Chapter 14
New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of ________.
A. spiritual harmonies
B. the motion of atoms
C. their relation to celestial vibrations
D. mathematical relationships
Answer: D
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
2. The scientific fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by
________.
A. Newton
B. Galileo
C. Brahe
D. Kepler
Answer: D
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
3. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discoveries that most captured the
public imagination were made in ________.
A. medicine
B. natural history
C. chemistry
D. astronomy
Answer: D
Page Ref: 418
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
4. Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of
an earth-centered universe?
A. Tycho Brahe
B. Nicolaus Copernicus
C. Galileo Galilei
D. Johannes Kepler
Answer: B
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
5. Who addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that
endured for more than two centuries?
A. Nicolaus Copernicus
B. Isaac Newton
C. Johannes Kepler
D. Galileo Galilei
Answer: B
Page Ref: 422
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
6. Who is known as the father of empiricism?
A. Isaac Newton
B. Francis Bacon
C. Johannes Kepler
D. Galileo Galilei
Answer: B
Page Ref: 423
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
7. Although he invented analytic geometry, whose most important contribution was to
develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction?
A. René Descartes
B. Francis Bacon
C. Isaac Newton
D. Johannes Kepler
Answer: A
Page Ref: 425
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
8. Descartes divided existing things into two categories: body and ________.
A. modality
B. God
C. metaphor
D. mind
Answer: D
Page Ref: 425
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
9. Hobbes saw human beings as ________.
A. naturally docile
B. basically good
C. basically just
D. self-centered, power-hungry creatures
Answer: D
Page Ref: 426
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
10. Maria Winkelmann made her contributions in the field of ________.
A. natural history
B. medicine
C. astronomy
D. biology
Answer: C
Page Ref: 433
Skill: Factual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
11. How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between
1400 and 1700?
A. 1.5 to 2 million
B. 2,000 to 3,000
C. 500,000 to 600,000
D. 70,000 to 100,000
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
12. What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were
women?
A. 80 percent
B. 100 percent
C. 50 percent
D. 10 percent
Answer: A
Page Ref: 441
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
13. In the sixteenth century, midwifery was a trade often pursued by ________.
A. noble women
B. merchant’s wives
C. elderly or widowed women
D. male barbers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 443
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
14. Baroque art first emerged in ________.
A. Paris, France
B. papal Rome
C. Florence, Italy
D. Buckingham Palace, London, England
Answer: B
Page Ref: 445
Skill: Factual
Topic: Baroque Art
15. Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis because ________.
A. he wanted to flatter his patrons
B. looking for famous names, he could only think of the Medicis
C. he was in love with a Medici noblewoman
D. it was the custom to name heavenly bodies after living people
Answer: A
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
16. Nicolaus Copernicus’s breakthrough was to show how ________.
A. the earth moved around the sun
B. the sun moved around the earth
C. the sun was dotted with sun spots
D. the earth was accompanied by other planets in our solar system
Answer: A
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
17. The experiences of the English Civil War led Thomas Hobbes to summarize his
views about strong central government in his book ________.
A. Second Treatise of Government
B. Leviathan
C. Discourse on Method
D. Gulliver’s Travels
Answer: B
Page Ref: 426
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
18. Baroque art became associated with ________.
A. the Renaissance
B. English nobility
C. Roman Catholicism
D. popular Protestantism
Answer: C
Page Ref: 445
Skill: Factual
Topic: Baroque Art
19. Jonathan Swift’s satire of the new sciences was ________.
A. Leviathan
B. Gulliver’s Travels
C. First Treatise of Government
D. Letter Concerning Toleration
Answer: B
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Factual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
