Gregory`s Pediatric Anesthesia

advertisement
Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia
Chapter 40 - References
1. Beecher HK, Todd DP. A study of the deaths associated with anesthesia and surgery: based on
a study of 599, 548 anesthesias in ten institutions 1948-1952. Ann Surg 1954; 140: 2–35.
2. Rackow H, Salanitree E, Green LT. Frequency of cardiac arrest associated with anesthesia in
infants and children. Pediatrics 1961; 28: 697–704.
3. Clifton BS, Hotten WI. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1963; 35: 250–9.
4. Graff TD, Phillips OC, Benson DW et al, Baltimore Anesthesia Study Committee. Factors in
pediatric anesthesia mortality. Anesth Analg 1964; 43: 407–14.
5. Smith H, Sinson G, Varelas P. Vasopressors and propofol infusion syndrome in severe head
trauma. Neurocrit Care 2009; 10: 166–72.
6. Petruscak J, Smith RN, Breslin P. Mortality related to ophthalmological surgery. Surv
Anesthesiol 1974; 18: 87–8.
7. Romano PE, Robinson JA. General anesthesia morbidity and mortality in eye surgery at a
children’s hospital. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1981; 18: 17–21.
8. Keenan RL, Boyan CP. Cardiac arrest due to anesthesia: a study of incidence and causes.
JAMA 1985; 253: 2373–7.
9. Patel RI, Hannallah RS, Murphy LS, Epstein BS. Pediatric outpatient anesthesia: a review of
post-anesthetic complications in 8995 cases [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: A435.
10. Tiret L, Nivoche Y, Hatton F et al. Complications related to anaesthesia in infants and children:
a prospective survey of 40240 anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61: 263–9.
11. Cohen MM, Cameron CB, Duncan PG. Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the
perioperative period. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: 160–7.
12. Morray JP, Geiduschek JM, Ramamoorthy C et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in
children: initial findings of the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry.
Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 6–14.
13. Flick RP, Sprung J, Harrison TE et al. Perioperative cardiac arrests in children between 1988
and 2005 at a tertiary referral center: a study of 92,881 patients. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 226–
37.
14. Morray JP. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: an update. Anesthesiol Clin North Am
2002; 20: 1–28.
15. Murat I, Constant I, Maud’huy H. Perioperative anaesthetic morbidity in children: a database of
24,165 anaesthetics over a 30-month period. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 158–66.
16. Odegard KC, DiNardo JA, Kussman BD et al. The frequency of anesthesia-related cardiac
arrests in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2007;
105: 335–43.
17. Tay CL, Tan GM, Ng SB. Critical incidents in paediatric anaesthesia: an audit of 10 000
anaesthetics in Singapore. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 711–18.
18. Braz LG, Modolo NS, do Nascimento P Jr et al. Perioperative cardiac arrest: a study of 53,718
anaesthetics over 9 yr from a Brazilian teaching hospital. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96: 569–75.
19. Morray JP, Geiduschek JM, Caplan RA et al. A comparison of pediatric and adult anesthesia
closed malpractice claims. Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 461–7.
20. Bhananker SM, Ramamoorthy C, Geiduschek JM et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in
children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:
344–50.
21. Morray JP, Posner K. Pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest: in search of definition(s).
Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 207–8.
22. Mason LJ. An update on the etiology and prevention of anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in
children. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 412–16.
23. Flick RP, Sprung J, Gleich SJ et al. Intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and
survival of pediatric patients undergoing repair of congenital heart disease. Paediatr Anaesth 2008;
18: 757–66.
24. Olsson GL, Hallen B. Cardiac arrest during anaesthesia: a computer-aided study in 250,543
anaesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988; 32: 653–64.
25. Newland MC, Ellis SJ, Lydiatt CA et al. Anesthetic-related cardiac arrest and its mortality: a
report covering 72,959 anesthetics over 10 years from a US teaching hospital. Anesthesiology
2002; 97: 108–15.
26. Sprung J, Warner ME, Contreras MG et al. Predictors of survival following cardiac arrest in
patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a study of 518,294 patients at a tertiary referral center.
Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 259–69.
27. Keenan RL, Shapiro JH, Dawson K. Frequency of anesthetic cardiac arrests in infants: effect of
pediatric anesthesiologists. J Clin Anesth 1991; 3: 433–7.
