Table S1. Summary of data used to estimate the potential magnitude and proportion of predators emerging in relation to mean annual
stream temperature. Data reflect benthic samples in streams. P = taxa that are predatory as adults. NP = taxa that are non-predatory as
adults. Te = temperate, Tr = tropical. See Appendix A for detailed information on corresponding site numbers. See text for details on
calculations of adult trophic structure.
Stream
P
NP
Total
P
NP
Total
P
NP
Total
metric
temp
(°C)
no. m-2
mg AFDM m-2
Site
Zone
1
Te
0.0
15433.0 15433.0
2.7
2
Te
0.0
23252.0 23252.0
3.5
3
Te
0.0
4
Te
1.0
463.2
464.2
6.8
5
Te
48.6
248.4
297.0
6.8
6
Te
51.5
196.4
247.9
7.4
7
Te
8
Te
9
Te
195.0
47128.0 47323.0
9.3
10
Te
39.0
18140.0 18179.0
9.4
0.0
695.5
326.0
other metrics
695.5
4.0
326.0
7.5
2874.0 5273.0 8147.0 mg AFDM m-2 yr-1
7.5
11
Te
161.0
42010.0 42171.0
9.6
12
Te
70.0
18198.0 18268.0
11.9
13
Te
114.5
27641.0 27755.5
12.6
14
Te
277.0
25105.0 25382.0
15
Te
1.4
16
Te
17
Tr
100.0
39723.0 39823.0
17.7
18
Tr
82.5
9250.0
9332.5
20.9
19
Tr
27.0
8048.5
8075.5
21.7
159.0
47.0
1583.0 1630.0
13.9
160.4
14.6
168.3
3443.7 3612.0 g DM yr-1
Tr
0.7
5.1
5.8
no. sample-1
Tr
0.2
3.3
3.5
mg AFDM sample-1
20
17.6
23.5
21
Tr
110.7
820.1
930.7
24.6
22
Tr
15.2
545.8
561.0
25.0
23
Tr
5.8
259.9
265.7
16.6
10.6
27.2
25.0
24
Tr
83.0
3620.0
3703.0
151.9
89.9
241.8
25.0
25
Tr
61.1
3078.5
3139.6
147.0
152.5
299.5
26.0
26
Tr
43.7
1973.5
2017.1
216.8
36.1
252.9
26.0
27
Tr
135.4
5196.3
5331.7
218.5
219.9
438.4
26.0
28
Tr
48.0
3327.4
3375.4
36.0
118.9
154.9
26.0
29
Tr
26.2
2973.7
2999.9
160.0
47.9
207.9
26.0
Tr
0.6
40.5
41.1
no. sample-1
30
26.7
Tr
0.0
11.4
11.4
-1
mg AFDM sample
All sites
Min
0.0
159.0
160.4
1.0
10.6
27.2
2.7
Max
277.0
47128.0 47323.0
218.5 1583.0 1630.0
26.7
Mean
69.4
12908.9 12978.3
99.5
287.9
387.4
16.2
SD
71.8
14755.3 14798.6
80.5
447.9
429.3
8.5
Temperate sites
Min
0.0
Max
277.0
Mean
78.0
159.0
160.4
1.0
196.4
247.9
2.7
47128.0 47323.0
51.5
1583.0 1630.0
17.6
19826.1 19904.1
37.0
622.8
9.1
659.8
SD
96.6
15798.8 15868.8
24.1
650.5
653.4
4.2
Tropical sites
Min
5.8
Max
135.4
Mean
SD
259.9
265.7
16.6
10.6
27.2
17.7
39723.0 39823.0
218.5
219.9
438.4
26.7
61.5
6568.1
6629.6
135.2
96.6
231.8
24.3
40.9
10808.3 10822.8
80.1
73.4
126.6
2.6
Table S2. Summary of site data for publications used in the analysis of stream temperature and potential aquatic-terrestrial insect
subsidies. Italicized lat/long values represent estimates based on physical descriptions in the text of respective publications. See
Appendix B for mean annual stream temperature across sites.