20. Brahe’s assistant was ________.
A. Francis Bacon
B. Rene Descartes
C. Johannes Kepler
D. John Locke
Answer: C
Page Ref: 420
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
21. The scientist most known for his work on the laws of gravitation was ________.
A. Tycho Brahe
B. Isaac Newton
C. Francis Bacon
D. John Locke
Answer: B
Page Ref: 422
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
22. The most famous institution dedicated to the new sciences was the ________.
A. Berlin Academy of Science
B. Royal Society of London
C. University of Paris
D. French Academy of Science
Answer: B
Page Ref: 430
Skill: Factual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
23. The woman who brought René Descartes to advise on the new science academy was
________.
A. Queen Christina of Sweden
B. Maria Cunitz
C. Elisabetha Hevelius
D. Maria Winkelmann
Answer: A
Page Ref: 432
Skill: Factual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
24. The author of Pensées, published posthumously, was _________.
A. Denis Diderot
B. René de Chateaubriand
C. René Descartes
D. Blaise Pascal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Factual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
25. The clergy _________ the search for witches.
A. condemned
B. ignored
C. endorsed
D. pitied
Answer: C
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
26. Baroque art aligned with the ideas of the scientific revolution because it ________.
A. paralleled the interest in human anatomy and the natural world
B. departed from classic religious scenes
C. depicted largely mathematical ideas
D. was commissioned by the leaders of the new scientific world
Answer: A
Page Ref: 444
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Baroque Art
27. In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of the place of the earth in the
heavens combined the works of ________.
A. Ptolemy and Aristotle
B. Plato and Aristotle
C. Aquinas and Bacon
D. Socrates and Plato
Answer: A
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
28. Which of the following is Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science?
A. He created a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work.
B. He did groundbreaking scientific research in which he suggested that Mercury and
Venus revolved around the sun.
C. He proved Copernicus’s research incorrect and published his own geocentric
findings.
D. He proved that the moon and other planets revolved around the earth.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 420
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
29. Newton was a strong supporter of ________.
A. empiricism
B. inspiration
C. divine guidance
D. rationalism
Answer: A
Page Ref: 422
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
30. Many proponents of mechanism believed________.
A. machines should do the work of humans
B. human beings were machines, slaves to religion
C. humans are machines whose purpose is to produce knowledge
D. the world can be explained in mechanical metaphors
Answer: D
Page Ref: 423
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
31. Francis Bacon believed that________.
A. the study of nature began with the articulation of general principles
B. knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition
C. knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divine
D. the best era of human history lay in antiquity
Answer: B
Page Ref: 423
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
32. According to Hobbes, human beings escape the terrible state of nature by ________.
A. becoming selfless and obeying others
B. taking part in a tacit contract
C. naturally being sociable
D. embracing Christianity
Answer: B
Page Ref: 427
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
33. In Locke’s view, the relationship between rulers and the governed has its foundation
in __________.
A. military power
B. divine will
C. trust
D. economic inequality
Answer: C
Page Ref: 428
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
34. According to Pascal’s famous wager, ________.
A. it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should
prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost
B. it is best to live life to the fullest, regardless of your religious beliefs, and if God does
exist, seek forgiveness near the end of your life
C. it is best to believe that God does not exist so that if he does exist, you will be joyful
rather than disappointed
D. only one person in a hundred would be saved
Answer: A
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
35. Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible
cause of the witch hunts?
A. The droughts causing famine, especially in Ireland, led to the death of many, and
because the witches claimed to control the weather, they were to blame.
B. Witches were primarily women, and because women bore children that were causing
an economic and scientific panic, they were to blame.
C. The corrupt government needed a distraction from the bad publicity, and because the
same women that were suspected of being witches were spreading the news of
corruption, politicians saw witch hunts as an answer to both of their problems.
D. Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches
were the scapegoats of a social panic.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
36. The witch hunts ended because, among other things, ________.
A. they threatened the social order
B. Protestants were more preoccupied with the devil
C. the power of words seemed greater after Gutenberg
D. no judges were left
Answer: A
Page Ref: 444
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
37. Charles I’s employment of Rubens illustrated to the people of England that
________.
A. baroque art demonstrated religious truths
B. Charles opposed a monarchial government
C. Galileo was incorrect and should be condemned
D. Charles I had Roman Catholic sympathies
Answer: D
Page Ref: 445–446
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Baroque Art
38. The most elaborative baroque monument to political absolutism was ________.
A. Pope Urban VIII’s tabernacle in Rome
B. Charles I’s palace in London
C. Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles
D. Franz Joseph’s palace in Vienna
Answer: C
Page Ref: 446
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Baroque Art
39. The heliocentric universe was introduced by ________.
A. Nicolaus Copernicus
B. Isaac Newton
C. Johannes Kepler
D. Galileo Galilei
Answer: A
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
40. As Brahe’s assistant, Kepler ________.
A. stayed closely aligned to the theories of Brahe long after Brahe’s death
B. grew jealous of Brahe’s fame and worked to discount the research they had
completed together
C. was considered inferior to Brahe as a scientist
D. helped collect the scientific data and then interpreted it in his own way after Brahe’s
death
Answer: A
Page Ref: 420–421
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
41. Prior to 1600, the scientific world viewed Copernicus’s understanding of the universe
with ________.
