Ecology 7.
Kimura M, Clegg SM, Lovette IJ, et al. (2002) Phylogeographical approaches to assessing demographic connectivity between breeding and overwintering
regions in a Nearctic-Neotropical warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). Molecular Ecology 11, 1605-1616.
King RA, Gornall RJ, Preston CD, Croft JM (2002) Population differentiation of Potamogeton pectinatus in the Baltic Sea with reference to waterfowl dispersal.
Molecular Ecology 11, 1947-1956.
Klingenberg CP, Leamy LJ, Routman EJ, Cheverud JM (2001) Genetic architecture of mandible shape in mice: Effects of quantitative trait loci analyzed by
geometric morphometrics. Genetics 157, 785-802.
Knight CG, Azevedo RBR, Leroi AM (2001) Testing life-history pleiotropy in Caenorhabditis elegans. Evolution 55, 1795-1804.
Knowles LL (2001) Did the Pleistocene glaciations promote divergence? Tests of explicit refugial models in montane grasshopprers. Molecular Ecology 10, 691701.
Kolliker R, Stadelmann FJ, Reidy B, Nosberger J (1998) Fertilization and defoliation frequency affect genetic diversity of Festuca pratensis Huds. in permanent
grasslands. Molecular Ecology 7, 1557-1567.
Kontula T, Vainola R (2001) Postglacial colonization of Northern Europe by distinct phylogeographic lineages of the bullhead, Cottus gobio. Molecular Ecology
10, 1983-2002.
Koskinen MT, Knizhin I, Primmer CR, Schlötterer C, Weiss S (2002) Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogeography of Thymallus spp. (grayling) provides
evidence of ice-age mediated environmental perturbations in the world's oldest body of fresh water, Lake Baikal. Molecular Ecology 11, 2599-2611.
Koskinen MT, Ranta E, Piironen J, et al. (2000) Genetic lineages and postglacial colonization of grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) in Europe, as
revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses. Molecular Ecology 9, 1609-1624.
Krieger MJB, Keller L (2000) Mating frequency and genetic structure of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile. Molecular Ecology 9, 119-126.
Kropf M, Kadereit JW, Comes HP (2002) Late Quaternary distributional stasis in the submediterranean mountain plant Anthyllis montana L. (Fabaceae) inferred
from ITS sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 447-463.
54
Kruger AM, Hellwig FH, Oberprieler C (2002) Genetic diversity in natural and anthropogenic inland populations of salt-tolerant plants: random amplified
polymorphic DNA analyses of Aster tripolium L. (Compositae) and Salicornia ramosissima Woods (Chenopodiaceae). Molecular Ecology 11, 16471655.
Kumar A, Rogstad SH (1998) A hierarchical analysis of minisatellite DNA diversity in Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.; Fagaceae). Molecular Ecology 7,
859-869.
Kwon JA, Morden CW (2002) Population genetic structure of two rare tree species (Colubrina oppositifolia and Alphitonia ponderosa, Rhamnaceae) from
Hawaiian dry and mesic forests using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 991-1001.
Kyle CJ, Robitaille JF, Strobeck C (2001) Genetic variation and structure of fisher (Martes pennanti) populations across North America. Molecular Ecology 10,
2341-2347.
Kyle CJ, Strobeck C (2001) Genetic structure of North American wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations. Molecular Ecology 10, 337-347.
Lacerda DR, Acedo MDP, Lemos JP, Lovato B (2001) Genetic diversity and structure of natural populations of Plathymenia reticulata (Mimosoideae), a tropical
tree from the Brazilian Cerrado. Molecular Ecology 10, 1143-1152.
Lade JA, Murray ND, Marks CA, Robinson NA (1996) Microsatellite differentiation between Phillip Island and mainland Australian populations of the red fox
Vulpes vulpes. Molecular Ecology 5, 81-87.
Ladoukakis ED, Saavedra C, Magoulas A, Zouros E (2002) Mitochondrial DNA variation in a species with two mitochondrial genomes: the case of Mytilus
galloprovincialis from the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Molecular Ecology 11, 755-769.
Largiader CR, Herger F, Lortscher M, Scholl A (2000) Assessment of natural and artificial propagation of the white- clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes
species complex) in the Alpine region with nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Molecular Ecology 9, 25-37.
Laurent L, Casale P, Bradai MN, et al. (1998) Molecular resolution of marine turtle stock composition in fishery bycatch: a case study in the Mediterranean.
Molecular Ecology 7, 1529-1542.
Lavery S, Moritz C, Fielder DR (1996) Indo-Pacific population structure and evolutionary history of the coconut crab Birgus latro. Molecular Ecology 5, 557570.
Le Roy I, Tordjman S, Migliore-Samour D, Degrelle H, Roubertoux PL (2001) Genetic architecture of testis and seminal vesicle weights in mice. Genetics 158,
333-340.
LeCorre V, DumolinLapegue S, Kremer A (1997) Genetic variation at allozyme and RAPD loci in sessile oak Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl: The role of history
and geography. Molecular Ecology 6, 519-529.
Lee PLM, Bradbury RB, Wilson JD, et al. (2001) Microsatellite variation in the yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella: population structure of a declining farmland
bird. Molecular Ecology 10, 1633-1644.
Lehmann T, Besansky NJ, Hawley WA, et al. (1997) Microgeographic structure of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya based on mtDNA and microsatellite
loci. Molecular Ecology 6, 243-253.
Leips J, Mackay TFC (2000) Quantitative trait loci for life span in Drosophila melanogaster: Interactions with genetic background and larval density. Genetics
155, 1773-1788.
Lemaire C, Allegrucci G, Naciri M, et al. (2000) Do discrepancies between microsatellite and allozyme variation reveal differential selection between sea and
lagoon in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)? Molecular Ecology 9, 457-467.
Lenk P, Fritz U, Joger U, Winks M (1999) Mitochondrial phylogeography of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758). Molecular Ecology 8,
1911-1922.
Leonard KJ (1969) Selection in heterogeneous populations of Puccinia graminis f.sp. avenae. Phytopathology 59, 1851-1857.
55
Leonard KJ (1977) Virulence, temperature optima and competitive abilities of isolines of races T and O of Bipolar maydis. Phytopathology 67, 1273-1279.
Lepetit D, Brehm A, Fouillet P, Biemont C (2002) Insertion polymorphism of retrotransposable elements in populations of the insular, endemic species
Drosophila madeirensis. Molecular Ecology 11, 347-354.
Liao LC, Hsiao JY (1998) Relationship between population genetic structure and riparian habitat as revealed by RAPD analysis of the rheophyte Acorus
gramineus Soland. (Araceae) in Taiwan. Molecular Ecology 7, 1275-1281.
Liu J, Mercer JM, Stam LF, et al. (1996) Genetic analysis of a morphological shape difference in the male genitalia of Drosophila simulans and D-mauritiana.
Genetics 142, 1129-1145.
Llopart A, Elwyn S, Lachaise D, Coyne JA (2002) GENETICS OF A DIFFERENCE IN PIGMENTATION BETWEEN DROSOPHILA YAKUBA AND
DROSOPHILA SANTOMEA. Evolution 56, 2262-2277.
Loegering WQ (1951) Survival of races of wheat stem rust in mixtures. Phytopathology 41, 56-65.
Lugon-Moulin N, Brunner H, Wyttenbach A, Hausser J, Goudet J (1999) Hierarchical analyses of genetic differentiation in a hybrid zone of Sorex araneus
(Insectivora : Soricidae). Molecular Ecology 8, 419-431.
Lugon-Moulin N, Hausser J (2002) Phylogeographical structure, postglacial recolonization and barriers to gene flow in the distinctive Valais chromosome race
of the common shrew (Sorex araneus). Molecular Ecology 11, 785-794.
Lundy CJ, Moran P, Rico C, Milner RS, Hewitt GM (1999) Macrogeographical population differentiation in oceanic environments: a case study of European
Hake (Merluccius merluccius), a commercially important fish. Molecular Ecology 8, 1889-1898.
Lundy CJ, Rico C, Hewitt GM (2000) Temporal and spatial genetic variation in spawning grounds of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Bay of
Biscay. Molecular Ecology 9, 2067-2079.
MacDonald C, Brookfield JFY (2002) Intraspecific molecular variation in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida consistent with behavioural distinctness of British and
Swedish populations. Molecular Ecology 11, 1637-1646.
Macdonald SJ, Goldstein DB (1999) A quantitative genetic analysis of male sexual traits distinguishing the sibling species Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia.
Genetics 153, 1683-1699.
Machordom A, Suarez J, Almodovar A, Bautista JM (2000) Mitochondrial haplotype variation and phylogeography of Iberian brown trout populations.
Molecular Ecology 9, 1325-1338.
Maguire TL, Saenger P, Baverstock P, Henry R (2000) Microsatellite analysis of genetic structure in the mangrove species Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.
(Avicenniaceae). Molecular Ecology 9, 1853-1862.
Maki M, Horie S (1999) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers reveal less genetic variation in the endangered plant Cerastium fischerianum
var. molle than in the widespread conspecific C- fischerianum var. fischerianum (Caryophyllaceae). Molecular Ecology 8, 145-150.
Maldonado JE, Vila C, Wayne RK (2001) Tripartite genetic subdivisions in the ornate shrew (Sorex ornatus). Molecular Ecology 10, 127-147.
Markert JA, Arnegard ME, Danley PD, Kocher TD (1999) Biogeography and population genetics of the Lake Malawi cichlid Melanochromis auratus: habitat
transience, philopatry and speciation. Molecular Ecology 8, 1013-1026.
Marshall HD, Ritland K (2002) Genetic diversity and differentiation of Kermode bear populations. Molecular Ecology 11, 685-697.
Martens JW (1973) Competitive ability of oat stem rust races in mixtures. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 51, 2233-2236.
Martin C, GonzalezBenito ME, Iriondo JM (1997) Genetic diversity within and among populations of a threatened species: Erodium paularense Fern Gent &
Izco. Molecular Ecology 6, 813-820.
Martin C, Gonzalez-Benito ME, Iriondo JM (1999) The use of genetic markers in the identification and characterization of three recently discovered populations
of a threatened plant species. Molecular Ecology 8, S31-S40.
56
Martínez-Torres D, Simon JC, Fereres A, Moya A (1996) Genetic variation in natural populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as revealed by maternally
inherited markers. Molecular Ecology, 659-670.
Massonnet B, Simon J-C, Weisser WW (2002) Metapopulation structure of the specialized herbivore Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria (Homoptera, Aphididae).
Molecular Ecology 11, 2511-2521.
Mateu-Andres I, Segarra-Moragues JG (2000) Population subdivision and genetic diversity in two narrow endemics of Antirrhinum L. Molecular Ecology 9,
2081-2087.
Maudet C, Miller C, Bassano B, et al. (2002) Microsatellite DNA and recent statistical methods in wildlife conservation management: applications in Alpine ibex
Capra ibex (ibex). Molecular Ecology 11, 421-436.
Mavarez J, Amarista M, Pointier JP, Jarne P (2002) Fine-scale population structure and dispersal in Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate snail host of
Schistosoma mansoni, in Venezuela. Molecular Ecology 11, 879-889.
McCartney MA, Keller G, Lessios HA (2000) Dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in Atlantic and eastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus
Echinometra. Molecular Ecology 9, 1391-1400.
McConnell SKJ, Ruzzante DE, O'Reilly PT, Hamilton L, Wright JM (1997) Microsatellite loci reveal highly significant genetic differentiation among Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks from the east coast of Canada. Molecular Ecology 6, 1075-1089.
McGee DC, Zuck MG (1981) Competition between benomyl-resistant and sensitive strains of Venturia inaequalis on apple seedlings. Phytopathology 71, 529532.
McGlashan DJ, Hughes JM (2000) Reconciling patterns of genetic variation with stream structure, earth history and biology in the Australian freshwater fish
Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum (Atherinidae). Molecular Ecology 9, 1737-1751.
McGregor R (1998) Evolution of life-history timing in a leafmining moth: Phenotypic selection in patches with manipulated development time. Evolutionary
Ecology 12, 629-642.
McGuigan K, McDonald K, Parris K, Moritz C (1998) Mitochondrial DNA diversity and historical biogeography of a wet forest-restricted frog (Litoria
pearsoniana) from mid-east Australia. Molecular Ecology 7.
McLean JE, Hay DE, Taylor EB (1999) Marine population structure in an anadromous fish: life-history influences patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation in
the eulachon, Thaleichthys pacificus. Molecular Ecology 8, S143-S158.