lat
long
width
(m)
discharge
(m3/s)
Sample
method
Microhabitat
sampled
39.04'N
104.12'W
3.9
0.24
Hess
mixed
39.19'N
106.19'W
3.6
0.17
Hess
mixed
64.0'N
46°28'N
46°28'N
46°28'N
141'W
89°1'W
89°1'W
89°1'W
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
35.25'N
92.4'W
43°32'N
70°27'W
39°3'N
39°3'N
39°3'N
44.4'N
79°41'W
79°41'W
79°41'W
111.02'W
8.70
Surber
Hess
Hess
Hess
inverted box
sampler
Surber/Ekman
dredge
Surber/corer
Surber/corer
Surber/corer
Surber
35.03'N
83.24'W
< 0.01
corer
mixed
39.05'N
96.35'W
0.014
corer
mixed
Rempel et al. (2000)
49.13'N
121.49'W
Smock et al. (1985)
Callisto et al. (2004)
Callisto et al. (2004)
33.5'N
19°20'S
19°20'S
80.49'W
43°44'W
43°44'W
Stream name
Reference
1
Four Mile1
2
East Fork1
3
4
5
6
Dennison River
State Creek upstream
Walton Creek upstream
Shane Creek upstream
Carlisle & Clements
(2003)
Carlisle & Clements
(2003)
Lotspeich et al. (1970)
Entrekin et al. (2007)
Entrekin et al. (2007)
Entrekin et al. (2007)
7
Little Red River
Johnson & Harp (2005)
8
Goosefare Brook1
9
10
11
12
Canoe Run
Stonelick Run
Wilson Hollow
Madison River Basin
13
Unnamed1
14
Kings Creek
Woodcock & Huryn
(2007)
Angradi (1996)
Angradi (1996)
Angradi (1996)
Kerans et al. (2005)
Lugthart & Wallace
(1992)
Stagliano & Whiles
(2002)
15
Fraser River
16
17
18
Cedar Creek
Indaiá1
Indaiá1
0.06
0.04
0.04
2.7
1.7
2.7
1.6
7.0
0.5
Shipek
sample/Surber
multiple
Surber
Surber
riffle
mixed
mixed
mixed
mixed
riffle
gravel
mixed
mixed
mixed
19
20
Peixe1
Gandoca River
Callisto et al. (2004)
Ramirez et al. (1998)
Lorion & Kennedy
21
multiple1
(2009)
Bojsen
& Jacobsen
22
Rio Napo drainage1
(2003)
Ramirez & Pringle
23
Sábalo
(1998)
24
Saltito
Ramirez et al. (2006)
25
Sura-30
Ramirez et al. (2006)
26
Salto
Ramirez et al. (2006)
27
Sura-60
Ramirez et al. (2006)
28
Arboleda
Ramirez et al. (2006)
29
Piper
Ramirez et al. (2006)
30
Carbon River
Ramirez et al. (1998)
1
Data from reference/upstream sites only
19°20'S
9°40'S
43°44'W
82°45'W
25.0
9.35'N
82.40'W
1.00'N
77.40W
2.7
10°26'N
84°01'W
5.0
10°26'N
10°26'N
10°26'N
10°26'N
10°26'N
10°26'N
9°40'S
84°01'W
84°01'W
84°01'W
84°01'W
84°01'W
84°01'W
82°45'W
Surber
kick-net
mixed
mixed
Surber
mixed
corer
mixed
0.31
Surber
mixed
0.11
0.61
0.45
0.18
0.17
0.03
2.98
corer
corer
corer
corer
corer
corer
kick-net
run
run
run
run
run
run
mixed
0.80
References for Table S2
Angradi T.R. (1996) Inter-habitat variation in benthic community structure, function, and
organic matter storage in 3 Appalachian headwater streams. Journal of the North American
Benthological Society, 15, 42-63.
Bojsen B.H. & Jacobsen D. (2003) Effects of deforestation on macroinvertebrate diversity and
assemblage structure in Ecuadorian Amazon streams. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 158, 317342.
Callisto M., Goulart, M, Medeiros A.O., Moreno P. & Rosa C.A. (2004) Diversity assessment of
benthic macroinvertebrates, yeasts, and microbiological indicators along a longitudinal
gradient in Serra do Cipo, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64, 743-755.
Carlisle D.M. & Clements W.H. (2003) Growth and secondary production of aquatic insects
along a gradient of Zn contamination in Rocky Mountain streams. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society, 22, 582-597.
Entrekin S.A., Rosi-Marshall E.J., Tank J.L., Hoellein T.J. & Lamberti G.A. (2007)
Macroinvertebrate secondary production in 3 forested streams of the upper Midwest, USA.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 26, 472-490.
Johnson R.L. & Harp G.L. (2005) Spatio-temporal changes of benthic macroinvertebrates in a
cold Arkansas tailwater. Hydrobiologia, 537, 15-24.