A. full acceptance and approval
B. complete rejection
C. caution and interest
D. religious outrage and condemnation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
42. How did the telescope change the understanding of the universe for scientists?
A. It increased the accuracy of physical observations.
B. It required a new level of mathematical accuracy.
C. It improved navigation.
D. It required increased attention to scientific subjects.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
43. In his Discourse on Method, Descartes attacked ________.
A. Locke’s method
B. the use of reason alone
C. the church
D. received truths
Answer: D
Page Ref: 425
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
44. The idea that humans were, by nature, creatures of reason and basic goodwill is an
idea embraced by ________.
A. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Descartes
B. Hobbes, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke
C. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes
D. Bacon, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke
Answer: C
Page Ref: 428
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
45. How did scientists interact with universities during the scientific revolution?
A. Universities were often criticized by scientists.
B. Universities were generally praised by scientists.
C. Scientists were eager to be hired by universities.
D. Universities wanted to take credit for the discoveries of scientists.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 429
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
46. The learned societies that emerged in the 1600s are best described as ________.
A. forums for intellectual exchange
B. political clubs
C. social gatherings
D. closely linked to universities
Answer: A
Page Ref: 430
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
47. The Enlightenment was the ________.
A. eighteenth-century movement that held that change and reform were both desirable
through the application of reason and science
B. twentieth-century movement that brought scientists and philosophers together to
reconcile their differences on the state of the natural world
C. eighteenth-century movement that attempted to interpret the events of scripture based
on scientific observations of the natural world
D. nineteenth-century movement that saw the growth of industry and the increase of
manufacturing
Answer: A
Page Ref: 432
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
48. The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann’s application to continue
her husband’s study because ________.
A. she was a woman
B. her husband had died
C. her work was considered inferior to the work of other scientists
D. she had angered the upper level hierarchy of the Academy
Answer: A
Page Ref: 433
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
49. The book on astronomy by Maria Cunitz was ________.
A. initially rejected by the scientific world
B. recognized as her own work only after her husband added a preface
C. considered an important accomplishment for a woman of her day
D. widely read and distributed in universities
Answer: B
Page Ref: 432–433
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
50. According to Francis Bacon, the Bible and nature ________.
A. should be explained by scientists
B. must be compatible since they shared the same author
C. are directly opposed on countless points and must be reconciled
D. are inadequately explained by the Roman Catholic Church
Answer: B
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
51. The scope of witchcraft persecutions showed that _________.
A. the Catholic Church was losing its power
B. the Protestant Reformation had run its course
C. the wars of religion were over
D. belief in witchcraft was common
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Continuing Superstition
52. Which of the following is true of the scientific revolution?
A. It was not rapid.
B. It involved a large collective of people that numbered in the thousands.
C. It was a unified movement.
D. Everything associated with the revolution was new and groundbreaking.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 418
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
53. The greatest example of empiricism is shown by the work of ________.
A. Blaise Pascal
B. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
C. Thomas Hobbes
D. Ptolemy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 419–421
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
54. Opposing ________, it was natural that the scientific revolution would also often
find itself in opposition to _________.
A. reason; the church
B. received truths; political authority
C. the deductive method; empiricism
D. scholasticism; universities
Answer: D
Page Ref: 429
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
55. Pascal’s attitude toward reason was that it was ________.
A. un-Christian
B. of little use
C. insufficient for grasping religious concepts
D. superior to faith in understanding the world
Answer: C
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
Chapter 16
The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.
A. the middle West
B. the Ohio River valley
C. the West Indies
D. the lower Saint Lawrence River valley
Answer: C
Page Ref: 484
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mercantile Empires
2. A peninsulare was a person ________.
A. born in the New World
B. born in Spain
C. who owns land in the New World
D. who owns land in Spain
Answer: B
Page Ref: 486
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
3. As a result of a scarcity of labor, which of the following nations were the first to
quickly turn to importing African slaves?
A. Holland and France
B. France and Spain
C. Portugal and Holland
D. Spain and Portugal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 489
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
4. The first slaves traded, dating to the early sixteenth century, in the transatlantic
economy landed on ________.
A. North America in Spanish Florida
B. North America in the British Virginia
C. the West Indies and South America
D. the coast of Dutch Guiana
Answer: C
Page Ref: 488
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
5. Black slaves had the fewest legal protections in ________.
A. British areas
B. French areas
C. Dutch areas
D. Portuguese areas
Answer: D
Page Ref: 496
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
6. A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred
during the eighteenth century, with most arriving in ________.
