INDEX of
http://www.physicsideas.com/Paper.pdf A simple model describing a pure QED universe
with added references to
C: http://www.physicsideas.com Predictive Cosmology: The Standard Model Revisited
D: http://www.physicsideas.com/Dparticle.pdf Dirac's particle
F: http://www.physicsideas.com/Fairytale.pdf A Fairy Tale
H: http://www.physicsideas.com/Higgs.pdf Neutrino and Higgs masses
P: http://www.physicsideas.com/Predictions.pdf Predictions in cosmology
S: http://www.physicsideas.com/StandardModel.pdf The standard model (SM) of particle physics
W: http://www.physicsideas.com/Itwire1.doc iTWire.com article on Predictive Cosmology
X: http://www.physicsideas.com/Itwire2.doc iTWire.com interview, part 1
Y: http://www.physicsideas.com/Itwire3.doc iTWire.com interview, part 2
Z: http://www.physicsideas.com/Itwire4.doc iTWire.com interview, part 3
E: http://www.physicsideas.com/Experiments.pdf Experiments to detect Higgs bosons
A: http://www.physicsideas.com/Draft.pdf Can a light Higgs particle have escaped detection?
B: http://www.physicsideas.com/ExtendedSM.pdf Higgs demystified
U: http://www.physicsideas.com/Universe.pdf Cosmology demystified – the first femtoseconds
acceleration of the universe, 19, 37, 49, 55, 63
age of the universe (t), 7, 19, 24–27, 37, 44–51, 54, 55, 57, 61, Y4, U17
age paradox, see time paradox
alpha (α), see fine-structure constant
anomalous magnetic moment (a), H14, B3–4, B11–13
antimatter, F2, W2, U4
anthropic principle, 63, Y5, Y6
antiproton, see proton
antiproton decay, 18, 53, 54, 73, 81, F2, X5, B7, U4, U21
atomic second, 62
average life, see lifetime
B, see lepton-structure constant
B0, see lepton-structure constant
baryon, 6, 18, 23, 26, 53, 60, 61, 62
beginning of the universe, F1, W5, X3, U2, U6–7, U12, U18
big bang, 4, 5, W7, X5, U2
black holes, 23, 26, 27, 54, 61, 62, 78–79, C, W9, E16, U17
CERN, 80, Z8
computer simulation of the universe, 39, W3, X3, U6
conservation of energy, 5, 16, 24–26, 45, 48, 50, 57, 59, C, W4, W6, X2, Y7, Z5, U7–8
conservation of mass, 5, 11, U16
conservation of momentum, 7, 11, 29, 59, X2, Y7, U8, U9
constants, see physical constants
corrections, 39, B8, U19
cosmic background radiation (CBR), 26, 48
cosmic microwave background (CMB), 55
cosmic second, 62
cosmological constant (Λ), 4, 63
cosmological radius, 9, 10, 15, 28, Y4
cosmological radius (R), 12, 15, 44, 63
cosmology, H2, U
CP violation, 42, U15
dark energy, 4, 63, 72, 75, 77, U19
dark matter, 54, U17
deceleration, 37, 63
decoupling temperature, 55
degrees of freedom, 5, 8, 50, 69, U9, U10
Dirac particle (D), 7, 24, 47, 51, 57, 58, D1, F1, X3, Y2, Y3, U2, U6–7, U12, U18
Dirac’s large-number hypothesis (LNH), 4, 5, 8, 47, 63, 73, U17, U19
Dirac’s new equation, 4, 5, 7, 16, 27, 47, 51, 57, 58, D1, F1
Dirac’s spinor equation, 7, 15, 17
direction indeterminacy, 6
distance indeterminacy, 6, C, Y4, U11
double-slit experiment, 35
electric force, U16
electromagnetic force, U16
electron generation, 52
electroweak theory, see weak force
energy principle, 1, 6, 26, 48, 50
EPR paradox, 35, 60, U12
evolution of the universe, H13, W6–7, W9, B6, U2, U6
exotic matter, 25, 42
expansion, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12–15, 24, 26, 28, 37, 51, 54, 59, 62, U9
extended standard model (xSM) of particle physics, S4–5, X2, E2, B1, U1
family structure of particles, H15
Fermi coupling constant (GF), 23, E3, U21
Feynman diagram or graph, 20, 35
fifth force, 55, 63, 69
fine-structure constant (α), 11, 38, 48, 63, Y5, Y6, U6, U11
finite QED (JBW hypothesis), 4, 7, 22, H3, B1, U12
flyby anomaly, E14
forces, W7, W9, U16
four momentum, 59, 66
frozen particles, see stationary particles
fundamental hydrodynamic equation, 7, 29, U9, U10
Furry's theorem, A3, B4
gamma-ray burst, E15
general relativity, C
GF, see Fermi coupling constant
global picture, 26, 27, 48, 49, 54, 55, C, W4, U6
gluon, 60
grand unified theory (GUT), 18
gravitational lensing, see microlensing
gravitational potential, 4, 5, 13, 36
graviton, Y2, U21
gravity, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 26, 27, 36, 54, 55, 61–63, W9, Y2, U9
hadroweak interactions, H9, X5
heat, U16
Higgs boson, 6, 23, 33
Higgs correction, 6, 23, 25, 33, 34, 38, 47, 56, Y4, E1–2, B
Higgs detection, Z6-9, E1–20, U14
Higgs force, 53, H4, E18, U21
Higgs ghost, Z4, U14, U21
Higgs mass, H4, Z6, E2, E19, A5–6, U13, U21
Higgs mechanism, S3, Z5, B8, U17
Higgs-neutrino mechanism, H10, S4, Y5, Z2, Z5, B6, U3, U20
Higgs optics, Z7, E3
horizon of the universe, 16, 27, 36
Hubble expansion rate (H), 5, 6, 12, 14, 19, 37, 49, U17
hydrodynamic equation, 29
infinity, 7, 15, 72, 75
inflationary hypothesis, Y7
inflationary phase, X5
intrinsic parity, 41, 60, U3, U13–14
JBW hypothesis, see finite QED
kaon decay, see superweak effect
Klein-Gordon equation, 17
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 80
large-number relation, 14
lepton generations, 53
lepton mass, A7
lepton-structure constant B, 10, 11, 31, 48, C, W8, Y7, U11
lepton-structure constant B0, 16, 48
lifetime (τ), 24, 26, 27, 45, 51, 63, U6, U8, U12
lifetime calculation, 48
literally nothing, 5, 16, 44, 50, 51, 57, C, W5, Y2, U12
local picture, 26, 49, 54, C, W4, U7, U8
low-temperature hydrodynamics, X5
LSP, 25, 42, 81
mass, see origin of mass
mass spectrum, E3, U13
matter-antimatter asymmetry, X5
matter-antimatter symmetry, X5
matter-building particles, A1
matter-carrying particles, A7
matter-creating forces, 40, W7, U16
maximum simplicity, see simplicity
mean life, see lifetime
microlensing, 26, 27, 78–79, E16
microwaves, U13, U14
molecules, 8, 11, 55, 68, U10
momentum equation, 11, 27, 29, 50, 56–59, 67, C, W2, X3, X5, Y7, U9, U10
multiverse, 63, 72, 75
muon-electron mass ratio, 5, 6, 11, 17, 22, 25, 27, 40, 47, 48, 56, C, W1, W3, W8, U6, U11
muon g–2 experiment, B3–4, U14
muon generation, 52
natural unit of time (tc), Y7, U2, U12, U17
neutrino correction to lepton mass, Y4
neutrino mass, H5, Y4, Z6
neutrino oscillations, H11, Z3, U14, U16, U20
neutron, 26, 48, 61
Newton’s second law, 29, 69, U9, U10
nothing, see literally nothing
nucleosynthesis, 4, 18, 27
origin of mass, Z10, B7, U16
orthopositronium decay, 59
parapositronium, 41
parity, see intrinsic parity
parity violation, 42
path integral, 17, 21, 35, 48
photon, 20
photon-baryon number ratio, 6, 18, 23, 26, 53, 54, 61
photon versus Higgs boson, E18, B7, U13, U16
physical constants, E20
pion, 52, 59, 60, W7
pion parenthesis, H3
Pioneer anomaly, C, Z9, E13, B4–5, U14
Planck constant (h), 24, 45, 62
Planck time, 55, 62, 63
Planck’s quantum of action, 62, 71
pointless space, 6, 15, 16, 35, 54, 55, U11
position undefinability, 50, 67, U11
positron, 7, 20, 22, 48
positronium decay, H12, Z8
predictions in cosmology and particle physics, P1–6, X2, X6
pressure, 8, 11, 15, 58, 68
pressureless hydrodynamic equation, see momentum equation
principle of maximum simplicity, see simplicity
proton, 6, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 52, 61, W7
proton decay, 18, U21
pulsar, E17
pure QED, see finite QED
QCD, see strong force
QED, see finite, scalar, spinor QED
QED universe, U1
quantum gravity, 15, 28, 55
quantum indeterminacy, 6, 55
quark, 53, 59–61, 79
quark families, 53
quintessence, 4, 63, 75, U19
radius of the universe, see cosmological radius
redshift, 16, 19, 23, 24, 37
scalar QED, 20, 51, 52, 58, 62, W6, U12
Schrödinger’s cat, 51, 58
simplicity, 4, 5, 7, 35, 35, 46, 48, 51, 52, 57, 59, 62, X4, X5, Z10, U12, U21
simulation experiment, 1, 6, 24, 27, 44, 50, 57, 58, 63, U6
singularity, 4, 37, 70, 72, 75
sizeless leptons, 35
space, see pointless space
space equation, C, W2, U10
spacetime, 10, 24, 44, 47, 51, U16
spectrum, E3, U13
spinor QED (or QED), 20, 28, 52, 62, W6, U12
spooky action at a distance, 49, 54, 60, 67, U8, U12
standard model of cosmology, S1
standard model (SM) of particle physics, 7, 23, 33, 72, C, S2
stationary particles, U7, U10
string theory, 10, 59, 74, Y3
strong force, 5, 6, 16, 18, 22, 53, 55, 60, U16
superfluid, X5
supernova, see type Ia supernova
supersymmetry (SUSY), 25, 28, 42, 81, Y3
superweak effect, 42, 43, U15
symmetry-breaking events, H6
tau (τ), see lifetime
tauon, 57
tauon generation, 51
tauon-muon mass ratio, 17, 24, 25, 27, 48, 56, 59
temperature, 5, 8, 11, 15, 16, 18, 26, 28, 48, 51, 54, 54, 60, 61, U16–17
theory of everything (TOE), U1
time paradox, 6, 20, 50, 54, 55, 60, 63, 71, C
time unit, see natural unit of time
true muonium, Z8
true tauonium, Z8
type Ia supernova, 63
uncertainty principle, 62
universe, see beginning, evolution of the universe
vacuum-polarization (v-p) loop, 7, 20, 22, U1
W boson, H5, Z5, U3
weak force, 5, 6, 16, 18, 22, 25, 33, 38, 47, 55, 59, 60, Y4, U16
xSM, see extended standard model of particle physics
Z boson, H4, Z5, U3, U20
iTWire contents
Contents of a series of four articles written by William Atkins and published by iTWire.com between 10 August 2009
and 03 March 2010
Original article:
August 10, 2009 iTWire.com article “Predictive Cosmology: Creation's secret revealed
mass ratio = 206.768 283” (or, http://www.itwire.com/content/view/26822/1066/)
W-1
W-2
W-3
W-4
W-5
W-6
W-7
W-8
W-9
in muon-electron
Fundamental questions that a theory for the universe should be able to answer
Space and the momentum equation
An initially cold and matter-antimatter symmetric universe
Higgs bosons lighter than the electron
The muon-electron mass ratio
Conservation of energy provides constraints that make cosmology predictive
The law of conservation of energy applies both locally and globally
The beginning of the universe
Phase 1: The D particle and spinless tauons
Phase 2: Spinless muons described by scalar QED
Phase 3: A pure QED universe inhabited by electron-positron pairs and photons
Phase 4: The appearance of the strong and weak forces and their particles
What the four terms of the muon-electron mass ratio reveal
Summary of questions answered by the theory
- What makes the universe expand?
- How was the very first particle created?
- How were today's massive elementary particles created?
- Why are there electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces?
- When did the forces first appear?
- Why did not matter and antimatter completely annihilate each other?
First interview:
December 21, 2009 iTWire.com article “Predictive
http://www.itwire.com/content/view/30199/1066/)
Cosmology and Standard Model revisited” (or,
X-2-1
X-2-2
X-2-3
X-2-4
X-3-1
X-3-2
X-3-3
X-3-4
X-3-5
X-3-6
X-4-1
X-4-2
X-4-3
X-5-1
X-5-2
X-6-1
X-6-2
How can you know that your theory (xSM) is correct?
Where have you summarized the theory's explanations and predictions?
Why did you choose the term “extended SM” SM as the name of your theory?
What is the basis for the detailed predictions of xSM?
How does xSM explain the beginning of the universe we observe today?
When does the primordial particle appear? And what was there before?
Why wasn't the role of Dirac's new particle immediately understood?
Why was the idea of space being a fluid-like medium abandoned?
Why is the pressureless form of the momentum equation crucial?
What is the second reason that it is so crucial for our understanding of space?
Is xSM really as simple as you've indicated?
Why hasn't your theory met with enthusiasm?
With whom have you discussed your theory?
What is xSM's explanation of the matter-antimatter asymmetry? Why is it unwelcome?
Could the “pressureless momentum equation” find use in practical physics?
Would you mind recounting predictions made by xSM?
Why don't you write a brief, up-to-date version of your paper?
Second interview:
January 9, 2010 iTWire article “Q&A Interview, Part 2: Predictive Cosmology and
revisited” (or, http://www.itwire.com/content/view/30398/1066/)
Y-2-1
Y-2-2
Y-2-3
Y-3-1
Y-3-2
Y-4-1
Y-4-2
Y-4-3
Y-5-1
Y-5-2
Y-6-1
Y-6-2
Y-6-3
Y-7-1
Y-8-1
What does xSM say about gravity?
Do gravitons exist?
If gravitons exist, when did they first appear?
What about supersymmetry?
What about the number of dimensions (in superstring or M theory)?
What was the universe's initial radius?
Haven't protons always existed as virtual (if not necessarily as real) particles?
How can xSM be tested?
Is it possible to calculate alpha within xSM?
What advice would you give to somebody attempting to compute alpha?
Will you once again try to calculate the lepton mass ratios and alpha?
When would you believe in an algorithm pretending to compute alpha?
What aspects of the xSM theory are you presently focusing on?
What will happen to the theory when you no longer pursue it?
Might this be an opportunity for students who want to be forerunners in a new theory?
Third interview:
March 3, 2010 iTWire article “Q&A Interview, Part 3: Predictive
revisited” (http://www.itwire.com/science-news/energy/37280-xsm3)
Z-2-1
Z-2-2
Z-3-1
Z-3-2
Z-4-1
Z-4-2
Z-5-1
Z-5-2
Z-5-3
Z-5-4
Z-6-1
Z-6-2
Z-6-3
Z-7-1
Z-7-2
Standard Model
Cosmology and Standard Model
Let's discuss weak interactions, Higgs bosons, and neutrinos within the context of xSM.
Where have you summarized your latest insights about weak interactions?
Can xSM shed light on neutrino oscillations?
How do the predictions of xSM match the observed neutrino oscillations?
Isn't your paper's prediction of four physical Higgs bosons experimentally refuted?
What are Higgs ghosts?
Please elaborate on the “hadroweak end of the transport line.”
What ideas have led to the new understanding of weak interactions?
How do the Higgs-neutrino and the “hot Higgs” mechanisms differ?
Can you explain the “hot” vs. “cold” Higgs mechanisms in more detail?
How can the Higgs and neutrino masses be calculated, and what are they?
Shouldn't it be a straightforward task to detect the flyweight Higgs boson?
Do you think it's possible in a simple “home experiment?”
What if your proposed experiment shows no sign of Higgs bosons?
How could the Higgs mass be precisely measured?
Z-8-1
Z-8-2
Z-8-3
Z-9-1
Z-9-2
Z-9-3
Z-10-1
Z-10-2
Z-10-3
Z-10-4
What about advanced experiments using particle accelerators?
What about ongoing Fermilab and CERN searches for very heavy Higgs bosons?
What about Higgs bosons emitted by quarks?
Have the Higgs bosons already shown up without being recognized?
Shouldn't photons traversing the atmosphere exhibit a “Higgs delay?”
How can a “Higgs delay” of microwaves cause a “Pioneer anomaly?”
Why should we believe in xSM and its prediction of very light Higgs bosons?
Why should the principle of maximum simplicity be adhered to in physics?
How are particle masses generated if not via the so-called Higgs mechanism?
May the Higgs mass be affected by “new physics?”
Updated on 2011-04-10/stigS