Kerans A.B.L., Dybdahl M.F., Gangloff M.M., Jannot J.E. & Dybdahl M.E. (2011)
Potamopyrgus antipodarum: distribution, density, and effects on native macroinvertebrate
assemblages in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of the North American
Benthological Society, 24, 123-138.
Lorion C.M. & Kennedy B.P. (2009) Relationships between deforestation, riparian forest buffers
and benthic macroinvertebrates in neotropical headwater streams. Freshwater Biology, 54,
165-180.
Lotspeich F.B., Mueller E.W. & Frey P.J. (1970) Effects of large scale forest fires on water
quality in interior Alaska. U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Alaska Water Laboratory, College, Alaska. 115 pp.
Lugthart G.J. & Wallace J.B. (2011) Effects of disturbance on benthic functional structure and
production in mountain streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 11,
138-164.
Ramirez A., Paaby P., Pringle C.M. & Aguero G. (1998) Effect of habitat type on benthic
macroinvertebrates in two lowland tropical streams, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia
Tropical, 46, 201-213.
Ramirez A. & Pringle, C.M. (1998) Structure and production of a benthic insect assemblage in a
neotropical stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 17, 443-463.
Ramírez A., Pringle C.M. & Douglas M. (2006) Temporal and spatial patterns in stream
physicochemistry and insect assemblages in tropical lowland streams. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society, 25, 108-125.
Rempel L.L., Richardson J.S. & Healey M.C. (2000) Macroinvertebrate community structure
along gradients of hydraulic and sedimentary conditions in a large gravel-bed river.
Freshwater Biology, 45, 57-73.
Smock L.A., Gilinsky E. & Stoneburner D.L. (1985) Macroinvertebrate production in a
southeastern United States blackwater stream. Ecology, 66, 1491-1503.
Stagliano D.M. & Whiles M.R. (2002) Macroinvertebrate production and trophic structure in a
tallgrass prairie headwater stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,
21, 97-113.
Woodcock T.S. & Huryn A.D. (2007) The response of macroinvertebrate production to a
pollution gradient in a headwater stream. Freshwater Biology, 52, 177-196.
Table S3. Summary of emergence trophic structure from eight tropical (Tr) and two temperate (Te) sites. NP = non-predatory taxa,
P = predatory taxa. Data for Diptera do not include Empididae and Dolichopodidae. Note that Dewey 1986 data represent
emergence from a pond. All others are from streams.
Plecoptera
Odonata
Empididae
Dolichopodidae
Reference
Freitag (2004)
Freitag (2004)
Freitag (2004)
Böttger (1975)
Masteller and Buzby
(1993)
Wolf et al. (1989)
Wolf et al. (1989)
Wolf et al. (1989)
Dewey (1986)
Masteller and Buzby
1993)
Habitat
stream
stream
stream
stream
Zone
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
NP
9357
1226
3648
24126
NP
660
5
1
7476
NP
225
33
162
2814
NP
255
0
2
201
P
5
8
21
4
P
114
5
11
0
P
138
31
27
0
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.00
stream
Tr
3925
3324
2561
0
1
791
0
0.07
stream
stream
stream
pond
Tr
Tr
Tr
Te
8344
7801
5763
537
2
13
152
25
1640
1651
394
0
12
0
0
18
1
51
8
0
653
1000
72
0
614
810
3776
0
0.11
0.16
0.38
0.00
PA, US
stream
Te
16171
679
244
148
0
161
0
0.01
Tropical
Temperate
Proportion of
predators
Trichoptera
Location
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Africa
Puerto
Rico
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
KS, US
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Total number of emerging insects collected
mean
sd
min
max
0.1005 0.1255 0.0001 0.3793
0.0046 0.0000 0.0000 0.0093
References for Table S3
Böttger K. (1975) Productionsbiologische Studien an dem zentralafrikanischen Bergbach
Kalengo. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 75, 1-31.
Dewey S. L. (1986) Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect community structure and
emergence. Ecology, 67,148-162.
Freitag H. (2004) Composition and longitudinal patterns of aquatic insect emergence in small
rivers of Palawan Island, the Philippines. International Review of Hydrobiology, 89, 375391.
Masteller E. C. & Buzby K. M. (1993) Composition and temporal abundance of aquatic insect
emergence from a tropical rainforest stream, Quebrada Prieta, at El Verde, Puerto Rico.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66, 133-139.
Wolf E. M., Matthias U., & Roldan P. (1989) Estudio del Desarollo de los Insectos Acúaticos, su
Emergencia y Ecología en tres Ecosistemas Diferentes en el Departemento de Antioquia.
Actualidades Biologicas, 17, 2-27.