A. the Carolinas or Virginia
B. the Caribbean or Brazil
C. Mexico or Florida
D. Granada or Peru
Answer: B
Page Ref: 490
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
7. Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a geographic ________.
A. line
B. triangle
C. square
D. pentagon
Answer: B
Page Ref: 490
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
8. The War of Jenkins’s Ear was fought by England to block incursions on British trade by ________.
A. Russia
B. France
C. Portugal
D. Spain
Answer: D
Page Ref: 498
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
9. Maria Theresa’s great achievement was ________.
A. the defeat of Frederick II
B. the reconquest of Silesia
C. her granting of additional privileges to the nobility
D. the preservation of the Habsburg empire as a major political power
Answer: D
Page Ref: 498
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
10. The French and Indian War formally erupted in the summer of ________.
A. 1745
B. 1765
C. 1755
D. 1775
Answer: C
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
11. The Seven Years’ War was fought mainly in ________.
A. South America
B. North America
C. South Asia
D. Southern Europe
Answer: B
Page Ref: 500
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
12. Much credit for Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War should go to ________.
A. Robert Walpole
B. George III
C. William Pitt the Elder
D. Samuel Fox
Answer: C
Page Ref: 500
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
13. Europe’s balance of power was upset when Prussia’s King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of
________.
A. Silesia
B. Austria
C. Germany
D. the Netherlands
Answer: A
Page Ref: 498
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
14. The defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into German
states was the ________.
A. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
B. Convention of Westminster
C. Treaty of Hubertusburg
D. Treaty of Paris of 1763
Answer: B
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
15. Benjamin Franklin gained assistance against Britain from ________.
A. Germany
B. Holland
C. Spain
D. France
Answer: D
Page Ref: 502
Skill: Factual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
16. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was ________.
A. a new idea of how alliances could be used
B. a shift in alliances
C. the alliance of most of Europe against Austria
D. a division of Europe into east and west
Answer: B
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
17. The act that put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers was the
________.
A. Stamp Act
B. Sugar Act
C. Intolerable Acts
D. Declaratory Act
Answer: A
Page Ref: 501
Skill: Factual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
18. What crop, more than any other, increased the early demand for slave labor?
A. sugar
B. cotton
C. tobacco
D. potatoes
Answer: A
Page Ref: 489–490
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
19. Britain changed the outcome of the Seven Years’ War when it came to the aid of
________.
A. France
B. Austria
C. Prussia
D. Russia
Answer: C
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Factual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
20. The war that gave the world a successful government without kings was the ________.
A. Seven Years’ War
B. War of Jenkins’s Ear
C. American Revolution
D. War of Austrian Succession
Answer: C
Page Ref: 506
Skill: Factual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
21. Although the primary trade pattern of the transatlantic economy was from Africa and Europe to the
Americas, a secondary trade pattern existed between ________.
A. New England and the West Indies
B. New England and India
C. the West Indies and South America
D. the West Indies and India
Answer: A
Page Ref: 490
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
22. To what region was the greatest number of slaves sent?
A. North America
B. Europe
C. the West Indies
D. South America
Answer: C
Page Ref: 490
Skill: Factual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
23. The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?
A. the American Revolution
B. the War of Jenkins’s Ear
C. the War of the Austrian Succession
D. the Seven Years’ War
Answer: A
Page Ref: 504
Skill: Factual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
24. The intendants used by Charles III amounted to an expansion of _________.
A. slavery
B. royal power
C. the power of the creoles
D. sugar cultivation
Answer: B
Page Ref: 486
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
25. The leader of the Yorkshire Association Movement was ________.
A. Christopher Wyvil
B. Lord North
C. John Wilkes
D. William Pitt the Younger
Answer: A
Page Ref: 505
Skill: Factual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
26. The commercial empires of the 1700s were a feature of the _________ stage of European imperialism.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Answer: B
Page Ref: 482
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Periods of European Overseas Empires
27. Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and
dominance over much of the world?
A. cultural superiority
B. religious convictions and the spread of Christianity to new colonies
C. technological superiority
D. agricultural advances and population increases
Answer: C
Page Ref: 483
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Periods of European Overseas Empires
28. Mercantilist thinkers assumed that ________.
A. a stable economy was one that maintained its wealth, not allowing it to grow or
decline
B. only modest levels of economic growth were possible
C. rapid growth every fiscal year was possible and necessary
D. a capitalist system was superior to any other economic system
Answer: B
Page Ref: 484
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mercantile Empires
29. Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the
industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________.
