Appendices
99
Appendix A : Physical Constants & Conversions
Physical Constants:
Coulomb constant:
Plank’s constant:
Mass of electron:
Mass of proton:
Elementary charge:
Boltzmann constant:
Stefan-Boltzmann constant:
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
h = 6.62 x 10-34 Jsec
me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
qe =qp = 1.6 x 10-19 Coul
k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
(for ideal gas)
 = 5.67x10-8 J/sec-m2-K4
Gravitational constant:
Speed of light:
Speed of sound:
Solar constant:
Sun :
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
vsound = 345 m/sec
1.37 x 103 Watts/m2
M = 2 x 1030 kg
R = 7 x 108 m
L = 4 x 1026 watts
M = 6 x 1024 kg
R = 6.4 x 106 m
Earth :
Moon :
Earth – Sun distance :
Earth – Moon distance :
(in a vacuum)
(in air at 20° C)
M = 7.36 x 1022 kg
R = 1.74 x 106 m
1.5 x 1011 m
3.8 x 108 m
Conversions:
Energy :
1erg = 10-7 J
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
Distance :
1 Å = 10-10 m
1 AU = 1.5 x 1011 m
1 parsec (pc) = 3 x 1016 m = 3.26 light-years (ly) = 2 x 105 AU
1 ly = 9 x 1015 m = 6 x 104 AU
100
Appendix B : Basic Relationships

Wien’s Law
T = [3 x 106]/max
(T in °K and  in nm)

Stephan-Boltzmann Law :
represents brightness of the source )
 = T4
( = 5.67 x 10-8 J/sec-m2-K4)

Circular Orbits :
mv2/R = kq2/R2
mv2/R = GmM/R2
(k = 9x109 Nm2/Coul2
G = 6.67 x 10-11Nm2/kg2 )
v = 2R/T
a = v2/R = 42R/T2

Potential Energy :
Ug = -GmM/r
Uel = -kq2/r

Total Energy :
Et = K + U
(K = 1/2 mv2)

Angular Momentum :
mvr

Photon Energy:
E = hf
(h =6.62 x 10-34 Joul-sec)

Ideal Gas :
KEavg = (3/2)kT
(k =1.38 x 10-23 J/K)

Luminosity :

Energy for allowed orbits in Hydrogen :

Doppler Shift :

Apparent Brightness :

Stellar distance using magnitudes :

Mass-Luminosity Relationship :
101

Escape Velocity :

Kepler’s 3rd Law :
Appendix C : Web Sites for Chapters 1 – 8
Chapter 1
Astronomy
• visible light and telescopes
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/limitations.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/refracting.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/reflecting.html
• radio telescopes
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/radio.html
• x-ray telescopes
http://xrtpub.harvard.edu/chronicle/index.html
• cosmic particles
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/applications/morecosmic.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/cosmic_rays.html
http://www.ngdc.nasa.gov/stp/SOLAR/COSMIC_RAYS/cosmic.html
Mechanical Waves
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/waves/wavestoc.html
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/light/u12l1b.html
The Wave Model of Light
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/light/lighttoc.html
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/refln/reflntoc.html
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/refrn/refrntoc.html
102
http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/light/index.html
The Electromagnetic Wave Model of Light
• James Clerk Maxwell
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/maxwell.html
• Heinrich Hertz
http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/photoelectric_effect.html
• representation of electromagnetic radiation
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec04.html
• methods of production of electromagnetic waves
http://newton.hanyang.ac.kr/~jhkim/jhdocu5.html
• polarization & polarizers
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/light/u12l1e.html
Photoelectric Effect
http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/quant/node3.html
Radiation Laws*
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/radiation.html
http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/quant/node2.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/planck_curve.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/laws_of_radiation.html
* There is a good interactive simulation of the Radiation Laws at the end of the chapter
on Radiation Laws at the astr162 web site.
103
Chapter 2
J.J. Thomson
http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/more_atoms.html
E. Rutherford
http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/Rutherford_Scattering/Rutherford_Scatteri
ng.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpbohr.html
Bohr Model
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/bohr_atom.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohr.html
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/index.html
Emission & Absorption Spectra
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/absorption.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec05.html
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/index.html
model of emission & absorption
http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/javamirror/ipmj/java/atomphoton/index.html
Solar Spectrum
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/spectrum.html
Chapter 3
Ideal Gas & Kinetic Molecular Theory
http://www.bcpl.net/~kdrews/kmt/kmt.html#Kinetic
104
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Gases/Kinetic/Gases08.htm
105
Chapter 4
Doppler Effect
 model
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/Doppler/Doppler.html
http://webphysics.davidson.edu/Applets/Doppler/Doppler.html
notes
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/sound/u11l3b.html

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/doppler.html
Chapter 5
Parallax
http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/starpropa.htm
Stellar Luminosity
http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/strapropb.htm
Stellar Magnitudes
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/stars/magnitudes.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec09.html
Stellar Spectra / Harvard Classification Scheme
 Sun’s spectrum
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/spectrum.html
Stellar spectra & Harvard Classification
http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/users/allen/spectral_classification.html

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/stars/spectra.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/stars/harvard.html
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/astro101/lec13.htm
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/astro101/lec14.htm
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec10.html
106
The Harvard Women Astronomers
http://physics.carleton.edu/Astro/pages/marga_michele/Cecilia_Payne.html

http://physics.carleton.edu/Astro/pages/marga_michele/harvard.html
Chemical Composition
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/composition.html
Stellar Mass
 Kepler’s Laws & applet
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html
 Newton’s Modification of Kepler’s 3rd Law & Center of Mass
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/binaries/mass.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec11.html
Chapter 6
H-R Diagram of 22,000 Stars
http://www.anzwers.org/free/universe/hr.html
Mass-Luminosity Relationship
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/binaries/masslum.html
Chapter 7
Nuclear Forces
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/reactions.html
http://www.scri.fsu.edu/~jac/Nuclear/whatis/forces.html
Fusion Cycles
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/ppchain.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/cno.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/cno-pp.html
107
Solar Neutrino Problem
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/snu.html
http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/public/neutrino.html
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec13.html
Chapter 8
All of the stellar evolution topics are covered by excellent overviews at
(1) the Bakersfield College Web Site :
http://www.astronomynotes.com/toc.htm
Click on the “Lives and Deaths of Stars” section.
(2) the University of Oregon Web Site.
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122
Click on lectures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23.
Open & Globular Clusters
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec.16.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/starclusters.html
Cepheid Variables
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/MilkyWay/cepheid.html
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_l1/cepheid.html
White Dwarfs & Novae
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/novae/novae.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/supernovae/type1.html
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/introduction/supernovae.html
Neutron Stars & X-Ray Bursters
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/neutron/neutron.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/death.html
Pulsars
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/pulsars/pulsars.html
Type Ia Supernova
108
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/supernovae/type1.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/universe/supernova.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html
Type II Supernova & Supernova Remnants
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/death.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/universe/supernova.html
109
Appendix D : Research Support & Contacting Us

Use the ASI Webboard to post questions to Terry:
http://xray.rutgers.edu/asi/asiwebboard/

Terry ‘s e-mail:
matilsky@physics.rutgers.edu

Eugenia’s e-mail:
etkina@rci.rutgers.edu

Use Terry’s Web site in order to examine documents concerning EXOSAT, etc.:
http://xray.rutgers.edu/~matilsky/documents

Computer Help : Our computer expert is John Doroshenko, who can be reached at:
doroshenko@physics.rutgers.edu.

Literature : Do a Google Search by simply entering the name of the object.

Images : Download any available images (GIFs) corresponding to your source.
Try using
http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/pretty_pictures.html

Background Information : You can get "sophisticated" background in our texts, P.
Charles & F. Seward’s Exploring the X-Ray Universe, and D. Morrison, S. Wolf, and A.
Frakoi’s Abell’s Exploration of the Universe, 7th edition .

.There are also some excellent web sites with background information:
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/index.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/violence-root.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/index.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/index.html
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/index.html
http://www. astronomynotes.com
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/science.html
http://astrosun.tn.cornell.edu/courses/astro201/topics.html
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/astro101/astro101.htm
110
http://chandra.harvard.edu
111