27
ENVIRONMENT
EXPENDITURE FOR PUBLIC
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
SERVICES
(Financial Data)
(Tables 27.1-27.2)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Environmental
protection
services
were generally defined according to
the guidelines of the statistical
offices of the UN and the European
Union (EUROSTAT) for classification
of activities aimed at protecting the
environment.
Based
on
this
classification,
expenditure
for
environmental protection included the
following items:
1. Protection
climate.
of
ambient
air
and
2. Sewage and waste treatment.
3. Protection
water.
of
soil
4. Extreme
noise
abatement.
5. Biosphere
protection.
and
and
and
ground
vibration
landscape
6. Protection against radiation.
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE
Expenditure for public environmental
protection services was classified
according to the implementing sector
the
government,
government
companies,
local
authorities,
and
non-profit institutions.
There
are
five
types
of
public
services
for
environmental
protection:
1. Treatment
of
sewage,
which
includes
planning,
maintenance,
and development of sewage and
drainage systems, construction and
operation of pumping and treatment
plants, and treatment of rain
water.
2. Treatment of waste, which includes
collection,
disposal,
and
incineration
of
domestic
and
industrial
waste,
treatment
of
solid
waste
and
hazardous
materials, street sweeping, and
cleaning of market places.
3. Protection
of
the
biosphere,
landscape, and atmosphere, which
includes
construction,
maintenance, and beautification of
parks, preservation of forests and
afforestation,
fire
fighting,
maintenance of beaches and nature
reserves,
maintenance
and
reclamation
of
land,
and
prevention
of
air
and
water
pollution.
4. General
administration,
which
includes
general
management
as
well as planning and supervision
related
to
environmental
protection
in
government
ministries, local authorities, and
conurbations.
5. Other
services,
which
mainly
include activities that do not
fall within the categories of
services
specified
above.
For
example:
urban
planning
and
construction, and activities of
environmental protection units in
local authorities.
Expenditure for public environmental
protection services was classified in
the following categories:
1. Current
expenditure,
which
includes labour expenses (i.e.,
imputed government expenditures,
which
reflect
the
government’s
commitment to pay funded pensions
to
employees
upon
retirement),
current purchases of commodities
and other services in addition to
a
calculated
estimate
of
expenditures for depreciation of
buildings and equipment.
2. Investment in fixed capital, which
includes expenses for constructing
installations,
buildings,
other
construction
projects,
and
purchase
of
machinery
and
equipment
for
the
purpose
of
(125)
environmental protection.
AIR
For data on global radiation and
sunshine duration, see chapter 1 Geophysical Characteristics.
Air pollutants pose potential danger
to
humans,
plants,
and
the
environment.
Some
air
pollutants
derive from natural sources, but most
are anthropogenic (generated by human
activity), such as energy production,
transportation,
and
industrial
activity.
Because
hydrocarbon
fuels
contain
various supplements such as sulphur
and
lead
compounds,
and
because
incineration usually does not take
place
under
optimal
conditions,
pollutants and greenhouse gases are
emitted into the atmosphere in the
process of combustion.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
CO2
(carbon
dioxide):
A
gas
originating from complete combustion
of
fuel.
It
is
considered
a
“greenhouse
gas,”
which
swallows
infra-red rays emitted by the earth
and converts it into heat, thereby
contributing toward global warming.
SOx
(sulfur
oxides):
compounds
originating from combustion of fossil
fuels such as coal and kerosene. Most
of these compounds are emitted by
power
plants,
refineries,
and
industrial
plants.
The
combustion
mainly produces sulfur dioxide (SO2).
These pollutants are harmful to the
respiratory system, the immune system
and flora.
NOx (Nitrogen Oxides): Acidic gases
emitted primarily by power stations,
manufacturing
plants
and
motor
vehicles
(mainly
from
diesel
engines). The pollutants are harmful
to the respiratory system, the immune
system and flora.
SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter): A
series of atmospheric carbon-based
particles.
The most hazardous particles are
those that are less than 10 microns
in size (particulate matter that can
be inhaled - PM10). These particles
can penetrate the respiratory system.
They
derive
mainly
from
natural
sources and include fractions of
small particles that are smaller than
2.5
microns
(fine
suspended
particulate matter - PM2.5), usually
emitted by industries, transport, and
home heating.
CO (carbon monoxide): A gas produced
by incomplete combustion of fuel,
deriving mainly from emissions from
motor vehicles. This gas obstructs
the supply of oxygen to the body, and
in high concentrations it can cause
choking.
HC
(Hydrocarbons):
Compounds
of
hydrogen and carbon emitted during
combustion and evaporation of fuel.
These gases are mainly produced by
emissions
from
vehicles
and
refineries.
Some
of
them
are
suspected
of
being
carcinogenic,
while others irritate the respiratory
system and impair vision.
O3 (Ozone): A pollutant produced by
photochemical
reactions
between
hydrocarbons
and
nitrogen
oxides.
Ozone is produced in the lower layers
of the atmosphere (the troposphere),
and is considered a greenhouse gas.
It can irritate the respiratory and
the
optalmic
systems,
and
cause
damage to flora. It also chemically
reacts with materials such as rubber.
Ozone is also generated in the upper
layers
of
the
atmosphere
(the
stratosphere), and plays an important
role in protecting the biosphere,
because it prevents the penetration
of
harmful
ultraviolet
solar
radiation.
Pb (lead): A heavy metal that was a
necessary additive to petrol for
years. This toxic metal can damage
the
central
nervous
system
especially for children.
(126)
EMISSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
FROM FUEL
(Tables 27.3-27.5)
SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF
CALCULATION
Quantities of air pollution emissions
are calculated on the basis of:
1. Annual quantities of various types
of fuel consumed by manufacturing
and by motor vehicles. Quantities
of fuel consumption were obtained
from the Energy Division of the
Central Bureau of Statistics.
2. Annual
kilometres
travelled
by
type of vehicles and by age of
vehicle. Data were obtained from
the Transportation Division of the
Central Bureau of Statistics.
3. Emission factors of air pollutants
from
stationary
sources
(manufacturing) prepared by the
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(USEPA),
and
updated
to
the
conditions
in
Israel for 1997. The emission
factors were obtained from the air
quality
division
(stationary
sources) of the Ministry of the
Environment.
4. Emission factors of air pollutants
from different types of mobile
sources (vehicles) are based on a
study conducted at the Technion on
the topic “Evaluation of Pollutant
Emission
Factors
from
Motor
Vehicles
in
Israel”
(L.
Tartakovski et al., June 1997) and
“Evaluation of Pollutant Emission
Factors from Diesel Vehicles in
Israel (stage 1 - busses)” (L.
Tartakovski et al., May 2000). To
date, these emission factors have
been developed only for private
motor vehicles running on petrol
and for busses. Emission factors
for other types of vehicles and
other fuel types were based on
data
from
The
Netherlands,
Britain, and the USA (AP42). The
emission
factors
were
obtained
from the Air Quality Division
(mobile sources) of the Ministry
of the Environment.
5. Changes in the calculation
of CO2: In the past, the
emissions were calculated
for Carbon only (C). In
order
to
convert
the
emissions to CO2, all of
the
data
from
previous
years were multiplied by
3.666 (the ratio of the CO2
molecular weight to that of
C).
This
change
was
introduced
in
order
to
facilitate comparison with
data from Europe and the
United States.
6. For private vehicles, the
mean emission coefficients
of air pollutants on urban
and interurban routes were
taken according to year of
production.
Data processing and model designing
were done at the Central Bureau of
Statistics in full cooperation with
the Ministry of the Environment.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. Quantities of air pollution
emissions in the years 20002001 were indirectly estimated
according to annual kilometers
travelled.
2. The data do not refer to all
air pollutants emitted into
the atmosphere, and include
only those that are emitted
due to combustion of fuels
(and
constitute
most
air
pollutants).
3. Some of the emission factors
were derived from Europe or
the United States and are not
completely
adapted
to
the
conditions in Israel.
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
(Tables 27.6-27.8)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
High stations: Stations that monitor
air quality over a broad area. These
stations are located at the level of
rooftops.
Transportation
stations:
Stations
intended
to
monitor
pollutants
deriving
from
vehicles.
These
stations
are
located
near
major
transportation routes. Measurements
are taken at the level of vehicles.
(127)
Most of the transport monitoring
stations began full operation in
1998.
Maximum value - half-hour / 8 hours /
24 hours: The maximum values for
half-hour
/eight-hours/
24
hours
(respectively) obtained over a period
of a year.
Environmental standard / air quality
standard:
The
threshold
for
concentration of a pollutant allowed
in the air inhaled by human at a
given time.
A distinction is made between two
types of environmental standards:
1. Statistical standard (99.75%) This
standard
applies
to
the
pollutant Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),
and defines the maximum permitted
concentration
of
a
pollutant
during 99.75% of the time. In
Israel, the statistical standard
can be exceeded up to 44 times a
year at each monitoring station,
for the maximal half hourly value.
2. Absolute standard (100%) - This
standard applies to all pollutants
and
defines
the
maximum
concentration
of
a
pollutant
permitted at all times.
The
following
table
presents
environmental standards for Israel
(1992). All of the values are in
micrograms per cubic meter of air
(m3), except for CO, which is in
milligrams per cubic meter (mg per
m3).
8 hr
½ hr
24 hr
Yearly
SO2
1000
(absolut
e)
500
(statist
ical)
280
60
NOx
940
O3
PM10
160 230 -
CO
11
60
560
-
-
-
150
60
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. The data do not refer to all
air pollutants.
2. The tables display data on
concentrations of pollutants
from only a few representative
stations in Israel.
3. Not
all
of
the
stations
measure all of the pollutants.
Therefore,
there
may
be
missing
data
at
certain
stations.
4. The monitoring stations on
Highway 4 in Jerusalem do not
conform to the definition of a
transport station, and were
set in order to examine the
extent to which road planning
prevents the residents of the
area
from
air
pollution
hazards.
WATER
For water level in aquifers and water
levels of Lake Kinneret and the Dead
Sea, as well as data on the salinity
of Lake Kinneret, see Chapter 1 Geophysical Characteristics.
For data on water production and
consumption, see Chapter 21 - Energy
and Water.
There is no Israeli standard yet for
PM2.5. In the United States, the
daily standard for these particles is
65 micrograms per m3. This standard
has been adopted in Israel as a
target standard.
SOURCES AND METHODS OF CALCULATION
The data were received from the
National
Air
Monitoring
Network
(MANA), which is affiliated with the
Air
Quality
Department
of
the
Ministry of the Environment.
Data are based on records taken at
the stations every five minutes. From
these records, means were calculated
for half-hour, 8-hours, 24-hours and
for the year.
The maximal half-hour value at the
transport monitoring station in Petah
Tiqwa is calculated according the
half-hour running average.
SEAS AND BEACHES
(Table 27.9)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Microbiological Analysis: A test to
reveal coliform bacteria or faecal
coliforms.
(128)
Most of the pollution to sea water
comes
from
flow
of
sewage
or
discharge of waste. It may also be
caused
by
maritime
activity
of
vessels
along
the
coast
that
discharge fuels, oils, and waste.
The
Ministry
of
Health
conducts
microbiological analyses at declared
beaches in order to determine that
they are suitable for human use. The
table presents the results of faecal
coliform counts, per 100 ml of sea
water. Permits to open beaches for
the
public
must
conform
to
the
standards for water quality (the
numerical
standard),
and
to
the
frequency of sampling. Beaches that
fail to conform to the standard will
be declared as closed by the Ministry
of
the
Interior,
at
the
recommendation of the Ministry of
Health.
Numerical standard:
 The geometric average of sea
water tests from the beach
shall not exceed 200 faecal
coliforms per 100 ml. of sea
water.
 Results
of
individual
tests
during
the
swimming
season
shall not exceed 400 faecal
coliforms per 100 ml. of sea
water
in
over
20%
of
the
samples.
Frequency of sampling:

During the swimming season
(from May to the end of
October), at least one
sample must be taken per
week.

During the winter (from
November to the end of
April) one sample must be
taken per month, at every
declared beach. If the
beach also operates during
the winter, it shall be
tested according to summer
standards.
SOURCE OF THE DATA
The data were obtained
Ministry
of
Health,
department.
from the
laboratory
WASTEWATER AND TREATED
WASTEWATER
(Tables 27.11-27.13)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Raw sewage (RS, waste water): Water
that
became
polluted
due
to
household, industrial, or public use.
This
water
is
not
suitable
for
further use unless it is treated and
purified.
Effluents, Treated Water: Waste water
that is treated to reduce the organic
load. This water can be adapted for
reuse in agricultural irrigation and
in manufacturing. It can also be used
for recharging to ground water and
even for reclamation of streams.
Shafdan - Dan Region Reclamation
Project:
The Shafdan project is the largest
plant for treatment of sewage and
reclamation of effluents in Israel.
The
project’s
activities
include
collection,
treatment
of
sewage,
recharging effluents to ground water,
and reuse of the water. The “Shafdan”
project is under the auspices of the
“Dan Conurbation” and is operated by
the “Meqorot” company. The plant
treats raw sewage from Tel AvivJaffa, from eight neighbouring cities
(Ramat Gan, Giv’atayim, Bene Beraq,
Petah Tiqwa, Holon, Bat Yam, Rehovot,
and Rishon LeZiyyon), and from six
smaller
localities
(Givat
Shmuel,
Kiryat Ono, Ganei Tiqwa, Ramat Efal,
Or Yehuda and Azur). The amount of
raw sewage treated at the Shafdan
plant constitutes about 30 percent of
the sewage treated at all of the
treatment plants in Israel.
MBTP - Mechanical Biological
Treatment Plant:
During
the
course
of
this
treatment, a dense population of
bacteria
is
kept
in
aerated
vessels. These bacteria degrade
the organic matter as well as the
nitrogen compounds and phosphates
in the raw sewage. This stage has
been implemented since 1987.
Recharged
Effluents
(RE):
The
treated sewage is recharged into
the
regional
aquifer
for
additional treatment and storage.
The
effluents
are
recharged
through recharging fields at Soreq
and Yavne.
Reclaimed water (RW):
The recharged water is pumped
after
varying
periods
through
extraction drills. This water is
(129)
used for unlimited agricultural
irrigation in the southern region
of the country.
SOURCES OF DATA
Data on amounts of raw sewage that
flow to the treatment plants were
obtained from the Ministry of the
Environment. The data on the quantity
of wastewater and effluents in the
Dan Region Reclamation Project were
obtained from the “Shafdan” treatment
plant.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
The
survey
sample
included
the
largest plants, which use advanced
technologies.
Smaller
plants
operating with modern technologies
were
not
included,
and
their
quantities were not imputed into the
totals.
(130)
STREAM WATER
(Table 27.12)
Despite the considerable efforts and
resources
invested
in
reclaiming
effluents, a large quantity of sewage
still flows to streams. This destroys
the unique ecosystem, which includes
plant and animal species that can
only survive in clean streams. Owing
to sewage pollution, almost all of
the
coastal
streams
in
Israel,
including
failing
streams,
have
become open carriers of sewage. The
high
level
of
pollution
deters
visitors and travelers from coming to
the streams. Essentially, the streams
have become a severe health and
environmental hazard - they are a
breeding
ground
for
mosquitoes,
spread disease, and emit stench.
There is an environmental target
standard for quality of water for the
Kishon River (March 2002), which
constitutes the guiding standard for
all
streams
in
Israel.
The
environmental
standard
for
water
quality defines the quality of water
required for the stream, but does not
define
the
quality
of
material
flowing into it.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Chloride
concentrations
(Cl):
see
Definitions
and
Explanations
for
“Lake Water” (Chapter 1 - Geophysical
Characteristics).
Boron
(B):
an
extremely
toxic
substance for plants even in low
concentrations.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The
amount
of
oxygen
consumed
by
organisms for aerobic decomposition
of
organic
matter
found
in
raw
sewage,
under
defined
conditions.
Intensified oxygen consumption is the
result of high organic load and a
large amount of neutrons in water.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): The
quantity
of
oxygen
required
for
chemical oxidation of sewage by a
strong
oxidizer,
under
defined
conditions. This is a good indicator
of the impact of industrial waste on
stream water.
Total
Suspended
Solids
(TSS):
particles of various sizes (from 1
millimicron),
which
derive
from
various sources (e.g., wastewater,
industrial activity, soil erosion,
etc.), and can cause turbidity in
water, harm health, and damage pipe
systems.
Index: a calculated measure designed
to rank the general quality of stream
water, based on the highest level of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
BOD Values
(mg/l)
BOD5
5<BOD20
20<BOD150
BOD>150
Type of water
Representative
Index
Fresh water
Water enriched
by
organic
material
Polluted water
Raw sewage
1
2
3
4
SOURCE OF THE DATA
The chapter presents data on 11 of
the main streams in Israel. The
Nature Reserves Authority and the
National
Parks
Authority
provided
data on nine of the streams. Data on
the Yarqon River were obtained from
the Yarqon River Authority, and data
on the Kishon River were obtained
from the Kishon River Authority. The
indexes were designed by the CBS, in
cooperation with the Life Sciences
Institute at Tel Aviv University.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. The data do not cover all of
the
streams
examined.
In
addition, the table does not
specify all of the stations
existing at the representative
streams.
2. The data do not cover all of
the pollutants or all of the
tests conducted in the field.
Thus, the most representative
data were selected in terms of
their impact on plant and
animal life in the stream.
3. Some of the stations along the
stream were sampled only once
a year.
4. The
Nature
Reserves
and
National Parks Authority and
the Yarqon River Authority and
the Kishon River Authority do
not always examine the same
parameters (in Israel, there
are
no
binding
uniform
regulations). Therefore, some
parameters may be missing in
some of the streams.
(131)
SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTE
(Table 27.13)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Solid Waste: A collection of material
in solid form, which are no longer
used by humans, e.g., building and
industrial residuals, yard waste, and
food residuals.
SOURCE OF THE DATA AND METHODS OF
CALCULATION
Data on monthly quantities of waste
in local authorities, municipalities,
and regional councils were received
from the Ministry of Environment, the
Department
of
Solid
Waste.
For
authorities in which waste quantities
were
not
weighed,
a
model
of
statistical
imputation
of
those
values was designed at the Central
Bureau of Statistics, based on the
hot-deck system. This system takes
the value of the amount of waste in
kilograms per capita per day, from
authorities in the same district that
weigh waste. The imputation takes
from the most appropriate district
the “nearest neighbour to the missing
value,” according to type of locality
and
number
of
residents.
The
calculation is based on population
statistics from the previous year.
was produced”. The Ramat Hovav site
began operating in 1980. In 1990, the
Environmental Services Company (Ramat
Hovav) Ltd., began operating the site
under
environmental
conditions
defined
by
the
Ministry
of
the
Environment in the business licence.
Methods of Treating Hazardous Waste
at the Ramat Hovav Site:
1. Neutralization:
a
treatment
process
based
on
neutralization of acids and
alkalines.
2. Detoxification: Chemical
treatment to neutralize
cyanides,
thionyl
chloride, reduction of
chromates
and
sedimentation of heavy
metals.
3.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
(Table 27.14)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Hazardous
Waste:
Material
that
endangers the health of individuals,
their environment, or their property.
Hazardous material is material in any
phase that fits the classification of
hazardous material and is marked with
an international code according to
the
Orange
Book
of
the
United
Nations.
Reuse: Hazardous waste that does not
undergo
a
chemical
or
physical
process
and
is
used
in
another
process in its existing form.
Reclamation and Recycling: Hazardous
waste
that
undergoes
a
chemical
and/or physical process that changes
its form so it can be used again.
Ramat
Hovav:
An
enterprise
for
neutralization
and
treatment
of
hazardous waste. According to the
Regulations
for
Licensing
of
Businesses
(removal
of
hazardous
substances
waste)
5751
1990,
“Hazardous waste shall be brought only
to the Ramat Hovav site no later than
six months after the time the waste
(132)
4.
5.
In both of the above methods
the generated waste, after
treatment,
flows
into
evaporation ponds. Today the
ponds are in the process of
being closed and no waste is
channeled to them.
Secured
Landfill:
Solid,
inorganic, and non-evaporable
materials
are
buried
in
secured landfill. The landfill
is
impermeable,
like
the
evaporation
ponds,
in
accordance
with
the
regulations of the American
EPA.
Incineration:
Thermal
decomposition
of
organic
waste. This is the accepted
and most efficient method of
neutralizing hazardous organic
waste. In the incineration
process, emission of toxic
gases to the atmosphere is
prevented by a monitoring and
control system that is an
integral
part
of
the
mechanism.
Other Treatments: The main
treatment in this category is
solidification. This type of
treatment converts hazardous
waste into an inert solid
(insoluble
and
chemically
inactive).
Other treatment methods are
storage and burial, mainly for
inorganic
solids,
and
biological
treatment
using
bacteria for soils that are
polluted by organic waste or
for sludge containing material
that is easily degraded.
SOURCE OF DATA
The raw data were obtained from the
Environmental Services Company (Ramat
Hovav Ltd).
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA AND
CLASSIFICATION
1. The hazardous material at Ramat
Hovav
is
classified
into
20
permanent
categories.
In
the
statistical table, the following
were
combined:
batteries
and
accumulators;
wastewater
and
alkaline;
hydrazide
waste
and
cotnion; and PCB and PCB oil.
2. Whenever the raw material data
had
a
“quantity
value”
indicating “number of units”
rather than “tons” (mainly for
cytotoxic
waste
and
gas
tanks), the conversion factor
(from units to tons) was 1
unit equals 0.128 tons.
Half Degradation Time in Soil (DT50): The number of days required
for chemical degradation of half of
the pesticide amount in the soil.
Lethal Dose (LD50): The amount of
material that causes death of half of
the
population
of
experimental
animals. This parameter is important
for determining the danger of the
material to humans, mammals and other
livestock. Lethal dose is measured in
milligrams of toxic material per
kilogram of the experimental animal’s
body weight. The lower the value, the
more toxic the substance.
Environmental Lethal Potential: the
ratio of active ingredient consumed
in a year to its lethal dose (LD50)
value.
The
environmental
lethal
potential is an indicator of the
danger of the active ingredients to
the environment during that year. It
aims to link physical toxicity with
danger to the environment and to
plant and animal life. The unit of
measure is kg active ingredients
divided by LD50.
PESTICIDES
Pesticides for agriculture - data on
sales of active ingredients, by usage
groups, are presented in Chapter 19 Agriculture.
PESTICIDES - ENVIRONMENTAL LETHAL
POTENTIAL AND DEGRADATION TIME,
BY USAGE GROUPS
(Table 27.15)
Pesticides are used in manufacturing,
in
households,
in
veterinary
medicine, and mainly in agriculture.
The table presents active ingredients
that
are
considered
as
having
especially high environmental lethal
potential considering their lethal
potential and consumption levels in
1998, and that have a relatively long
degradation time in soil. The active
ingredients are divided into usage
groups.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Active
Ingredients
(Al):
See
Definitions
and
Explanations
in
“Pesticides for Agriculture, by Usage
Groups” (Chapter 19 - Agriculture).
Usage Groups: See Definitions and
Explanations
in
“Pesticides
for
Agriculture,
by
Usage
Groups”
(Chapter 19 - Agriculture).
(133)
PRESENTATION OF THE DATA
The
table
includes
the
active
ingredients
with
the
highest
environmental
lethal
potential
in
1998, by toxicity values that are
below 1500 mg/kg, and whose half
degradation time in soil exceeds 90
days. The materials are classified
according to usage groups.
A survey conducted in 1998 by the
Central Bureau of Statistics and
MIGAL (Galilee Technology Center),
which
examined
distributors
of
pesticides
to
the
agricultural
sector. The survey was financed by
the Ministry of the Environment - the
Department of the Chief Scientist, in
cooperation with the Agro-Ecological
Department of the Ministry of the
Environment.
SOURCE OF DATA
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
72
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
List of Localities, Their Population and Codes 31 XII 2000
CURRENT BRIEFINGS IN STATISTICS
35, 1996 Survey of Waste Water, 1994
37, 1997 Expenditure on Public Services for Environmental
Protection, 1993
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