A. protect and administer the colonies
B. educate and Christianize the colonies
C. generate free trade for the colonies to spur the local economy
D. produce agricultural and manufactured goods to supply the colonies
Answer: A
Page Ref: 484
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mercantile Empires
30. According to the text, which of the following were closely related?
A. warfare in West Africa and slavery in the Americas
B. warfare in Latin America and the political development of the Ohio River valley
C. warfare in Eastern Europe and the political development of the American colonies
D. warfare in Western Europe and the economic development of Indian commerce
Answer: A
Page Ref: 489
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
31. What two areas were often the source of conflict and wars between the great powers
in the mid-eighteenth century?
A. China and the access to the Mediterranean Sea
B. the African coast and access to the Mediterranean Sea
C. overseas empires and central and eastern Europe
D. overseas empires and western Europe
Answer: C
Page Ref: 498
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
32. Frederick II’s invasion of Silesia offset the continental balance of power and ________.
A. drew England into a war in North America
B. shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction
C. led to the defeat of the Spanish trade monopoly
D. sparked the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War
Answer: B
Page Ref: 498
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
33. The war over the Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial conflict
might have remained separate disputes; what united them was ________.
A. the role of France
B. the immediate British conquest of the French colonies
C. the slow-moving Prussian threat to the Low Countries
D. the lasting Prussian threat to France
Answer: A
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
34. At the outbreak of the French and Indian War, new political alliances formed in
Europe and included an alliance between ________.
A. Prussia and Austria
B. Great Britain and Austria
C. France and Great Britain
D. France and Austria
Answer: D
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
35. From the British victory in the French and Indian War, Great Britain became not only
a European power, but also a world power until ________.
A. the worldwide depression in the 1930s
B. World War I
C. World War II
D. the beginning of the Cold War
Answer: C
Page Ref: 500
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
36. What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?
A. The treaty granted independence to the American colonies.
B. The treaty granted control of all of Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi
River valley to Britain.
C. The treaty ended the Seven Years’ War.
D. The treaty preserved the Habsburg dynasty.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 502
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
37. What was the reaction of the American colonists to the Quebec Act?
A. The Americans regarded the Quebec Act as an attempt to prevent their mode of selfgovernment from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
B. The Americans felt that the Quebec Act would support their political plans.
C. The Americans were threatened by the Quebec Act because it allied France to the
Native Americans.
D. The Americans embraced the Quebec Act as a precedent for resisting Britain.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 502
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
38. At the conclusion of the French and Indian War, what two imperial problems did the
British government face?
A. the costs of maintaining its empire and the vast expanse of new territory in North
America that it had to organize
B. how to protect itself from the Spanish Empire in North America and the loss of its
North American territories
C. how to integrate the French-speaking territories peacefully into British holdings and
the costs of maintaining its empire
D. the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize and how to
avoid a Spanish attack on its newly-conquered land
Answer: A
Page Ref: 501
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
39. After 1713, what did the following colonies have in common: Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, Bermuda, Jamaica, and Barbados?
A. They were all founded by Christopher Columbus.
B. They were all important sugar producers.
C. They all relied on slave labor.
D. They were all British colonies.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 483
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mercantile Empires
40. What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase
their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?
A. They wished to settle more colonies in the New World.
B. They wished to import more slaves from Africa.
C. They wished to increase their trade networks.
D. They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 501
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
41. What did the world learn about the Atlantic Passage from memoirs and ship logs?
A. Cargo was shipped in filthy conditions.
B. Sailors were treated with respect and good pay.
C. The work of sailors was unrelenting and brutally hard.
D. The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 494–495
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
42. What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African slave
labor?
A. stable political relations between African communities
B. political unrest and intertribal warfare
C. strong trade networks within Africa
D. well-developed transportation and roads in Africa
Answer: B
Page Ref: 489
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
43. Religion among slave communities in the Americas is best described as ________.
A. Christian
B. a mixture of Christian and African traditions
C. forbidden, but practiced in secret
D. virtually nonexistent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 496–497
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
44. What advantage did the peninsulares receive in the Spanish Colonies?
A. They received land.
B. They received the revenue from silver mines.
C. They received the best, most profitable jobs in the region.
D. They were treated like second-class citizens.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 486
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
45. The Yorkshire Association Movement was started in England to ________.
A. reduce taxes
B. decrease involvement in foreign wars
C. abolish slavery
D. reform the government
Answer: D
Page Ref: 505
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
46. What were the effects of the Yorkshire Association Movement?
A. The movement collapsed without effect.
B. Many people gained experience with political protest.
C. Parliament implemented a permanent economical reform.
D. George III made long-term bonds with the House of Commons.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 505–506
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
47. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
A. Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the
Mississippi River valley.
