MRS. TERHUNE
AP BIOLOGY REVIEW
*Please note, these are not the only terms that you should know/study, but use this
as a guide for studying.
CHEMISTRY
- atom, element, compound
- structure of an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic mass, etc)
- Cation vs Anion
- Bonding (covalent, ionic, hydrogen)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- organic vs inorganic compounds
- organic compound (structure and function)
o carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
o functional groups (amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, phosphate, hydroxyl)
- Lipids (fats, oils, steroids, phospholipid)
o Saturated vs. unsaturated
o Structure of and function
- Carbohydrates (simple or complex sugars)
o Structure and function
o Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
o Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
- Protein
o Structure (amino and carboxyl group) = amino acid
o Primary structure (order of aa)
o Secondary structure (hydrogen bonding)
o Tertiary structure (interaction of R group)
o Quaternary (arrangement of polypeptide)
- Enzymes (are proteins)
o Structure and function
o Catalyst, substrate, active site, factors that effect
o Competitive vs noncompetitive inhibition
o pH (acid vs base) measurement of H+
o Reactions (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, endergonic, exergonic,
redox)
CELLS
- prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
- organelle structure and function, location (malfunctions of: Tay Sachs)
- Evolution of Eukaryotic Cell
- Cell membrane (structure and function- phospholipid, integral, peripheral
proteins, carbohydrates, extracellular matrix)
- Transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport
(Sodium/Potassium pump), Endocytosis, Exocytosis
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- mitochondria (structure and function)
- aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis (2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH)
- Krebs Cycle (2 turns gives 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP)
- Oxidative Phophorylation (set of redox reactions, ETC and chemiosmosis)
o Most ATP production
o Hydrogen ion gradient, ATP synthase
- Anaerobic respiration
o Fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid)
o Yeast, fungi, bacteria make ethanol
o Humans produce lactic acid
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Chloroplast (structure and function
- Light Independent Reactions (chlorophyll, photosystems 1 and 2, reaction
centers)
o Production of ATP (photophosphorylation)
o Noncyclic vs Cyclic pathway (cyclic goes through photosystem 1 only
to make ATP, noncyclic goes through photosystem 1 and 2 and makes
ATP, oxygen, and NADPH
- Light Independent Reactions
o Carbon fixation
- Types of Photosynthesis
o Photorespiration- when plants close stomata, shortage of CO2, oxygen
can’t leave, excess oxygen competes with carbon dioxide and attaches
to RuBP
o C4 plants vs C3 plants
o CAM plants (water storing plants close stomata by day and open at
night, without depleting CO2 reserves. The carbon dioxide taken in
during the night is stored as organic acids in the mesophyll cells until
daybreak
CELL DIVISION
- phases of (G1, S, G2, M, G0)
- IPMAT/Cytokinesis – know what happens at each stage
- Purpose of mitosis
- Diffference between plant and animal cytokinesis
- Control of the Cell Cycle
o Checkpoints
o Density Dependent Inhibition
o Growth Factors Present
o Cyclins and Protein Kinases
 CDK is present at all times and binds with Cyclin that has built
up to form MPF (mitosis promoting factor), pushes cell
through mitosis
-
Haploid vs Diploid
Meiosis (IPMAT x 2)
Homologous chromosomes
Crossing over
Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
HEREDITY
- Gregor Mendol (law of independent assortment, law of segregation, law of
dominance
- Terms (allele, P, F1, F2, geneotype, phenotype, heterzygote, homozygote,
karyotype, nondisjunction)
- Intermediate inheritence (Incomplete dominance and codominance)
- Polygenic Traits
- Epistasis (gene at one locus alters phentype of gene at another locus ex:
mouse color vs Pleiotropy (single gene has multiple effects ex: Sickle Cell
- Multiple Alleles
- Sex linkage (x- linked), wildtype vs mutant phenotypes
- X inactivation, barr body
- Linkage map
- Probability (law of multiplication, law of addition)
- Pedigrees- be able to interpret
- Common disorders (tay sachs, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, Huntingdon’s
- Chromosomal abnormalities ( Down’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome,
Kleinfelters)
- Mutations: deletion, insertion, inversion, duplication
MOLECULAR GENETICS
- Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cystosine
- Pyrimidine (single ring, T and C) vs Purine (double ring A and G)
- Know structure of DNA (double helix, 5’ to 3’ end, sugar phosphate backbone
- RNA structure and function (U replaces T, single stranded)
- Steps in DNA replication (helicase, replication form, primer, DNA polymerase,
leading strand, lagging strand and okazaki fragments
