Supplementary Table 2 | Clinical studies of interictal source analysis*
Reference
n
Huppertz et al.
(2001)1
13
Lantz et al.(2003)2
14
Mirkovic et al.
(2003)3
Lantz et al. (2003)4
10
Michel et al.
(2004)5
Nayak et al.
(2004)6
Meckes-Ferber
et al. (2004)7
Gavaret et al.
(2004)8
Zumsteg et al.
(2005)9
Zumsteg et al.
(2006)10
Sperli et al.
(2006)11
Gavaret et al.
(2006)12
44
Plummer et al.
(2007)13
10
Gavaret et al.
(2009)14
Brodbeck et al.
(2010)15
Oliva et al. (2010)16
11
ETLE (11)
10
TLE (5),
ETLE (5)
TLE only
Epilepsy
type (n)
TLE only
Forward model
Inverse model
Gold standard
MNLS and dipole
Number of
electrodes
23–31
BEM
20
TLE (11),
ETLE (3)
TLE (2),
ETLE (8)
TLE (10),
ETLE (6)
TLE (16),
ETLE (28)
TLE only
SMAC
EPIFOCUS
123
Resected areas
BEM
Dipole
21
MRI lesions
SMAC
EPIFOCUS
125
Anatomical lesions
SMAC
EPIFOCUS
128
Resection margins
ECD
21
TLE only
Single-shell
sphere
FEM
Dipole
29
Foramen ovale
electrodes
Presurgical evaluations
11
20
TLE only
BEM
ECD & MUSIC
64
SEEG
15
TLE only
Not applicable
SNPM & LORETA
23
15
MTLE only
Not applicable
SNPM & LORETA
23
Foramen ovale
electrodes
Postsurgical outcomes
30
TLE (13),
ETLE (17)
ETLE
(frontal
only)
MTLE (5)
BFEC (5)
SMAC
WMN
19–29
Postsurgical outcomes
BEM
ECD & MUSIC
64
SEEG
1-shell to 4shell SSM,
BEM, FEM
BEM
Dipole & MUSIC
19–21
Not determined
ECD & MUSIC
64
SEEG
SMAC
LAURA
19, 21, 31
Resection margins
BEM
ECD & MUSIC
29
Postsurgical outcomes
16
10
22
Anatomical lesions,
postsurgical outcomes,
and IEEG
Brodbeck et al.
152
TLE (102),
SMAC
LAURA
19–29
Postsurgical outcomes
(2011)17
ETLE (50)
Coutin-Churchman
34
TLE (15),
Realistic head
Dipole & sLORETA 21
Postsurgical outcomes
et al. (2012)18
ETLE (19)
model
*Only studies involving 10 or more patients are included. Abbreviations: BEM, boundary element method; BFEC, benign
focal epilepsy of childhood; ECD, equivalent current dipole; ETLE, extratemporal lobe epilepsy; FEM, finite element method;
IEEG, intracranial EEG; MUSIC, multiple signal classification; MNLS, minimum norm least squares; MTLE, mesial temporal
lobe epilepsy; SEEG, stereoEEG; sLORETA, standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography; SMAC, spherical
model with anatomical constrains; SNPM, statistical nonparametric mapping; SSM, spherical shell model; TLE, temporal
lobe epilepsy; WMN, weighted minimum norm.
1. Huppertz, H. J. et al. Cortical current density reconstruction of interictal epileptiform activity in temporal lobe
epilepsy. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 1761–1772 (2001).
2. Lantz, G., Grave de Peralta, R., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M. & Michel, C. M. Epileptic source localization with high
density EEG: how many electrodes are needed? Clin. Neurophysiol. 114, 63–69 (2003).
3. Mirkovic, N., Adjouadi, M., Yaylali, I. & Jayakar, P. 3-d source localization of epileptic foci integrating EEG and
MRI data. Brain Topogr. 16, 111–119 (2003).
4. Lantz, G. et al. Propagation of interictal epileptiform activity can lead to erroneous source localizations: a 128channel EEG mapping study. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 311–319 (2003).
5. Michel, C. M. et al. 128-channel EEG source imaging in epilepsy: clinical yield and localization precision. J.
Clin. Neurophysiol. 21, 71–83 (2004).
6. Nayak, D. et al. Characteristics of scalp electrical fields associated with deep medial temporal epileptiform
discharges. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 1423–1435 (2004).
7. Meckes-Ferber, S., Roten, A., Kilpatrick, C. & O'Brien, T. J. EEG dipole source localisation of interictal spikes
acquired during routine clinical video-EEG monitoring. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 2738–2743 (2004).
8. Gavaret, M., Badier, J. M., Marquis, P., Bartolomei, F. & Chauvel, P. Electric source imaging in temporal lobe
epilepsy. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 21, 267–282 (2004).
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9. Zumsteg, D., Friedman, A., Wennberg, R. A. & Wieser, H. G. Source localization of mesial temporal interictal
epileptiform discharges: correlation with intracranial foramen ovale electrode recordings. Clin. Neurophysiol.
116, 2810–2818 (2005).
10. Zumsteg, D., Friedman, A., Wieser, H. G. & Wennberg, R. A. Propagation of interictal discharges in temporal
lobe epilepsy: correlation of spatiotemporal mapping with intracranial foramen ovale electrode recordings. Clin.
Neurophysiol. 117, 2615–2626 (2006).
11. Sperli, F. et al. EEG source imaging in pediatric epilepsy surgery: a new perspective in presurgical workup.
Epilepsia 47, 981–990 (2006).
12. Gavaret, M. et al. Electric source imaging in frontal lobe epilepsy. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 23, 358–370 (2006).
13. Plummer, C., Litewka, L., Farish, S., Harvey, A. S. & Cook, M. J. Clinical utility of current-generation dipole
modelling of scalp EEG. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2344–2361 (2007).
14. Gavaret, M. et al. Source localization of scalp-EEG interictal spikes in posterior cortex epilepsies investigated
by HR-EEG and SEEG. Epilepsia 50, 276–289 (2009).
15. Brodbeck, V. et al. Electrical source imaging for presurgical focus localization in epilepsy patients with normal
MRI. Epilepsia 51, 583–591 (2010).
16. Oliva, M. et al. EEG dipole source localization of interictal spikes in non-lesional TLE with and without
hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res. 92, 183–190 (2010).
17. Brodbeck, V. et al. Electroencephalographic source imaging: a prospective study of 152 operated epileptic
patients. Brain 134, 2887–2897 (2011).
18. Coutin-Churchman, P. E. et al. Quantification and localization of EEG interictal spike activity in patients with
surgically removed epileptogenic foci. Clin. Neurophysiol. 123, 471–485 (2012).
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