B. The American colonies were granted independence from Britain.
C. The continental conflict of the Seven Years’ War ended with no significant changes
in prewar borders.
D. Spain received all of South America as well as areas in North America, including
Florida, Mexico, California, and the Southwest.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 501
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
48. What prompted the emergence in Europe of eating dessert after a meal?
A. the discovery of chocolate
B. the introduction of New World customs
C. the increased access to sugar
D. the introduction of coffee
Answer: C
Page Ref: 491
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
49. What was the British motivation for passing the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?
A. Britain wanted to exert authority over the unruly colonists.
B. Britain needed to raise money to pay its debts.
C. Britain was losing money on sugar and legal papers.
D. The British Parliament was feeling pressure from citizens to force more contributions
from the colonists.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 501
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
50. The technique used to assure discipline, prevent injury to the crew, and prevent
suicide among Africans on the Atlantic Passage was to ________.
A. tightly pack the Africans in the ship’s hold
B. feed the Africans well and keep them entertained
C. keep the Africans in iron shackles throughout the voyage
D. kill any African who created unrest during the voyage
Answer: C
Page Ref: 495
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
51. The use of Coromantee illustrates ________.
A. the harsh conditions imposed by slavery
B. the common origins of most slaves in the Americas
C. religious customs among black slaves
D. the survival of African culture under slavery
Answer: D
Page Ref: 496
Skill: Analysis
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
52. The mid-eighteenth-century wars had what impact on the domestic politics of the
nations that took part?
A. Conscription meant that war affected all sectors of European society.
B. The use of total warfare meant that every aspect of life was impacted directly.
C. The impact was felt primarily through the demands for taxation caused by the wars.
D. Fought primarily in France and Britain, the conflicts devastated these two nations
directly.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 498
Skill: Analysis
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
53. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, resulted in which of the following?
A. Prussia retained Silesia
B. Spain’s defeat in North America
C. France renewed Britain’s privilege from the Treaty of Utrecht
D. the end of British power in southeast Asia
Answer: A
Page Ref: 499
Skill: Analysis
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars
54. The Intolerable Acts were prompted by ________.
A. colonial protest of earlier tax measures
B. the need to raise revenue
C. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
D. the end of the Seven Years’ War
Answer: A
Page Ref: 502
Skill: Analysis
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
55. The American Revolution had what effect on British policy in the short term?
A. The pace of reform increased.
B. The Yorkshire Movement quickly achieved its aims.
C. Some reforms were achieved.
D. The country underwent a reactionary period.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 506
Skill: Analysis
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
Chapter 17
The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were ________.
A. Galileo and Copernicus
B. Newton and Copernicus
C. Locke and Newton
D. Galileo and Locke
Answer: C
Page Ref: 513
Skill: Factual
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
2.
An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and
increasingly influential social force called ________.
A. public opinion
B. social premise
C. societal drive
D. communal view
Answer: A
Page Ref: 515
Skill: Factual
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
3. Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, ________ praised the
virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the
abuses of French society.
A. Second Treatise on Government
B. Essay on Customs
C. Letters on the English
D. Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
Answer: C
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Philosophes
4. ________, an eighteenth-century philosopher, was known as the “Jewish Socrates.”
A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Baruch Spinoza
C. René Descartes
D. Moses Mendelssohn
Answer: D
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
5. Who wrote The Persian Letters?
A. Charles de Montesquieu
B. Blaise Pascal
C. René de Chateaubriand
D. Moses Mendelssohn
Answer: A
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
6.
________ published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of
making punishments both effective and just.
A. John Toland
B. Denis Diderot
C. Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
D. Marquis Cesare Beccaria
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
7. The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in ________.
A. France
B. Holland
C. England
D. Scotland
Answer: A
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
8. ________ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had
corrupted human nature.
A. Adam Smith
B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C. René Descartes
D. Charles de Montesquieu
Answer: B
Page Ref: 527
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
9. Herder is famous for his early views concerning ________.
A. intellectual realism
B. cultural relativism
C. social democracy
D. relative absolutism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 529
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
10. ________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a
wider role in society.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Adam Smith
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
René Descartes
Charles de Montesquieu
Answer: D
Page Ref: 530
Skill: Factual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
11. Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with
an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?