McMillan WO, Bermingham E (1996) The phylogeographic pattern of mitochondrial DNA variation in Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli. Molecular Ecology 5,
47-61.
Mengoni A, Barabesi C, Gonnelli C, et al. (2001) Genetic diversity of heavy metal-tolerant populations in Silene paradoxa L. (Caryophyllaceae): a chloroplast
microsatellite analysis. Molecular Ecology 10, 1909-1916.
Mengoni A, Gonnelli C, Galardi F, Gabbrielli R, Bazzicalupo M (2000) Genetic diversity and heavy metal tolerance in populations of Silene paradoxa L.
(Caryophyllaceae): a random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Molecular Ecology 9, 1319-1324.
Merila J, Przybylo R, Sheldon BC (1999) Genetic variation and natural selection on blue tit body condition in different environments. Genetical Research 73,
165-176.
Meunier C, Tirard C, Hurtrez-Bousses S, et al. (2001) Lack of molluscan host diversity and the transmission of an emerging parasitic disease in Bolivia.
Molecular Ecology 10, 1333-1340.
Michels E, Cottenie K, Neys L, et al. (2001) Geographical and genetic distances among zooplankton populations in a set of interconnected ponds: a plea for
using GIS modelling of the effective geographical distance. Molecular Ecology 10, 1929-1938.
57
Milot E, Gibbs HL, Hobson KA (2000) Phylogeography and genetic structure of northern populations of the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). Molecular
Ecology 9, 667-681.
Mitton JB, Kreiser BR, Latta RG (2000) Glacial refugia of limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) inferred from the population structure of mitochondrial DNA.
Molecular Ecology 9, 91-97.
Mock KE, Theimer TC, Rhodes OE, Greenberg DL, Keim P (2002) Genetic variation across the historical range of the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).
Molecular Ecology 11, 643-657.
Mockford SW, Snyder M, Herman TB (1999) A preliminary examination of genetic variation in a peripheral population of Blanding's turtle, Emydoidea
blandingii. Molecular Ecology 8, 323-327.
Morand ME, Brachet S, Rossignol P, Dufour J, Frascaria-Lacoste N (2002) A generalized heterozygote deficiency assessed with microsatellites in French
common ash populations. Molecular Ecology 11, 377-385.
Morden CW, Loeffler W (1999) Fragmentation and genetic differentiation among subpopulations of the endangered Hawaiian mint Haplostachys haplostachya
(Lamiaceae). Molecular Ecology 8, 617-625.
Morgan-Richards M, Wolff K (1999) Genetic structure and differentiation of Plantago major reveals a pair of sympatric sister species. Molecular Ecology 8,
1027-1036.
Moritz C, Heideman A, Geffen E, McRae P (1997) Genetic population structure of the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis, a marsupial in decline. Molecular Ecology
6, 925-936.
Mossman CA, Waser PM (1999) Genetic detection of sex-biased dispersal. Molecular Ecology 8, 1063-1067.
Moya A, Guirao P, Cifuentes D, Beitia F, Cenis JL (2001) Genetic diversity of Iberian populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) based on random
amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Ecology 10, 891-897.
Muller MH, Prosperi JM, Santoni S, Ronfort J (2001) How mitochondrial DNA diversity can help to understand the dynamics of wild-cultivated complexes. The
case of Medicago sativa in Spain. Molecular Ecology 10, 2753-2763.
Muller-Scharer H, Fischer M (2001) Genetic structure of the annual weed Senecio vulgaris in relation to habitat type and population size. Molecular Ecology 10,
17-28.
Mundy NI, Winchell CS, Woodruff DS (1997) Genetic differences between the endangered San Clemente Island loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi
and two neighbouring subspecies demonstrated by mtDNA control region and cytochrome b sequence variation. Molecular Ecology 6, 29-37.
Murphy RW, Fu JZ, Upton DE, De Lema T, Zhao EM (2000) Genetic variability among endangered Chinese giant salamanders, Andrias davidianus. Molecular
Ecology 9, 1539-1547.
Nagata J, Masuda R, Kaji K, Kaneko M, Yoshida MC (1998) Genetic variation and population structure of the Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Hokkaido
Island, based on mitochondrial D-loop sequences. Molecular Ecology 7, 871-878.
Nersting LG, Arctander P (2001) Phylogeography and conservation of impala and greater kudu. Molecular Ecology 10, 711-719.
Nesbo CL, Fossheim T, Vollestad LA, Jakobsen KS (1999) Genetic divergence and phylogeographic relationships among European perch (Perca fluviatilis)
populations reflect glacial refugia and postglacial colonization. Molecular Ecology 8, 1387-1404.
Newman RA, Squire T (2001) Microsatellite variation and fine-scale population structure in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Molecular Ecology 10, 1087-1100.
Ng SC, Corlett RT (2000) Genetic variation and structure in six Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) with contrasting local distribution patterns in Hong Kong,
China. Molecular Ecology 9, 959-969.
Nielsen JL, Crow KD, Fountain MC (1999) Microsatellite diversity and conservation of a relic trout population: McCloud River redband trout. Molecular
Ecology 8, S129-S142.
58
Nusser JA, Goto RM, Ledig DB, Fleischer RC, Miller MM (1996) RAPD analysis reveals low genetic variability in the endangered light-footed clapper rail.
Molecular Ecology 5, 463-472.
Nuzhdin SV, Pasyukova EG, Dilda CL, Zeng ZB, Mackay TFC (1997) Sex-specific quantitative trait loci affecting longevity in Drosophila melanogaster.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, 9734-9739.
Nuzhdin SV, Reiwitch SG (2000) Are the same genes responsible for intra- and interspecific variability for sex comb tooth number in Drosophila? Heredity 84,
97-102.
Nyakaana S, Arctander P (1999) Population genetic structure of the African elephant in Uganda based on variation at mitochondrial and nuclear loci: evidence
for male-biased gene flow. Molecular Ecology 8, 1105-1115.
O'Corry-Crowe GM, Suydam RS, Rosenberg A, Frost KJ, Dizon AE (1997) Phylogeography, population structure and dispersal patterns of the beluga whale
Delphinapterus leucas in the western Neartic revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology 6, 955-970.
Ohara RB, Brown JKM (1996) Frequency- and density-dependent selection in wheat powdery mildew. Heredity 77, 439-447.
Onyabe DY, Conn JE (2001) Population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis across Nigeria suggests range expansion. Molecular
Ecology 10, 2577-2591.
Osoro MO, Green GJ (1976) Stabilizing selection in Puccinia graminis tritici in Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 54, 22042214.
Paetkau D, Amstrup SC, Born EW, et al. (1999) Genetic structure of the world's polar bear populations. Molecular Ecology 8, 1571-1584.
Painter JN, Crozier RH, Poiani A, Robertson RJ, Clarke MF (2000) Complex social organization reflects genetic structure and relatedness in the cooperatively
breeding bell miner, Manorina melanophrys. Molecular Ecology 9, 1339-1347.
Palacios C, Gonzalez-Candelas F (1997) Analysis of population genetic structure and variability using RAPD markers in the endemic and endangered Limonium
dufourii (Plumbaginaceae). Molecular Ecology 6, 1107-1121.
Palacios C, Kresovich S, Gonzalez-Candelas F (1999) A population genetic study of the endangered plant species Limonium dufourii (Plumbaginaceae) based on
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Molecular Ecology 8, 645-657.
Palme AE, Vendramin GG (2002) Chloroplast DNA variation, postglacial recolonization and hybridization in hazel, Corylus avellana. Molecular Ecology 11,
1769-1780.
Palsson S (2000) Microsatellite variation in Daphnia pulex from both sides of the Baltic Sea. Molecular Ecology 9, 1075-1088.
Parker MA (1994) Evolution in Natural and Experimental Populations of Amphicarpaea-Bracteata. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 7, 567-579.
Patton JL, Silva MNFD, Malcolm JR (1996) Hierarchical genetic structure and gene flow in three sympatric species of Amazonian rodents. Molecular Ecology 5,
229-238.
Peakall R, Smouse PE, Huff DR (1995) Evolutionary Implications of Allozyme and Rapd Variation in Diploid Populations of Dioecious Buffalograss Buchloe
Dactyloides. Molecular Ecology 4, 135-147.
Pearson CVM, Rogers AD, Sheader M (2002) The genetic structure of the rare lagoonal sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis Stephenson (Cnidaria; Anthozoa)
in the United Kingdom based on RAPD analysis. Molecular Ecology 11, 2285-2293.
Pedersen AA, Loeschcke V (2001) Conservation genetics of peripheral populations of the mygalomorph spider Atypus affinis (Atypidae) in northern Europe.
Molecular Ecology 10, 1133-1142.
Peichel CL, Nereng KS, Ohgi KA, et al. (2001) The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species. Nature 414, 901-905.
Peripato AC, de Brito RA, Vaughn TT, et al. (2002) Quantitative trait loci for maternal performance for offspring survival in mice. Genetics 162, 1341-1353.
59
Pfau RS, Van den Bussche RA, McBee K (2001) Population genetics of the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus): patterns of genetic diversity at the major
histocompatibility complex. Molecular Ecology 10, 1939-1945.
Pfeiler E, Markow TA (2001) Ecology and population genetics of Sonoran Desert Drosophila. Molecular Ecology 10, 1787-1791.
Pfrender ME, Spitze K, Lehman N (2000) Multi-locus genetic evidence for rapid ecologically based speciation in Daphnia. Molecular Ecology 9, 1717-1735.
Pierpaoli M, Riga F, Trocchi V, Randi E (1999) Species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the Italian hare (lepus corsicanus) as described by
mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Molecular Ecology 8, 1805-1817.
Piertney SB, MacColl ADC, Bacon PJ, Dallas JF (1998) Local genetic structure in red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus): evidence from microsatellite DNA
markers. Molecular Ecology 7, 1645-1654.
Pinto J, Donnelly MJ, Sousa CA, et al. (2002) Genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera : Culicidae) in Sao Tome and Principe (West Africa):
implications for malaria control. Molecular Ecology 11, 2183-2187.
Pitra C, Lieckfeldt D, Alonso JC (2000) Population subdivision in Europe's great bustard inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation.
Molecular Ecology 9, 1165-1170.
Pope LC, Estoup A, Moritz C (2000) Phylogeography and population structure of an ecotonal marsupial, Bettongia tropica, determined using mtDNA and
microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 9, 2041-2053.
Pope LC, Sharp A, Moritz C (1996) Population structure of the yellow-footed rock-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus (Gray, 1954) inferred from mtDNA sequences
and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology 5, 629-640.
Procaccini G, Orsini L, Ruggiero MV, Scardi M (2001) Spatial patterns of genetic diversity in Posidonia oceanica, an endemic Mediterranean seagrass.
Molecular Ecology 10, 1413-1421.
Prosser MR, Gibbs HL, Weatherhead PJ (1999) Microgeographic population genetic structure in the northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon sipedon detected
using microsatellite DNA loci. Molecular Ecology 8, 329-333.
Prugnolle F, De Meeus T, Durand P, Sire C, Theron A (2002) Sex-specific genetic structure in Schistosoma mansoni: evolutionary and epidemiological
implications. Molecular Ecology 11, 1231-1238.
Pudovskis MS, Johnson MS, Black R (2001) Genetic divergence of peripherally disjunct populations of the gastropod Batillariella estuarina in the Houtman
Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Molecular Ecology 10, 2605-2616.
Raay TJV, Crease TJ (1995) Mitochondrial DNA diversity in an apomictic Daphnia complex from the Canadian High Arctic. Molecular Ecology 4, 105-114.
Ramey II RR (1995) Mitochondrial DNA population structure and evolution of mountain sheep in the south-western United States and Mexico. Molecular
Ecology 4, 429-439.
Raspe O, Saumitou-Laprade P, Cuguen J, Jacquemart AL (2000) Chloroplast DNA haplotype variation and population differentiation in Sorbus aucuparia L.
(Rosaceae : Maloideae). Molecular Ecology 9, 1113-1122.
Rassmann R, Tautz D, Trillmich F, Gliddon C (1997) The microevolution of the Galápagos marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus assessed by nuclear and
mitochondrial genetic analyses. Molecular Ecology 6, 437-452.
Reichow D, Smith MJ (2001) Microsatellites reveal high levels of gene flow among populations of the California squid Loligo opalescens. Molecular Ecology
10, 1101-1109.
Rendell S, Ennos RA (2002) Chloroplast DNA diversity in Calluna vulgaris (heather) populations in Europe. Molecular Ecology 11, 69-78.
Reusch TBH, Stam WT, Olsen JL (2000) A microsatellite-based estimation of clonal diversity and population subdivision in Zostera marina, a marine flowering
plant. Molecular Ecology 9, 127-140.
60
Reusch TBH, Wegner KM, Kalbe M (2001) Rapid genetic divergence in postglacial populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): the role of
habitat type, drainage and geographical proximity. Molecular Ecology 10, 2435-2445.
Ribeiro MM, Mariette S, Vendramin GG, et al. (2002) Comparison of genetic diversity estimates within and among populations of maritime pine using
chloroplast simple-sequence repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism data. Molecular Ecology 11, 869-877.
Richardson BA, Brunsfeld J, Klopfenstein NB (2002) DNA from bird-dispersed seed and wind-disseminated pollen provides insights into postglacial
colonization and population genetic structure of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Molecular Ecology 11, 215-227.
Rico C, Turner GF (2002) Extreme microallopatric divergence in a cichlid species from Lake Malawi. Molecular Ecology 11, 1585-1590.
Riginos C, Nachman MW (2001) Population subdivision in marine environments: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous
habitat to genetic differentiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus. Molecular Ecology 10, 1439-1453.
Robin C, Lyman RF, Long AD, Langley CH, Mackay TFC (2002) hairy: A quantitative trait locus for Drosophila sensory bristle number. Genetics 162, 155-164.
Robinson NA, Murray ND, Sherwin WB (1993) Vntr Loci Reveal Differentiation between and Structure within Populations of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot
Perameles-Gunnii. Molecular Ecology 2, 195-207.
Robison BD, Wheeler PA, Sundin K, Sikka P, Thorgaard GH (2001) Composite interval mapping reveals a major locus influencing embryonic development rate
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Heredity 92, 16-22.
Rocha LA, Bass AL, Robertson DR, Bowen BW (2002) Adult habitat preferences, larval dispersal, and the comparative phylogeography of three Atlantic
surgeonfishes (Teleostei : Acanthuridae). Molecular Ecology 11, 243-252.
Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2002) The phylogeography and connectivity of the latitudinally widespread scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora
in the Western Pacific. Molecular Ecology 11, 1177-1189.
Roeder AD, Marshall RK, Mitchelson AJ, et al. (2001) Gene flow on the ice: genetic differentiation among Adelie penguin colonies around Antarctica.
Molecular Ecology 10, 1645-1656.
Roques S, Duchesne P, Bernatchez L (1999) Potential of microsatellites for individual assignment: the North Atlantic redfish (genus Sebastes) species complex
as a case study. Molecular Ecology 8, 1703-1717.
Roques S, Sevigny JM, Bernatchez L (2001) Evidence for broadscale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (genus Sebastes) in the North-west
Atlantic: a rare marine example. Molecular Ecology 10, 149-165.
Rosel PE, France SC, Wang JY, Kocher TD (1999) Genetic structure of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena populations in the northwest Atlantic based on
mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Molecular Ecology 8, S41-S54.
Rosenbaum HC, Brownell RL, Brown MW, et al. (2000) World-wide genetic differentiation of Eubalaena: questioning the number of right whale species.
Molecular Ecology 9, 1793-1802.
Roslin T (2001) Spatial population structure in a patchily distributed beetle. Molecular Ecology 10, 823-837.
Ross TK (1999) Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the Iowa Pleistocene snail. Molecular Ecology 8, 1363-1373.
Rossetto M, Slade RW, Baverstock PR, Henry RJ, Lee LS (1999) Microsatellite variation and assessment of genetic structure in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia
Myrtaceae). Molecular Ecology 8, 633-643.
Rossetto M, Weaver PK, Dixon KW (1995) Use of Rapd Analysis in Devising Conservation Strategies for the Rare and Endangered Grevillea-Scapigera
(Proteaceae). Molecular Ecology 4, 321-329.
Rossiter SJ, Jones G, Ransome RD, Barrattt EM (2000) Genetic variation and population structure in the endangered greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum. Molecular Ecology 9, 1131-1135.
61
Rowe G, Beebee TJC, Burke T (1998) Phylogeography of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in Britain: genetic differentiation of native and translocated
populations. Molecular Ecology 7, 751-760.
Roy BA, Stanton ML, Eppley SM (1999) Effects of environmental stress on leaf hair density and consequences for selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12,
1089-1103.
Ruber L, Meyer A, Sturmbauer C, Verheyen E (2001) Population structure in two sympatric species of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Eretmodini: evidence
for introgression. Molecular Ecology 10, 1207-1225.
Russell JR, Weber JC, Booth A, et al. (1999) Genetic variation of Calycophyllum spruceanum in the Peruvian Amazon Basin, revealed by amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Molecular Ecology 8, 199-204.
Ruzzante DE, Hansen MM, Meldrup D (2001) Distribution of individual inbreeding coefficients, relatedness and influence of stocking on native anadromous
brown trout (Salmo trutta) population structure. Molecular Ecology 10, 2107-2128.
Ruzzante DE, Taggart CT, Cook D (1998) A nuclear DNA basis for shelf- and bank-scale population structure in northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua):
Labrador to Georges Bank. Molecular Ecology 7, 1663-1680.
Salvato P, Battisti A, Concato S, et al. (2002) Genetic differentiation in the winter pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa wilkinsoni complex),
inferred by AFLP and mitochondrial DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 2435-2444.
Sander T, Konig S, Rothe GM, Janssen A, Weisgerber H (2000) Genetic variation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along an altitudinal transect at mount
Vogelsberg in Hesse, Germany. Molecular Ecology 9, 1349-1361.
Sarre S (1995) Mitochondrial DNA variation among populations of Oedura reticulata (Gekkonidae) in remnant vegetation: implications for metapopulation
structure and population decline. Molecular Ecology 4, 429-439.
Saville BJ, Yoell H, Anderson JB (1996) Genetic exchange and recombination in populations of the root-infecting fungus Armillaria gallica. Molecular Ecology
5, 485-497.
Schierenbeck KA, Skupski M, Lieberman D, Lieberman M (1997) Population structure and genetic diversity in four tropical tree species in Costa Rica.
Molecular Ecology 6, 137-144.
Schneider CJ (1996) Distinguishing between primary and secondary intergradation among morphologically differentiated populations of Anolis marmoratus.
Molecular Ecology 5, 239-249.
Schönswetter P, Tribsch A, Barfuss M, Niklfeld H (2002) Several Pleistocene refugia detected in the high alpine plant Phyteuma globulariifolium Sternb. &
Hoppe (Campanulaceae) in the European Alps. Molecular Ecology 11, 2637-2647.
Schulte-Hostedde AI, Gibbs HL, Millar JS (2001) Microgeographic genetic structure in the yellow-pine chipmunk (Tamias amoenus). Molecular Ecology 10,
1625-1631.
Schultheis AS, Weigt LA, Hendricks AC (2002) Gene flow, dispersal, and nested clade analysis among populations of the stonefly Peltoperla tarteri in the
southern Appalachians. Molecular Ecology 11, 317-327.
Scotti I, Vendramin GG, Matteotti LS, et al. (2000) Postglacial recolonization routes for Picea abies K. in Italy as suggested by the analysis of sequencecharacterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. Molecular Ecology 9, 699-708.
Sebastiani F, Meiswinkel R, Gomulski LM, et al. (2001) Molecular differentiation of the Old World Culicoides imicola species complex (Diptera,
Ceratopogonidae), inferred using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 10, 1773-1786.
Seddon JM, Baverstock PR (1999) Variation on islands: major histoincompatibility complex (Mhc) polymorphism in populations of the Australian bush rat.
Molecular Ecology 8, 2071-2079.
Segelbacher G, Storch I (2002) Capercaillie in the Alps: genetic evidence of metapopulation structure and population decline. Molecular Ecology 11, 1669-1677.
62
Shaffer G, Fellers GM, Magee A, Voss R (2000) The genetics of amphibian declines: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the Yosemite
Toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data.
Molecular Ecology 9, 245-257.
Shapcott A (1998) The patterns of genetic diversity in Carpentaria acuminata (Arecaceae), and rainforest history in northern Australia. Molecular Ecology 7,
833-847.
Shapcott A (1999) Comparison of the population genetics and densities of five Pinanga palm species at Kuala Belalong, Brunei. Molecular Ecology 8, 16411654.
Shaw KL, Parsons YM (2002) Divergence of mate recognition behavior and its consequences for genetic architectures of speciation. American Naturalist 159,
S61-S75.
Shaw PW, Pierce GJ, Boyle PR (1999) Subtle population structuring within a highly vagile marine invertebrate, the veined squid Loligo forbesi, demonstrated
with microsatellite DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 8, 407-417.
Shook DR, Johnson TE (1999) Quantitative trait loci affecting survival and fertility- related traits in Caenorhabditis elegans show genotype- environment
interactions, pleiotropy and epistasis. Genetics 153, 1233-1243.
Silva C, Eguiarte LE, Souza V (1999) Reticulated and epidemic population genetic structure of Rhizobium etli biovar phaseoli in a traditionally managed locality
in Mexico. Molecular Ecology 8, 277-287.
Simon JC, Baumann S, Sunnucks P, et al. (1999) Reproductive mode and population genetic structure of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae studied using
phenotypic and microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 8, 531-545.
Simonsen BT, Siegismund HR, Arctander P (1998) Population structure of African buffalo inferred from mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci: high
variation and low differentiation. Molecular Ecology 7, 225-237.
Sinclair WT, Morman JD, Ennos RA (1999) The postglacial history of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in western Europe: evidence from mitochondrial DNA
variation. Molecular Ecology 8, 83-88.
Skotnicki ML, Ninham JA, Selkirk PM (1999) Genetic diversity and dispersal of the moss Sarconeurum glaciale on Ross Island, East Antarctica. Molecular
Ecology 8, 753-762.
Small MP, Beacham TD, Withler RE, Nelson RJ (1998) Discriminating coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations within the Fraser River, British
Columbia, using microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 7, 141-155.
Small MP, Gosling EM (2000) Species relationships and population structure of Littorina saxatilis Olivi and L. tenebrosa Montagu in Ireland using single-strand
conformational polymorphisms (SSCPs) of cytochrome b fragments. Molecular Ecology 9, 39-52.
Soranzo N, Alia R, Provan J, Powell W (2000) Patterns of variation at a mitochondrial sequence-tagged-site locus provides new insights into the postglacial
history of European Pinus sylvestris populations. Molecular Ecology 9, 1205-1211.
Stacy JE, Jordan PE, Steen H, et al. (1997) Lack of concordance between mtDNA gene flow and population density fluctuations in the bank vole. Molecular
Ecology 6, 751-759.
Stangel PW, Lennartz MR, Smith MH (1992) Genetic variation and population structure of red-cockaded woodpeckers. Conservation Biology 6, 283-292.
Stehlik I, Schneller JJ, Bachmann K (2001) Resistance or emigration: response of the high-alpine plant Eritrichium nanum (L.) Gaudin to the ice age within the
Central Alps. Molecular Ecology 10, 357-370.
Steinger T, Haldimann P, Leiss KA, Müller-Schärer H (2002) Does natural selection promote population divergence? A comparative analysis of population
structure using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and quantitative traits. Molecular Ecology 11, 2583-2590.
63
Stenlid J, Vasiliauskas R (1998) Genetic diversity within and among vegetative compatibility groups of Stereum sanguinolentum. Molecular Ecology 7, 12651274.
Stenstrom A, Jonsson BO, Jonsdottir IS, Fagerstrom T, Augner M (2001) Genetic variation and clonal diversity in four clonal sedges (Carex) along the Arctic
coast of Eurasia. Molecular Ecology 10, 497-513.
Stepien AA, Faber JE (1998) Population genetic structure, phylogeography and spawning philopatry in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from mitochondrial
control region sequences. Molecular Ecology 7, 1757-1769.
Stepien CA (1999) Phylogeographical structure of the Dover sole Microstomus pacificus: the larval retention hypothesis and genetic divergence along the deep
continental slope of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Molecular Ecology 8, 923-939.
Stevens MT, Turner MG, Tuskan GA, et al. (1999) Genetic variation in postfire aspen seedlings in Yellowstone National Park. Molecular Ecology 8, 1769-1780.
Strain SR, Whittam TS, Bottomley PS (1995) Analysis of genetic structure in soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum recovered from the USA and the
UK. Molecular Ecology 4, 105-114.
Sucena E, Stern DL (2000) Divergence of larval morphology between Drosophila sechellia and its sibling species caused by cis-regulatory evolution of
ovo/shaven-baby. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 4530-4534.
Sun M (1999) Cleistogamy in Scutellaria indica (Labiatae): effective mating system and population genetic structure. Molecular Ecology 8, 1285-1295.
Takahashi A, Tsaur SC, Coyne JA, Wu CI (2001) The nucleotide changes governing cuticular hydrocarbon variation and their evolution in Drosophila
melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 3920-3925.
Tarr CL, Conant S, Fleischer RC (1998) Founder events and variation at microsatellite loci in an insular passerine bird, the Laysan finch (Telespiza cantans).
Molecular Ecology 7, 719-731.
Tarr CL, Fleischer RC (1999) Population boundaries and genetic diversity in the endangered Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi). Molecular Ecology 8, 941-949.
Taylor AC, Sherman WB, Wayne RK (1994) Genetic variation of microsatellite loci in a bottlenecked species: the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus
kreftii. Molecular Ecology 3, 277-290.
Taylor EB, Harvey S, Pollad S, Volpe J (1997) Postglacial genetic differentiation of reproductive ecotypes of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka in Okanagan Lake,
British Columbia. Molecular Ecology 6, 503-517.
Taylor EB, Pollard S, Louie D (1999) Mitochondrial DNA variation in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) from northwestern North America: implications for
zoogeography and conservation. Molecular Ecology 8, 1155-1170.
Tek Tay W, Cook JM, Rowe DJ, Crozier RH (1997) Migration between nests in the Australian arid-zone ant Rhytidoponera sp. 12 revealed by DGGE analysis of
mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology 6, 403-411.
Tessier N, Bernatchez L (1999) Stability of population structure and genetic diversity across generations assessed by microsatellites among sympatric
populations of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Molecular Ecology 8, 169-179.
Tessier N, Bernatchez L, Wright JM (1997) Population structure and impact of supportive breeding inferred from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA analyses
in land-locked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Molecular Ecology 6, 735-750.
Thurston HD (1961) The relative survival ability of races of Phytophthora infestans in mixtures. Phytopathology 51, 748-755.
Toline CA, Baker AJ (1995) Mitochondrial DNA variation and population genetic structure of the northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos). Molecular Ecology 4,
745-753.
Tollefsrud MM, Bachmann K, Jakobsen KS, Brochmann C (1998) Glacial survival does not matter - II: RAPD phylogeography of Nordic Saxifraga cespitosa.
Molecular Ecology 7, 1217-1232.
64
Travis SE, Maschinski J, Keim P (1996) An analysis of genetic variation in Astragalus cremnophylax var cremnophylax a critically endangered plant, using
AFLP markers. Molecular Ecology 5, 735-745.
Tremblay NO, Schoen DJ (1999) Molecular phylogeography of Dryas integrifolia: glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization. Molecular Ecology 8, 11871198.
Triantafyllidis A, Krieg F, Cottin C, et al. (2002) Genetic structure and phylogeography of European catfish (Silurus glanis) populations. Molecular Ecology 11,
1039-1055.
True JR, Liu JJ, Stam LF, Zeng ZB, Laurie CC (1997) Quantitative genetic analysis of divergence in male secondary sexual traits between Drosophila simulans
and Drosophila mauritiana. Evolution 51, 816-832.
Tsagkarakou S, Navajas M, Papaioannou-Souliotis P, Pasteur N (1998) Gene flow among Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations in Greece.
Molecular Ecology 7, 71-79.
Turpeinen T, Tenhola T, Manninen O, Nevo E, Nissila E (2001) Microsatellite diversity associated with ecological factors in Hordeum spontaneum populations
in Israel. Molecular Ecology 10, 1577-1591.
Uphyrkina O, Johnson WE, Quigley H, et al. (2001) Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology 10,
2617-2633.
Van de Zande L, Van Apeldoorn RC, Blijdenstein AF, et al. (2000) Microsatellite analysis of population structure and genetic differentiation within and between
populations of the root vole, Microtus oeconomus in the Netherlands. Molecular Ecology 9, 1651-1656.
Van der Strate HJ, Van de Zande L, Stam WT, Olsen JL (2002) The contribution of haploids, diploids and clones to fine-scale population structure in the
seaweed Cladophoropsis membranacea (Chlorophyta). Molecular Ecology 11, 329-345.
van Hooft WF, Groen AF, Prins HHT (2000) Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations throughout Africa.
Molecular Ecology 9, 2017-2025.
van Tienderen PH, van der Toorn J (1991) Genetic Differentiation between Populations of Plantago- Lanceolata .2. Phenotypic Selection in a Transplant
Experiment in 3 Contrasting Habitats. Journal of Ecology 79, 43-59.
Van Vuuren BJ, Robinson TJ (1997) Genetic population structure in the yellow mongoose, Cynictis penicillata. Molecular Ecology 6, 1147-1153.
Vandewoestijne S, Neve G, Baguette M (1999) Spatial and temporal population genetic structure of the butterfly Aglais urticae L-(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae).
Molecular Ecology 8, 1539-1543.
Vanlerberghe-Masuti F, Chavigny P (1998) Host-based genetic differentiation in the aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, evidence from RAPD fingerprints. Molecular
Ecology 7, 905-914.
Vaughn TT, Pletscher LS, Peripato A, et al. (1999) Mapping quantitative trait loci for murine growth: a closer look at genetic architecture. Genetical Research
74, 313-322.
Vendramin GG, Degen B, Petit RJ, et al. (1999) High level of variation at Abies alba chloroplast microsatellite loci in Europe. Molecular Ecology 8, 1117-1126.
Vernesi C, Pecchioli E, Caramelli D, et al. (2002) The genetic structure of natural and reintroduced roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations in the Alps and
central Italy, with reference to the mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Europe. Molecular Ecology 11, 1285-1297.
Vieira C, Pasyukova EG, Zeng ZB, et al. (2000) Genotype-environment interaction for quantitative trait loci affecting life span in Drosophila melanogaster.
Genetics 154, 213-227.
Vilá C, Amorim IR, Leonard JA, et al. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus. Molecular Ecology 8,
2089-2103.
65
von Segesser F, Menard N, Gaci B, Martin RD (1999) Genetic differentiation within and between isolated Algerian subpopulations of Barbary macaques
(Macaca sylvanus): evidence from microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 8, 433-442.
Vucetich LM, Vucetich JA, Joshi CP, Waite TA, Peterson RO (2001) Genetic (RAPD) diversity in Peromyscus maniculatus populations in a naturally
fragmented landscape. Molecular Ecology 10, 35-40.
Waits L, Taberlet P, Swenson JE, Sandegren F, Franzen R (2000) Nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and gene flow in the Scandinavian
brown bear (Ursus arctos). Molecular Ecology 9, 421-431.
Walker CW, Vila C, Landa A, Linden M, Ellegren H (2001) Genetic variation and population structure in Scandinavian wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations.
Molecular Ecology 10, 53-+.
Walter R, Epperson BK (2001) Geographic pattern of genetic variation in Pinus resinosa: area of greatest diversity is not the origin of postglacial populations.
Molecular Ecology 10, 103-111.
Walton C, Handley JM, Collins FH, et al. (2001) Genetic population structure and introgression in Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in South-east Asia. Molecular
Ecology 10, 569-580.
Wang H-Y, Tsai M-P, Yu M-J, Lee S-C (1999) Influence of glaciation on divergence patterns of the endemic minnow, Zacco pachycephalus, in Taiwan.
Molecular Ecology 8, 1879-1888.
Wang JP, Hsu KC, Chiang TY (2000) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Acrossocheilus paradoxus (Cyprinidae) in Taiwan. Molecular Ecology 9, 14831494.
Warner RR, Schultz ET (1992) Sexual Selection and Male Characteristics in the Bluehead Wrasse, Thalassoma-Bifasciatum - Mating Site Acquisition, Mating
Site Defense, and Female Choice. Evolution 46, 1421-1442.
Watanabe Y, Chiba S (2001) High within-population mitochondrial DNA variation due to microvicariance and population mixing in the land snail Euhadra
quaesita (Pulmonata : Bradybaenidae). Molecular Ecology 10, 2635-2645.
Waters JM, Dijkstra LH, Wallis GP (2000) Biogeography of a southern hemisphere freshwater fish: how important is marine dispersal? Molecular Ecology 9,
1815-1821.
Wayne ML, Hackett JB, Dilda CL, et al. (2001) Quantitative trait locus mapping of fitness-related traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetical Research 77,
107-116.
Weiss S, Antunes A, Schlotterer C, Alexandrino P (2000) Mitochondrial haplotype diversity among Portuguese brown trout Salmo trutta L. populations:
relevance to the post-Pleistocene recolonization of northern Europe. Molecular Ecology 9, 691-698.
Welch ME, Gerber GP, Davis SK (in press) The genetic structure of the Turks and Caicos rock iguana, Cyclura carinata carinata, and its implications for
species conservation.
Welz HG, Leonard KJ (1993) Phenotypic Variation and Parasitic Fitness of Races of Cochliobolus-Carbonum on Corn in North-Carolina. Phytopathology 83,
593-601.
Wenburg JK, Bentzen P, Foote CJ (1998) Microsatellite analysis of genetic population structure in an endangered salmonid: the coastal cutthroat trout
(Oncorhynchus clarki clarki). Molecular Ecology 7, 733-749.
Wenink PW, Groen AF, Roelke-Parker ME, Prins HHT (1998) African buffalo maintain high genetic diversity in the major histocompatibility complex in spite
of historically known population bottlenecks. Molecular Ecology 7, 1315-1322.
Weston RF, Qureshi I, Werren JH (1999) Genetics of wing size differences between two Nasonia species. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12, 586-595.
White G, Powell W (1997) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Swietenia humilis (Meliaceae): an endangered tropical hardwood species.
Molecular Ecology 6, 851-860.
66
White GM, Boshier DH, Powell W (1999) Genetic variation within a fragmented population of Swietenia humilis Zucc. Molecular Ecology 8, 1899-1909.
Whitehouse AM, Harley EH (2001) Post-bottleneck genetic diversity of elephant populations in South Africa, revealed using microsatellite analysis. Molecular
Ecology 10, 2139-2149.
Widmer A, Schmid-Hempel P (1999) The population genetic structure of a large temperate pollinator species, Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli) (Hymenoptera :
Apidae). Molecular Ecology 8, 387-398.
Williams MA, Blouin AG, Noor MAF (2001) Courtship songs of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D-persimilis. II. Genetics of species differences. Heredity 86,
68-77.
Williams ST, Benzie JAM (1997) Indo-West Pacific patterns of genetic differentiation in the high-dispersal starfish Linckia laevigata. Molecular Ecology 6, 559573.
Wilson AB, Boates JS, Snyder M (1997) Genetic isolation of the gammaridean amphipod, Corophium volutator, in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Molecular
Ecology 6, 917-923.
Wolf JB, Vaughn TT, Pletscher LS, Cheverud JM (2002) Contribution of maternal effect QTL to genetic architecture of early growth in mice. Heredity 89, 300310.
Wolff K, ElAkkad S, Abbott RJ (1997) Population substructure in Alkanna orientalis (Boraginaceae) in the Sinai desert, in relation to its pollinator behaviour.
Molecular Ecology 6, 365-372.
Workman MS, Leamy LJ, Routman EJ, Cheverud JM (2002) Analysis of quantitative trait locus effects on the size and shape of mandibular molars in mice.
Genetics 160, 1573-1586.
Wynen LP, Goldsworthy SD, Guinet C, et al. (2000) Postsealing genetic variation and population structure of two species of fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella and
A-tropicalis). Molecular Ecology 9, 299-314.
Xu J, Kerrigan RW, Sonnenberg AS, et al. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA variation in natural populations of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Molecular Ecology
7, 19-13.
Yan G, Romero-Severson J, Walton M, Chadee DD, Severson DW (1999) Population genetics of the yellow fever mosquito in Trinidad: comparisons of
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Molecular Ecology 8, 951-963.
Young DL, Allard MW (1997) Conservation genetics of the plain pigeon Columbia inornata in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Molecular Ecology 8,
877-879.
Zawko G, Krauss SL, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2001) Conservation genetics of the rare and endangered Leucopogon obtectus (Ericaceae). Molecular
Ecology 10, 2389-2396.
Zeng ZB, Liu JJ, Stam LF, et al. (2000) Genetic architecture of a morphological shape difference between two drosophila species. Genetics 154, 299-310.
Zoller S, Lutzoni F, Schneider C (1999) Genetic variation within and among populations of the threatened lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in Switzerland and
implications for its conservation. Molecular Ecology 8, 2049-2069.