28. Keenan RL, Shapiro JH, Kane FR et al. Bradycardia during anesthesia in infants: an
epidemiologic study. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 976–82.
29. Mamie C, Habre W, Delhumeau C et al. Incidence and risk factors of perioperative respiratory
adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 218–24.
30. Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al, National Registry of Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation Investigators. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac
arrest among children and adults. JAMA 2006; 295: 50–7.
31. Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni V, Berg RA et al, CanAm Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Investigators. Outof-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: an epidemiologic review and assessment of current knowledge.
Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46: 512–22.
32. Pickering G. Regulation of body temperature in health and disease. Lancet 1958; 271: 59–64.
33. Frank SM, Higgins MS, Breslow MJ et al. The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic
responses to mild perioperative hypothermia: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 1995; 82:
83–93.
34. Guest JD, Vanni S, Silbert L. Mild hypothermia, blood loss and complications in elective spinal
surgery. Spine J 2004; 4: 130–7.
35. Sessler DI, Akca O. Nonpharmacological prevention of surgical wound infections. Clin Infect
Dis 2002; 35: 1397–404.
36. Beilin B, Shavit Y, Razumovsky J et al. Effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on cellular
immune responses. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1133–40.
37. Romanovsky AA. Thermoregulation: some concepts have changed. Functional architecture of
the thermoregulatory system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292: R37–R46.
38. Benarroch EE. Thermoregulation: recent concepts and remaining questions. Neurology 2007;
69: 1293–7.
39. Charkoudian N. Skin blood flow in adult human thermoregulation: how it works, when it does
not, and why. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 603–12.
40. Zhang YH, Yanase-Fujiwara M, Hosono T et al. Warm and cold signals from the preoptic area:
which contribute more to the control of shivering in rats? J Physiol 1995; 485 (Pt 1): 195–202.
41. Boulant JA. Hypothalamic mechanisms in thermoregulation. Fed Proc 1981; 40: 2843–50.
42. Poulos DA. Central processing of cutaneous temperature information. Fed Proc 1981; 40:
2825–9.
43. Kobayashi S. Temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus: a new hypothesis that they
act as thermostats, not as transducers. Prog Neurobiol 1989; 32: 103–35.
44. Sessler DI. Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation. Anesthesiology 2008;
109: 318–38.
45. Pierau FK, Wurster RD. Primary afferent input from cutaneous thermoreceptors. Fed Proc
1981; 40: 2819–24.
46. Sessler DI, Moayeri A, Stoen R et al. Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous
heat loss. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: 656–60.
47. Darnall RA. The thermophysiology of the newborn infant. Med Instrum 1987; 21: 16–22.
48. Bach V, Telliez F, Krim G et al. Body temperature regulation in the newborn infant: interaction
with sleep and clinical implications. Neurophysiol Clin 1996; 26: 379–402.
49. Celi FS. Brown adipose tissue: when it pays to be inefficient. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1553–6.
50. Nicholls DG, Bernson VS, Heaton GM. The identification of the component in the inner
membrane of brown adipose tissue mitochondria responsible for regulating energy dissipation.
Experientia Suppl 1978; 32: 89–93.
51. Harding PG. The metabolism of brown and white adipose tissue in the fetus and newborn. Clin
Obstet Gynecol 1971; 14: 685–709.
52. Heim T. Thermogenesis in the newborn infant. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1971; 14: 790–820.
53. White MD. Components and mechanisms of thermal hyperpnea. J Appl Physiol 2006; 101:
655–63.
54. Cabanac M. Selective brain cooling in humans: “fancy” or fact? FASEB J 1993; 7: 1143–6.
55. Gallup AC, Gallup GG Jr. Yawning and thermoregulation. Physiol Behav 2008; 95: 10–16.
56. Gallup AC. Excessive yawning and thermoregulatory dysfunction. Sleep Breath 2010 May 22.
Epub ahead of print.
57. Giganti F, Hayes MJ, Cioni G et al. Yawning frequency and distribution in preterm and near
term infants assessed throughout 24-h recordings. Infant Behav Dev 2007; 30: 641–7.
58. Bickel WK, Stitzer ML, Liebson IA et al. Acute physical dependence in man: effects of naloxone
after brief morphine exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244: 126–32.
59. Hardy JD. The radiation of heat from the human body. III. The human skin as a black-body
radiator. J Clin Invest 1934; 13: 615–20.
60. Dicker A, Ohlson KB, Johnson L et al. Halothane selectively inhibits nonshivering
thermogenesis: possible implications for thermoregulation during anesthesia of infants.
Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 491–501.
61. Plattner O, Semsroth M, Sessler DI et al. Lack of nonshivering thermogenesis in infants
anesthetized with fentanyl and propofol. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 772–7.
62. Ohlson KB, Lindahl SG, Cannon B et al. Thermogenesis inhibition in brown adipocytes is a
specific property of volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 437–48.
63. Bissonnette B, Sessler DI. Thermoregulatory thresholds for vasoconstriction in pediatric
patients anesthetized with halothane or halothane and caudal bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 1992;
76: 387–92.
64. Bissonnette B, Sessler DI. The thermoregulatory threshold in infants and children anesthetized
with isoflurane and caudal bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: 1114–18.
65. Kurz A, Xiong J, Sessler DI et al. Desflurane reduces the gain of thermoregulatory
arteriovenous shunt vasoconstriction in humans. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 1212–19.
66. Atarashi K, Ozaki M, Suzuki H. Sevoflurane comparably decreases the threshold for
thermoregulatory vasoconstriction as isoflurane (Japanese). Masui 1996; 45: 818–23.
67. Annadata R, Sessler DI, Tayefeh F et al. Desflurane slightly increases the sweating threshold
but produces marked, nonlinear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds.
Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 1205–11.
68. Goto T, Matsukawa T, Sessler DI et al. Thermoregulatory thresholds for vasoconstriction in
patients anesthetized with various 1-minimum alveolar concentration combinations of xenon,
nitrous oxide, and isoflurane. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 626–32.
69. Matsukawa T, Kurz A, Sessler DI et al. Propofol linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and
shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 1169–80.
70. Kurz A, Xiong J, Sessler DI et al. Isoflurane produces marked and nonlinear decreases in the
vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 813: 778–85.
71. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Annadata R et al. Midazolam minimally impairs thermoregulatory control.
Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 393–8.
72. Spencer RL, Hruby VJ, Burks TF. Alteration of thermoregulatory set point with opioid agonists.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 252: 696–705.
73. Kurz A, Go JC, Sessler DI et al. Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold and
markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 293–9.
74. Kurz A, Ikeda T, Sessler DI et al. Meperidine decreases the shivering threshold twice as much
as the vasoconstriction threshold. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 1046–54.
75. Paris A, Ohlendorf C, Marquardt M et al. The effect of meperidine on thermoregulation in mice:
involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptors. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 102–6.
76. Hocker J, Paris A, Scholz J et al. Differential effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the modulation
of the thermoregulatory response in mice induced by meperidine. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 95–
100.
77. Alfonsi P. Postanaesthetic shivering: epidemiology, pathophysiology and approaches to
prevention and management. Minerva Anestesiol 2003; 69: 438–42.
78. Sessler DI, Israel D, Pozos RS et al. Spontaneous post-anesthetic tremor does not resemble
thermoregulatory shivering. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 843–50.
79. Horn EP, Sessler DI, Standl T et al. Non-thermoregulatory shivering in patients recovering from
isoflurane or desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 878–86.
80. Horn EP, Schroeder F, Wilhelm S et al. Postoperative pain facilitates nonthermoregulatory
tremor. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 979–84.
81. Akin A, Esmaoglu A, Boyaci A. Postoperative shivering in children and causative factors.
Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 1089–93.
82. Lyons B, Taylor A, Power C et al. Postanaesthetic shivering in children. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:
442–5.
83. Macintyre PE, Pavlin EG, Dwersteg JF. Effect of meperidine on oxygen consumption, carbon
dioxide production, and respiratory gas exchange in postanesthesia shivering. Anesth Analg 1987;
66: 751–5.
84. Rajek A, Greif R, Sessler DI. Effects of epidural anesthesia on thermal sensation. Reg Anesth
Pain Med 2001; 26: 527–31.
85. Arkilic CF, Akca O, Taguchi A et al. Temperature monitoring and management during neuraxial
anesthesia: an observational study. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 662–6.
86. Saito T, Sessler DI, Fujita K et al. Thermoregulatory effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia
during cesarean delivery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998; 23: 418–23.
87. Kim JS, Ikeda T, Sessler DI et al. Epidural anesthesia reduces the gain and maximum intensity
of shivering. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 851–7.
88. Leslie K, Sessler DI. Reduction in the shivering threshold is proportional to spinal block height.
Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 1327–31.
89. Sessler DL. Shivering during epidural anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 393–4.
90. Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Christensen R et al. Heat flow and distribution during epidural
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 961–7.
91. Emerick TH, Ozaki M, Sessler DI et al. Epidural anesthesia increases apparent leg
temperature and decreases the shivering threshold. Anesthesiology 1994; 81: 289–98.
92. Ozaki M, Kurz A, Sessler DI et al. Thermoregulatory thresholds during epidural and spinal
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1994; 81: 282–8.
93. Joris J, Ozaki M, Sessler DI et al. Epidural anesthesia impairs both central and peripheral
thermoregulatory control during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 268–77.
94. Hynson JM, Sessler DI, Glosten B et al. Thermal balance and tremor patterns during epidural
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 680–90.
95. Bissonnette B, Sessler DI, LaFlamme P. Intraoperative temperature monitoring sites in infants
and children and the effect of inspired gas warming on esophageal temperature. Anesth Analg
1989; 69: 192–6.
96. Hynson JM, Sessler DI, Moayeri A et al. The effects of preinduction warming on temperature
and blood pressure during propofol/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 219–28.
97. Bissonnette B, Sessler DI. Passive or active inspired gas humidification increases thermal
steady-state temperatures in anesthetized infants. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 783–7.
98. Wadhwa A, Komatsu R, Orhan-Sungur M et al. New circulating-water devices warm more
quickly than forced-air in volunteers. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1681–7.
99. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Abdallah FW, Dahrouj GB et al. Thermal burns in three neonates
associated with intraoperative use of Bair Hugger warming devices. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18:
337–9.
100. Bennett EJ, Patel KP, Grundy EM. Neonatal temperature and surgery. Anesthesiology 1977;
46: 303–4.
101. Denborough MA, Lovell RRH. Anaesthetic deaths in a family [letter]. Lancet 1960; 276: 45.
102. Denborough MA, Forster JF, Lovell RR et al. Anaesthetic deaths in a family. Br J Anaesth
1962; 34: 395–6.
103. Wilson RD, Nichols RJ Jr, Dent TE et al. Disturbances of the oxidative-phosphorylation
mechanism as a possible etiological factor in sudden unexplained hyperthermia occurring during
anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1966; 27: 231–2.
104. King JO, Denborough MA, Zapf PW. Inheritance of malignant hyperpyrexia. Lancet 1972; 12:
365–70.
105. Britt BA, Locher WG, Kalow W. Hereditary aspects of malignant hyperthermia. Can Anaesth
Soc J 1969; 16: 89–98.
106. Jurkat-Rott K, McCarthy T, Lehmann-Horn F. Genetics and pathogenesis of malignant
hyperthermia. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23: 4–17.
107. MacLennan DH. The genetic basis of malignant hyperthermia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992;
13: 330–4.
108. Levitt RC, Nouri N, Jedlicka AE et al. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in malignant
hyperthermia susceptibility. Genomics 1991; 11: 543–7.
109. Britt BA, Endrenyi L, Frodis W et al. Comparison of effects of several inhalation anaesthetics
on caffeine-induced contractures of normal and malignant hyperthermic skeletal muscle. Can
Anaesth Soc J 1980; 27: 12–15.
110. Kalow W, Britt BA, Terreau ME et al. Metabolic error of muscle metabolism after recovery
from malignant hyperthermia. Lancet 1970; 2: 895–8.
111. European Malignant Hyperpyrexia Group. A protocol for the investigation of malignant
hyperpyrexia (MH) susceptibility. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 1267–9.
112. Rosenberg H, Reed S. In vitro contracture tests for susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia.
Anesth Analg 1983; 62: 415–20.
113. Litman RS, Rosenberg H. Malignant hyperthermia: update on susceptibility testing. JAMA
2005; 293: 2918–24.
114. Larach MG. Standardization of the caffeine halothane muscle contracture test. North
American Malignant Hyperthermia Group. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 511–15.
115. Fletcher JE, Conti PA, Rosenberg H. Comparison of North American and European malignant
hyperthermia group halothane contracture testing protocols in swine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
1991; 35: 483–7.
116. Kalow W, Sharer S, Britt B. Pharmacogenetics of caffeine and caffeine-halothane
contractures in biopsies of human skeletal muscle. Pharmacogenetics 1991; 1: 126–35.
117. MacKenzie AE, Allen G, Lahey D et al. A comparison of the caffeine halothane muscle
contracture test with the molecular genetic diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiology
1991; 75: 4–8.
118. Ording H. Incidence of malignant hyperthermia in Denmark. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 700–4.
119. Rosero EB, Adesanya AO, Timaran CH et al. Trends and outcomes of malignant
hyperthermia in the United States, 2000 to 2005. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 89–94.
120. Brady JE, Sun LS, Rosenberg H et al. Prevalence of malignant hyperthermia due to
anesthesia in New York State, 2001–2005. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1162–6.
121. Pennington GP, Joeris L. Malignant hyperthermia in a 3-month-old infant: a case report. J
Med Assoc Ga 1996; 85: 162–3.
122. Faust DK, Gergis SD, Sokoll MD. Management of suspected malignant hyperpyrexia in an
infant. Anesth Analg 1979; 58: 33–5.
123. Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC et al. Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of
malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 498–507.
124. Kunst G, Graf BM, Schreiner R et al. Differential effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and
halothane on Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Anesthesiology
1999; 91: 179–86.
125. Kunst G, Stucke AG, Graf BM et al. Desflurane induces only minor Ca2+ release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum of mammalian skeletal muscle. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 832–6.
126. Bonciu M, de la Chapelle A, Delpech H et al. Minor increase of endtidal CO2 during
sevoflurane-induced malignant hyperthermia. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 180–2.
127. Allen GC, Brubaker CL. Human malignant hyperthermia associated with desflurane
anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 1328–31.
128. Iaizzo PA, Kehler CH, Carr RJ et al. Prior hypothermia attenuates malignant hyperthermia in
susceptible swine. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 803–9.
129. Carr AS, Lerman J, Cunliffe M et al. Incidence of malignant hyperthermia reactions in 2,214
patients undergoing muscle biopsy. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42: 281–6.
130. Larach MG, Localio AR, Allen GC et al. A clinical grading scale to predict malignant
hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 771–9.
131. Chen PL, Day YJ, Su BC et al. Delayed onset of sevoflurane-induced juvenile malignant
hyperthermia after second exposure. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2007; 45: 189–93.
132. Morrison AG, Serpell MG. Malignant hyperthermia during prolonged surgery for tumour
resection. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998; 15: 114–17.
133. Souliere CR Jr, Weintraub SJ, Kirchner JC. Markedly delayed postoperative malignant
hyperthermia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986; 112: 564–6.
134. Burkman JM, Posner KL, Domino KB. Analysis of the clinical variables associated with
recrudescence after malignant hyperthermia reactions. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 901–6.
135. Britt BA. Malignant hyperthermia. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985; 32: 666–78.
136. Klingler W, Rueffert H, Lehmann-Horn F et al. Core myopathies and risk of malignant
hyperthermia. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1167–73.
137. Allison KR. Muscular dystrophy versus mitochondrial myopathy: the dilemma of the
undiagnosed hypotonic child. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 1–6.
138. Flick RP, Gleich SJ, Herr MM et al. The risk of malignant hyperthermia in children undergoing
muscle biopsy for suspected neuromuscular disorder. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 22–7.
139. Kosko JR, Brandom BW, Chan KH. Masseter spasm and malignant hyperthermia: a
retrospective review of a hospital-based pediatric otolaryngology practice. Int J Pediatr
Otorhinolaryngol 1992; 23: 45–50.
140. Rosenberg H, Fletcher JE. Masseter muscle rigidity and malignant hyperthermia
susceptibility. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 161–4.
141. Gronert GA. Management of patients in whom trismus occurs following succinylcholine.
Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 653–5.
142. Weglinski MR, Wedel DJ, Engel AG. Malignant hyperthermia testing in patients with
persistently increased serum creatine kinase levels. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 1038–41.
143. Harrison GG. Control of the malignant hyperpyrexic syndrome in MHS swine by dantrolene
sodium. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47: 62–5.
144. Austin KL, Denborough MA. Drug treatment of malignant hyperpyrexia. Anaesth Intensive
Care 1977; 5: 207–13.
145. Allen GC, Cattran CB, Peterson RG et al. Plasma levels of dantrolene following oral
administration in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible patients. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 900–4.
146. Ward A, Chaffman MO, Sorkin EM. Dantrolene: a review of its pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in malignant hyperthermia, the neuroleptic
malignant syndrome and an update of its use in muscle spasticity. Drugs 1986; 32: 130–68.
147. Strazis KP, Fox AW. Malignant hyperthermia: a review of published cases. Anesth Analg
1993; 77: 297–304.
148. Gunter JB, Ball J, Than-Win S. Preparation of the Dräger Fabius anesthesia machine for the
malignant-hyperthermia susceptible patient. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 1936–45.
149. Prinzhausen H, Crawford MW, O’Rourke J et al. Preparation of the Drager Primus anesthetic
machine for malignant hyperthermia-susceptible patients. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53: 885–90.
150. Parke TJ, Stevens JE, Rice AS et al. Metabolic acidosis and fatal myocardial failure after
propofol infusion in children: five case reports. BMJ 1992; 305: 613–16.
151. Bray RJ. Propofol infusion syndrome in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1998; 8: 491–9.
152. Vernooy K, Delhaas T, Cremer OL et al. Electrocardiographic changes predicting sudden
death in propofol-related infusion syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 131–7.
153. Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A et al. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a
simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1417–25.
154. Koch M, de Backer D, Vincent JL. Lactic acidosis: an early marker of propofol infusion
syndrome? Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 522.
155. Veldhoen ES, Hartman BJ, van Gestel JP. Monitoring biochemical parameters as an early
sign of propofol infusion syndrome: false feeling of security. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10: e19–
e21.
156. Fong JJ, Sylvia L, Ruthazer R et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with suspected propofol
infusion syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2281–7.
157. Ruetsch YA, Boni T, Borgeat A. From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic
drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2001; 1: 175–82.
158. Nelsen J, Holland M, Dougherty M et al. Severe central nervous system and cardiovascular
toxicity in a pediatric patient after ingestion of an over-the-counter local anesthetic. Pediatr Emerg
Care 2009; 25: 670–3.
159. Mayer E. The toxic effects following the use of local anesthetics: an analysis of the reports of
forty-three deaths submitted to the Committee for the Study of Toxic Effects of Local Anesthetics of
the American Medical Association, and the recommendations of the committee. JAMA 1924; 82:
876–85.
160. Giaufre E, Dalens B, Gombert A. Epidemiology and morbidity of regional anesthesia in
children: a one-year prospective survey of the French-Language Society of Pediatric
Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 904–12.
161. Mulroy MF. Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics: incidence and
preventive measures. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27: 556–61.
162. McClenahan WU. Fatal poisoning with dibucaine hydrochloride (nuporal) lozenges; report of a
case with autopsy. JAMA 1955; 158: 565.
163. Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW et al. Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to
resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 2006;
105: 217–18.
164. Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA et al. Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid
infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 1998;
88: 1071–5.
165. Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M et al. Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and
lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth
Analg 2008; 106: 1572–4. Erratum in: Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 238.
166. Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL et al. Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from
bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28: 198–202.
167. Weinberg GL. Lipid infusion therapy: translation to clinical practice. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:
1340–2.
168. Shah S, Gopalakrishnan S, Apuya J et al. Use of Intralipid in an infant with impending
cardiovascular collapse due to local anesthetic toxicity. J Anesth 2009; 23: 439–41.
169. Leskiw U, Weinberg GL. Lipid resuscitation for local anesthetic toxicity: is it really lifesaving?
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22: 667–71.
170. Hiller DB, Gregorio GD, Ripper R et al. Epinephrine impairs lipid resuscitation from
bupivacaine overdose: a threshold effect. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 498–505.
171. Hicks SD, Salcido DD, Logue ES et al. Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and
vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest.
Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 138–46.
172. Welch MB, Brummett CM, Welch TD et al. Perioperative peripheral nerve injuries: a
retrospective study of 380,680 cases during a 10-year period at a single institution. Anesthesiology
2009; 111: 490–7.
173. Sawyer RJ, Richmond MN, Hickey JD et al. Peripheral nerve injuries associated with
anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 980–91.
174. Task Force on Prevention of Perioperative Peripheral Neuropathies. Practice advisory for the
prevention of perioperative peripheral neuropathies: a report by the American Society of
Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1168–82.
175. Warner MA, Martin JT, Schroeder DR et al. Lower-extremity motor neuropathy associated
with surgery performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Anesthesiology 1994; 81: 6–12.
176. Winfree CJ, Kline DG. Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries. Surg Neurol 2005; 63: 5–18.
177. Nakra D, Bala I, Pratap M. Unilateral postoperative visual loss due to central retinal artery
occlusion following cervical spine surgery in prone position. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 805–8.
178. Lee LA. American Society of Anesthesiologists postoperative visual loss registry: preliminary
analysis of factors assocated with spine operations. ASA Newsletter 2003; 67: 7–8.
179. Roth S, Thisted RA, Erickson JP et al. Eye injuries after nonocular surgery: a study of 60,965
anesthetics from 1988 to 1992. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 1020–7.
180. Myers MA, Hamilton SR, Bogosian AJ et al. Visual loss as a complication of spine surgery: a
review of 37 cases. Spine 1997; 22: 1325–9.
181. Lee J, Crawford MW, Drake J et al. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy complicating cranial
vault reconstruction for sagittal synostosis in a child. J Craniofac Surg 2005; 16: 559–62.
182. Reisacher WR. Anaphylaxis in the operating room. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
2008; 16: 280–4.
183. Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL et al. Second symposium on the definition and
management of anaphylaxis: summary report: Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:
391–7.
184. Lane RD, Bolte RG. Pediatric anaphylaxis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23: 49–56.
185. Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C. What investigation after an anaphylactic reaction during
anaesthesia? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 363–8.
186. Bohlke K, Davis RL, DeStefano F et al, Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Epidemiology of
anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 536–42.
187. Wiener ES, Bajaj L. Diagnosis and emergent management of anaphylaxis in children. Adv
Pediatr 2005; 52: 195–206.
188. Sampson HA. Anaphylaxis and emergency treatment. Pediatrics 2003; 111(6 Pt 3): 1601–8.
189. Lieberman P. Biphasic anaphylactic reactions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95: 217–
26.
190. Lee JM, Greenes DS. Biphasic anaphylactic reactions in pediatrics. Pediatrics 2000; 106:
762–6.
191. Harper NJ, Dixon T, Dugue P et al, Working Party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great
Britain and Ireland. Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia. Anaesthesia
2009; 64: 199–211.
192. Kroigaard M, Garvey LH, Gillberg L et al. Scandinavian clinical practice guidelines on the
diagnosis, management and follow-up of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 2007; 51: 655–70.
193. Ebo DG, Fisher MM, Hagendorens MM et al. Anaphylaxis during anaesthesia: diagnostic
approach. Allergy 2007; 62: 471–87.
194. Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C, Emala CW. Anaphylaxis and anesthesia: controversies and
new insights. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 1141–50.
195. Ring J, Messmer K. Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume
substitutes. Lancet 1977; 1: 466–9.
196. Societe Francaises d’Anesthesie et de Reanimation. Reducing the risk of anaphylaxis during
anaesthesia. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2002; 21 (Suppl 1): 7s–23s.
197. Dewachter P, Raeth-Fries I, Jouan-Hureaux V et al. A comparison of epinephrine only,
arginine vasopressin only, and epinephrine followed by arginine vasopressin on the survival rate in
a rat model of anaphylactic shock. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 977–83.
198. Chiu AM, Kelly KJ. Anaphylaxis: drug allergy, insect stings, and latex. Immunol Allergy Clin
North Am 2005; 25: 389–405.
199. De Queiroz M, Combet S, Berard J et al. Latex allergy in children: modalities and prevention.
Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 313–19.
200. Ownby DR. A history of latex allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110 (2 Suppl): S27–S32.
201. Laxenaire MC. Again and always allergy. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1999; 18: 831–3.
202. Brown RH, Hamilton RG, Mintz M et al. Genetic predisposition to latex allergy: role of
interleukin 13 and interleukin 18. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 496–502.
203. Weissman DN, Lewis DM. Allergic and latex-specific sensitization: route, frequency, and
amount of exposure that are required to initiate IgE production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110
(2 Suppl): S57–S63.
204. Sussman G, Gold M. Guidelines for the management of latex allergies and safe latex use in
health care facilities. www.acaai.org/patients/resources/allergies/Pages/latex-management-inhealthcare-facilities.aspx.
205. Hopkins PM. Skeletal muscle physiology. Contin Educ Anaesthe Crit Care Pain 2006; 6: 1–6.
206. Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States:
http://medical.mhaus.org/PubData/PDFs/treatmentposter.pdf.
Download