A. Baroque
B. Rococo
C. Impressionism
D. Neoclassicism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 532
Skill: Factual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
12. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural
modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?
A. Rococo
B. Abstract
C. Impressionism
D. Neoclassicism
Answer: D
Page Ref: 532
Skill: Factual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
13. ________, who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that
commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing
bureaucracy.
A. Joseph II
B. Maria Theresa
C. Frederick the Great
D. Catherine II
Answer: C
Page Ref: 539
Skill: Factual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
14. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of
________ in 1783.
A. Estonia
B. Crimea
C. Livonia
D. Romania
Answer: B
Page Ref: 546
Skill: Factual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
15. How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?
A. He read the works of English philosophes.
B. He visited England on holiday.
C. He was the French ambassador to England.
D. He lived in exile in England.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Philosophes
16. The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.
A. legal reform
B. women’s social status
C. legislative reform
D. property rights
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
17. The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings, with scenes of leisure, romance, and
seduction, led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.
A. political and social elites of the Old Regime
B. nobles at court
C. monarchy
D. peasantry
Answer: A
Page Ref: 535
Skill: Factual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
18. Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to
impose the will of God?
A. Voltaire
B. Rousseau
C. Wollstonecraft
D. Beccaria
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
19. What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?
A. They were both Jewish.
B. They were both Muslim.
C. They were both Protestants.
D. They were both clergymen.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
20. From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European
coffeehouses?
A. Brazil
B. the Caribbean
C. Africa
D. the Ottoman Empire
Answer: D
Page Ref: 517
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Philosophes
21. Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert are best known for their great work:
________.
A. Treatise on Toleration
B. the Encyclopedia
C. Philosophical Dictionary
D. Letters on the English
Answer: B
Page Ref: 523
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
22. Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?
A. Moses Mendelssohn
B. Immanuel Kant
C. Adam Smith
D. Cesare Beccaria
Answer: B
Page Ref: 529
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
23. Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?
A. Candide
B. Jerusalem, or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
C. Ethics
D. Nathan the Wise
Answer: D
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
24. Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of
liberal democracies for more than two centuries?
A. Charles de Montesquieu
B. Voltaire
C. Baruch Spinoza
D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Answer: A
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
25. Smith’s theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is
called his ________ theory.
A. laissez-faire
B. deist
C. four-stage
D. empirical
Answer: C
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
26. When Immanuel Kant called his age “an age of Enlightenment,” he stressed the Enlightenment as
_________.
A. the highest stage of human achievement
B. Adam Smith’s fourth stage
C. part of the past
D. a work in progress
Answer: D
Page Ref: 518
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Philosophes
27. The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was ________.
A. Voltaire in his work Letters on the English
B. Locke in his work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
C. Rousseau in his work The Social Contract
D. Voltaire in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
Answer: D
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Philosophes
28. Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes?
A. monarchs
B. the aristocracy and nobles
C. commercial and professional urban classes
D. clergymen
Answer: C
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Philosophes
29. The two major points in the deists’ creed were ________.
A. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of a rational God
B. the belief in the existence of a rational God and the existence of absolute principles
C. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of absolute principles
D. the belief in the existence of absolute principles and the illogical nature of God’s existence
Answer: A
Page Ref: 518–519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
30. Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with ________.
A. democracy
B. independent branches of government
C. a legislative body that would head the government
D. a theocracy
Answer: B
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
31. What was the purpose of Voltaire’s interest in the execution of Jean Calas?
A. Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for
judicial reform.
B. Voltaire was related to Jean Calas and wished to clear his name.
C. Voltaire was hired by the family of Calas to clear his name after he was executed.
D. Voltaire wanted to demonstrate that religious goals would find the truth in the end.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
32. The Encyclopedia ________.
A. secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe
B. sold about 1,200 copies
C. received official support
D. was written by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
Answer: A
Page Ref: 523
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
33. Adam Smith advocated ________.
A. a large role for government in the economy
B. ending England’s mercantile system
C. the elimination of England’s navy and army
D. that government take no part in the economy
Answer: B
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
34. His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.
A. supported laissez-faire policies
B. was a physiocrat
C. was a proponent of mercantilism
D. was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
35. According to Smith’s four-stage theory, human societies ________.
A. have no real moral basis
B. can be religious, secular, scientific, or superstitious
C. move from barbarism to civilization
D. can be classified as hunter-gatherer, pastoral, agricultural, or knowledge-worker
Answer: C
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
36. Which connection between work and author is accurate?
A. Theologico-Political Treatise: Mendelssohn
B. Persian Letters: Montesquieu
C. Encyclopedia: Spinoza
D. Candide: Diderot
Answer: B
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
37. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.