- Mutations (frameshift, missense, nonsense)
- Transcription (RNA polymerase, promoter region (TATA box), transcription
factors, termination sites)
- RNA Processing (RNA splicing, introns and exons)
- Translation (triplet codon, ribosome, start codon (AUG) and stop codons
(UGA, UAA, UAG), anticodon, A site, P site, E site, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
(be sure tRNA picks up right amino acid)
- Gene expression (promoter region, operator, operon- lac operon, repressor,
enhancer, inducer)
- Viruses (structure and function)
-
-
o Host range, reverse transcriptase (RNA virus)
o Lytic Cycle, lysogenic cycle
o Prion (mad cow disease)
Bacteria
o Reproduction of
o Transformation and Transduction
o Genetic Engineering of (restriction enzymes, sticky ends, recombinant
DNA, DNA ligase, vector
Gel electrophoresis (how it works, purpose of)
PCR (how it works, purpose of)
EVOLUTION
- Descent with modification
- Speciation
- Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Mutation, Natural Selection
- Natural Selection (Variation, Heritability, Reproductive success)
- Lamarck vs Darwin
- Adaptations
- Directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection
- Sexual selection
- Coevolution, Convergent vs divergenet evolution)
- Variation (mutation, sexual reproduction, balanced polymorphism)
- Speciation (allopatric vs sympatric speciation)
- Polyploidy
- Heterozygote advantage
- Hardy Weinberg conditions (no mutation, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no
natural selection, random mating
- HW equilibrium = p + q = 1/ p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1
- Evidence of evolution
o Homologous structures, comparative embryology, vestigial structures,
DNA evidence
- Macroevolution vs microevolution
- Gradualism vs Punctuated equilibrium
TAXONOMY and CLASSIFICATION
- 3 Domains (Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya)
- Archaea (halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles)
- Bacteria
o Classification of (bacillus, spirilla, cocci)
- Endosymbiotic Theory
- Kingdom Protista (characteristics of )
o Animal like, plant like, fungus like), be able to name a few specific
organisms in each group
- Kingdom Plantae
o Evolution of
o Structure of and Reproductive adaptations
-
o Alteration of generations, sporophyte vs gametophyte generation
o Bryophytes, Seedless Vascular, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
o Transport in plants, nutrition in plants, hormones
 Cell types (collenchyma, parenchyma, sclerenchyma cells)
 Root systems (root hairs, taproot vs fibrous root, epidermis,
endodermis, casparian strip, stele/vascular cylinder)
 Root growth (meristemic cells, apical meristems, primary
regions of growth (root cap, zone of cell division, zone of
elongation, zone of maturation)
 Xylem and phloem
 Capillary action, cohesion tension theory, transpiration
 Plant hormones (abcisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene,
gibberellins
 Tropisms
 Photoperiodism
Kingdom Fungi (major characteristics and phyla)
Kingdom animalia (major characteristics of each group
o Body Cavity (aceolmate, psuedoceolmate, ceolmate)
o Protostomes vs Deuterstomes
o Symmetry
o Tissues
o Porifera, Cnideria, Platyhelminthes , Rotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata
o Major characteristics of All Chordates
BODY SYSTEMS
- Circulatory System
o Arteries and Veins
o Blood flow through the heart
o Structure of blood (plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets)
o Lymphatic system and Circulatory system
o Diseases of ( hypertension, arteriosclerosis
- Nervous System
- CNS vs PNS
 Autonomic vs Somatic
 Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
 Neuron structure
 Action potentials
 Neurotransmitters
 Medullar oblongata
 Hypothalamus
 Amygdala
 Cerebrum
 Corpus collosum
- Muscular System
o 3 types of muscle (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
-
-
o Neuromuscular junctions,
o Actin and Myosin and muscle contraction (importance of calcium)
Endocrine System
o Hormones
o Anterier vs Posterior pituitary (TSH,, LH, FSH, prolactin, ADH,
oxytocin
o Negative vs poisitive feedback
o Insulin/glycogen
o Calcitonin/PTH
Immune System
o Specific Immunity
o Nonspecific Immunity
o Phagocytes, inflammation
o Lymphocytes (B Cells, T cells)
o Antigen
o Plasma cells, memory cells
o Humoral immunity vs cell- mediated immunity
ECOLOGY
- Animal learning (associative learning, fixed action pattern, habituation,
imprinting, insight learning, observational learning, operant conditioning)
- Animal movement (kinesis, taxis, migration)
- Animal communication (chemical and pheromones, visual, auditory, tactile)
- Population ecology (abiotic, biotic factors, niche, population
density/distribution, demographers)
- Population growth (biotic potential, density dependent factors, density
indepenent factors, exponential growth, carrying capacity
- Succession (primary succession, pioneer species, climax community,
secondary succession)
- Trophic Levels (primary, secondary, tertiary consumers, decomposers)
- Biomes
- Biogeochemical cycles (water, nitrogen, carbon)