ORAL MICROBIOLOGY PROGRAMME
1. Oral ecosystem.( 23.02.2015)
Conditionings of ecological occurrences in the oral cavity: environment, age, factors contributing to bacterial growth,
mechanisms of oral colonization.
Acquisition of normal oral flora.
Normal oral flora: oral mucosa, tongue, saliva, gingival crevice.
Dental plaque: formation, distribution, composition – supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, calculus.
Significance of oral flora in different infections.
Practical part:
Preparation of Gram staining smears from buccal mucosa, tongue, dental plaque, gingival crevice.
Sampling of specimens from the oral environments and their cultivation. Measurement of saliva pH.
Preparation CRT®bacteria test.
2. Microbiology of dental caries.(02.03.2015)
Caries aetiology: host factors, diet, microorganisms.
Microbiology of dental caries: importance of dental plaque and microorganisms: oral Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Actinomyces
spp.
Different kinds of dental caries, specific flora in different localizations of dental caries.
Microbiological tests.
Prophylaxis and treatment.
Practical part:
Microscopic evaluation of smears from dental caries foci.
Evaluation of culture from specimens taken from oral environments
3. Microbiology of periodontal disease – own presentation (09.03.2015)
Classification of gingival and periodontal infections.
Importance of microflora in periodontal infections, virulence of microorganisms.
Dental plaque hypothesis (ecological, specific, non-specific).
Immunopathology of periodontal infections. Acute ulcerative-necrosis periodontitis.
Microbiological examination in periodontal diseases. Treatment of periodontal infections and antimicrobial therapy.
Practical part:
Film: Local pulmonary immuno response.
Preparation and microscopic evaluation of smears taken from patients with diffrent types of periodontal diseases.
Preparation of culture from specimens taken from patients with different types of periodontal diseases.
Presentation PET(MIP Pharma) kits.
4. Dentoalveolar infections – own presentation (16.03.2015)
Principles of collaboration between dentist and microbiology laboratory. Diagnostic possibilities of microbiology laboratory.
Basic principles of specimen collection, storage and transport for microbiological examination: time of collection, kinds of
specimens, techniques of collection, storage and transport, requisition form. Specimen processing in microbiological labpreparation and practical importance of particular stages of microbiological examination.
Microscopy –direct smear stained with Gram staining method or with using others, detection of antigen directly in specimen
by means of serological lub molecular methods;
Culture – artificial media, incubation in aerobic and anaerobic conditions;
Bacterial identification – culture smear, evaluation of colonial morphology, biochemical tests, serological tests,
bacteriotyping;
Antimicrobial testing methods.
Virulence examination (in vitro and in vivo methods)
Dentine and dental pulp infections –purulent and gangrenous (necrotic) pulpitis. Periapical and dental abscesses. Ludwig’s
angina. Alveolar abscesses. Osteomyelitis of the jaws. Dry and infected socket. Dental implants infections. Diagnostic
microbiology of pulpitis and dental abscesses.
Practical part:
Presentation and discussion about requisition form.
Evaluation of Gram-stained smear from abscess.
Evaluation of culture from specimens taken from patients with diffrent types of periodontal diseases.
5. Blood and cerebrospinal infections( 23.03.2015)
Bacteriaemia, septicaemia (sepsis), infections from contagious focus (abscesses), meningitis, infective endocarditis predisposing factors, clinical sequela, causative agents, prophylaxis, bacteriological diagnostics: general principles of blood
collection for culture (timing, volume, number of blood specimens), blood culture methods. Organ complications of sepsis.
Catheter (prostheses) infections. Antimicrobial therapy of meningites and septicemias.
Practical part:
Demonstration of devices and media for CSF and blood collection.
Evaluation of Gram-stained smears from CSF and blood.
6. Oral mucosal and salivary gland infections. (30.03.2015)
Reminder of fungal cell structure. Fungi in the normal human flora (Candida). Oral mycoses: pseudomembraneous
(thrush), erythematous, hyperplastic candidiasis, systemic fungal infections. General scheme of fungal diagnostics and
treatment of fungal infections.
Viral infections: HIV-1, HIV-2, VZV, EBV, HHV-5, HHV-8, Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, Mumps, Measles),
enteroviruses (Picornaviridae): CoxackieA. Angular cheilitis. Denture stomatitis.
Practical part:
Evaluation of fungal morphology in Gram – stained smears.
Evaluation of colonial morphology on Sabouraud agar.
Examination of germ- tube test – Candida albicans.
Identification of yeast -biochemical tests: Candifast, API C, Vitek 2 Compact (YST identifical card)
Antifungal susceptibility testing – Candifast, Micronaut- AM, ATB-Fungus
7.Other oral infections. (13.04.2015)
Actinomycosis, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Pertussis ( whooping cough ).
Sympthoms in the oral cavity during infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum.
Infections caused by Klebsiella ozenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis.
Differences between microbiological investigation and treatment of these infections.
Practical part:
Microscopic evaluation of smears and colony morphology of Actinomyces spp., Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Klebsiella spp.
8. Infections of the respiratory tract. (20.04.2015)
Infections caused by Streptococci, Staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae rods.
Infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract: external ear, middle ear, paranasal sinusitis, trachea and bronchi.
Microbiology of infections of respiratory tract: diagnostic materials, aetiological factors, identification, treatment.
Practical part:
Examination of Staphylococci, Streptococci, Haemophilus spp. and other microorganisms
9. Principles of infection control. Disinfection and sterilization. (04.05.2015)
Infections associated with dental clinic environment, cross – infections, hospital - acquired infections. Sources
(endogenous, exogenous), reservoirs of infection, spread, route of infection (mode of entry). Endogenous and exogenous
infections. Colonization, carrier-state, infection. Clinical forms of dental clinic –acquired and hospital-acquired
infections. Surveillance and control of infections in ambulant (dental clinic) and in hospital conditions. Specificity of
infection control in dentistry. Aetiological agents of dental clinic.
Methods of effective elimination of microorganisms – sanitization (hand-washing), disinfection, sterilisation (definition,
classification, practical application).
Disinfection (classification): physical (thermal - pasteurisation, tyndallization, decoctation – boiling), UV irradiation,
chemical (acids, alkali, aldehydes, chlorine or iodine, phenolic derivatives, detergents and soaps, oxidazing and heavy
metal compounds, dyes, others), gaseous (chambers with ethylene oxide or formaldehyde). The principles of
disinfectants’ selection. Disinfectans and antiseptic agents with application in dentistry. Sterilisation (classification): high
– temperature (dry heat - hot-air oven; moist heat - autoclave; incineration; flaming – bacteriological loop), lowtemperature (gas –ethylene oxide, formaldehyde; fumigation), chemical: (disinfectants – alcohols, aldehydes, halogens,
potassium perborate), mechanical: (filtration), plasmic.
Sterilisation control: physical, chemical and biological indicators.
Control of air, surface and equipment contamination: sedimentation method, induced air method, environmental swabs.
Practical part:
Evaluation of antibiograms for alert-pathogens causing hospital infection.
Disinfection and sterilization in dental office in your country.
Demonstration of apparatus for sterilisation.
Sterilisation control – different indicators.
Examination of plates with action of UV and disinfecting agents.
The most used disinfectants – prospects.
Examination of own fingers, air and surfaces cultures.
10. Chemotherapy of dental infections. (11.05.2015)
General characteristic of antibacterial agents, spectrum of activity, contraindications, side effects, dosage. Antibiotic
prophilaxis. Drugs applied in infections as: actinomycosis, furuncles, Ludwig’s angina, parapharyngeal space, Lemierre’s
disease, osteomyelitis of the jaws. The most common mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance.
Practical part:
Clinical interpretation of the results.
Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for alert pathogens.
Recommended textbooks - the newest editions of:
1.
2.
3.
Essential Microbiology for Dentistry- L Samaranyake, 2006, 3rd ed, ISBN: 9780443100796
Oral Microbiology – P.D. Marsh, M.V. Martin, 2009, 5rd ed, ISBN: 9780702041488
Notes on Medical Microbiology – K.N. Ward, K.C. McCartney, B. Thakker, 2008, 2 nd ed, ISBN 9780443102844