A. favored the extension of European empires across the world
B. were members of the artisan class
C. were proponents of democracy
D. were atheists
Answer: A
Page Ref: 528
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
38. The philosophes generally ________.
A. advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of women
B. believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to men
C. said little about women
D. were not avid feminists
Answer: D
Page Ref: 529
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
39. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter
usually concerned ________.
A. public life or public morals
B. intimate family life
C. daily routines
D. leisure activities
Answer: A
Page Ref: 536
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
40. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made “enlightened” reforms part of their drive to ________.
A. increase revenues and gain political support
B. begin the process of moving away from monarchy
C. begin the process of moving toward constitutional monarchy
D. give commoners more political power
Answer: A
Page Ref: 538
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
41. The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.
A. Joseph II
B. Maria Theresa
C. Frederick the Great
D. Catherine II
Answer: C
Page Ref: 539
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
42. Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, ________ was the most diverse in its people and
problems.
A. Austria
B. Russia
C. Prussia
D. France
Answer: A
Page Ref: 40
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
43. Joseph II of Austria ________.
A. sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry
B. increased the tax burden on the peasantry
C. reduced the serfs to slaves
D. built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomy
Answer: A
Page Ref: 541
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
44. Catherine the Great of Russia ________.
A. replaced the nobles with loyal government bureaucrats
B. abandoned the ideals of absolutism
C. built a strong alliance with the nobility
D. made an alliance with Poland
Answer: C
Page Ref: 545
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
45. Why is it surprising that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the voice of tolerance of
Islam?
A. because most philosophes disdained Islam
B. because most Muslims dismissed Christians
C. because she was married to an ambassador
D. because she was not an educated woman
Answer: B
Page Ref: 519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
46. Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.
A. rejecting the notion of a deity
B. its rational approach
C. having a special role for women in its observations
D. its opposition to Islam
Answer: B
Page Ref: 519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
47. With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?
A. Women should be kept to the same sexual standards as men.
B. The right to vote for women would be socially useful.
C. Motherhood is a woman’s most important occupation.
D. It is reasonable to think that women are as capable as men to be strong rulers.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 531
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
48. Which statement best summarizes Rousseau’s writings about the role of women in
society?
A. Rousseau’s views had little impact on the ideas of his contemporaries.
B. Rousseau’s ideas were novel and surprising for most of his readers.
C. Rousseau was considered progressive and liberal in his ideas of women.
D. Rousseau’s traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender
roles.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 531
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
49. What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?
A. It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state under Frederick the Great.
B. It placed the junkers to the nobles in Prussia under Maria Theresa.
C. It led to a rise in the prosperity of the middle class.
D. It caused a decrease in property rights for the nobility.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 539
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
50. How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform
throughout Europe?
A. Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of
ideas about reform.
B. The greater number of print shops employed a large number of people and raised the
standard of life for the middle class.
C. Governments were able to distribute their ideas in writing to a wider number of
people.
D. Reference books such as the Encyclopedia were available to most universities.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 514
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
51. After 1688, which of these remained forbidden in Britain?
A. Lutherans and Unitarians
B. Lutherans and Jews
C. Jews and Roman Catholics
D. Unitarians and Roman Catholics
Answer: D
Page Ref: 513
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
52. Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.
A. clergy
B. beliefs
C. institutions
D. schools
Answer: C
Page Ref: 518
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
53. Smith’s four-stage theory placed European culture ________.
A. in the third stage
B. at the summit of human achievement
C. in the Enlightenment stage of development
D. in a stage beyond the fourth stage
Answer: B
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
54. Frederick the Great’s religious toleration can be seen as _________.
A. based on practical politics
B. an outgrowth of his own atheism
C. an attempt to undermine the Ottoman Empire
D. a weapon he used against Russia
Answer: A
Page Ref: 539–540
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
55. Catherine the Great’s reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?
A. the vastness of Russia
B. the expense of war with Austria
C. a number of religious uprisings
D. the need to placate the nobility
Answer: D
Page Ref: 545
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism