Hindawi Publishing Corporation
e Scientific World Journal
Volume 2014, Article ID 296590, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/296590
Research Article
Genetic Biodiversity of Italian Olives (Olea europaea)
Germplasm Analyzed by SSR Markers
Innocenzo Muzzalupo,1 Giuseppe Giovanni Vendramin,2 and Adriana Chiappetta3
1
Consiglio per la Ricerca e Sperimentazione per l’Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l’Olivicoltura e l’Industria Olearia (CRA-OLI),
C.da Li Rocchi-Vermicelli, 87036 Rende, Italy
2
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
3
Universit`a della Calabria, Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Ponte P. Bucci,
87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
Correspondence should be addressed to Innocenzo Muzzalupo; innocenzo.muzzalupo@entecra.it
Received 19 December 2013; Accepted 22 January 2014; Published 27 February 2014
Academic Editors: M. Cresti, F. Grassi, and J. Jakse
Copyright © 2014 Innocenzo Muzzalupo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
The olive is an important fruit species cultivated for oil and table olives in Italy and the Mediterranean basin. The conservation of
cultivated plants in ex situ collections is essential for the optimal management and use of their genetic resources. The largest ex
situ olive germplasm collection consists of approximately 500 Italian olive varieties and corresponding to 85% of the total Italian
olive germplasm is maintained at the Consiglio per la Ricerca e sperimentazione per l’Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l’Olivicoltura
e l’Industria Olearia (CRA-OLI), in Italy. In this work, eleven preselected nuclear microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic
diversity, population structure, and gene flows with the aim of assembling a core collection. The dendrogram obtained utilizing the
unweighted pair group method highlights the presence of homonymy and synonymy in olive tree datasets analyzed in this study. 439
different unique genotype profiles were obtained with this combination of 11 loci nSSR, representing 89.8% of the varieties analyzed.
The remaining 10.2% comprises different variety pairs in which both accessions are genetically indistinguishable. Clustering analysis
performed using BAPS software detected seven groups in Italian olive germplasm and gene flows were determined among identified
clusters. We proposed an Italian core collection of 23 olive varieties capturing all detected alleles at microsatellites. The information
collected in this study regarding the CRA-OLI ex situ collection can be used for breeding programs, for germplasm conservation,
and for optimizing a strategy for the management of olive gene pools.
1. Introduction
The olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea)
is an important fruit species cultivated for oil and canned
fruit in Italy and the Mediterranean basin. The existing ex
situ collections of olive tree germplasm may valuably provide
either raw material for plant breeding or plants which are
directly valid for a sustainable production. With respect to
the latter, we refer to those local varieties that evolved for
a very long period in a location, that developed adaptative
traits which are well integrated with the environmental,
agronomic, cultural, and traditional features of the site, and
that have been relatively recently replaced with new varieties
[1]. The needs of modern agriculture, such as sustainability,
call for the cultivation of a wider range of diverse material
that could better respond to the different aspects involved.
Specifically, if it is necessary to obtain new varieties with
a broader genetic base, capable of producing under diverse
conditions and of responding to different stresses, that is,
drought, pests, low fertility of the soil, and so forth, the
reintroduction of old local varieties and the safeguard of
traditional farming systems and landscapes can be very profitable from a socioeconomic point of views [2]. In general,
the lack of information about plant genetic resources has
the effect of limiting their use, restricting both the value
and the usefulness of a collection even within the owning
institute and among other potential users [3]. Hence, the
characterisation of the germplasm conserved in a collection
2
is an essential prerequisite to a proper and wide utilization
of the conserved plant material and it is the first step toward
the definition of the roles that the varieties can play in
sustainable production, through the direct use or in breeding
programs [4, 5]. In this respect, several Mediterranean cities
have promoted ex situ olive germplasm collections, including Cordoba (Spain), Marrakech (Morocco), Porquerolles
(France), and Cosenza (Italy), which hosts the majority of
olive varieties. Currently, on the basis of estimates from
the FAO Olive Germplasm Plant Production and Protection
Division, the world olive germplasm contains more than
2.600 different varieties [6], but this number could possibly
have been underestimated as there is a significant lack of
information regarding minor local varieties and ecotypes
that are widespread in different olive-growing areas. An
accurate and unambiguous identification of cultivars can be
of particular importance, since different olive oils, due to
their unique organoleptic and sensorial characteristics, have
obtained marks of protected designation of origin (PDO)
at a European level according to EC Regulation 2081/92
[7]. The main production of olive oil in Southern Italy
is comprised by PDO olive oils, even though many olive
cultivars with table purposes are likewise widely grown, since
drupe consumption belongs to the Mediterranean diet. Over
750 million olive trees are cultivated worldwide; about 95% of
them are to be found in the Mediterranean region. About 80%
of the global olive oil production in 2011-2012 came from the
European Union, of which 77% is concentrated in Spain, Italy,
and Greece (http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture). The European
Union, with about 32%, is also the major producer of world’s
table olives. Even, in this case, the largest producing European
countries are Spain, Greece, and Italy. Italy has about 600
olive cultivars and holds the world record for the number
of cultivated varieties, representing 25% of the known world
olive germplasm [8]. The Italian germplasm is large and variegated on a regional scale, because each region has gradually
selected cultivars adapted to local conditions. The largest ex
situ olive germplasm collection consisting of approximately
500 Italian olive varieties, and corresponding to 85% of the
total Italian olive germplasm and to more than 18% of the total
world olive germplasm, is maintained at the Consiglio per la
Ricerca e sperimentazione per l’Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca
per l’Olivicoltura e l’Industria Olearia (CRA-OLI, Agricultural
Research Council-Olive Growing and Oil Industry Research
Centre) in Italy [6]. The systematic collection of Italian olive
varieties for deposit into specific catalogue fields started in
Italy during the 1980s. A similar international collection was
initiated in 1997 by CRA-OLI of Rende, Italy. Collection
included the following steps: a survey of the territory, identification, a basic characterization, and the introduction into
the gene bank field. Material identified by other international
scientific institutions (International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture-Plant Genetic Resources
RGV-FAO Projects) was also included. To date, about 500
varieties have been introduced into the CRA-OLI collection
(http://www.certolio.org/data-base-molecolare/).
However, this wealth in terms of available biodiversity
has often generated many complications in olive germplasm
classification due to the lack of reference standards and
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confusion regarding the varietal names, with numerous cases
of homonymy (one denomination for several genotypes) and
synonymy (one genotype with several denominations) [9, 10].
It therefore appears clear how the characterization of the
genetic structure is important in both the management of
the olive gene pool and in understanding the role played by
the domestication and subsequent crop expansion of olive
trees.
The identification of cultivars and accessions using
molecular markers is a crucial aim of modern horticulture,
with applications in breeding programs and in germplasm
collection management. Traditionally olives, like other tree
species, were characterized by morphological traits [11].
However, certain limitations associated with these traits
have made them less popular in germplasm characterization
and diversity analysis. The availability of molecular tools
has provided more robust and reliable tools for germplasm
characterization.
In recent years, many studies about molecular characterization of germplasm in olive trees have been performed,
but generally on a small number of Italian olive cultivars
and without taking into account the presence of a core
collection [3, 12–15]. A core collection is a subsample of a large
germplasm collection that contains the minimum number
of individuals that represent the whole genetic diversity and
phenotypic variability of the original collection [16], essential
to optimise the management and use of the large ex situ olive
collections.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic
structure of the entire Italian olive germplasm CRA-OLI
collection, including all 489 accessions, using eleven nuclear
microsatellite (SSRs) markers. The genetic structure of Italian olive germplasm was investigated using a model-based
Bayesian clustering method to assign individuals into defined
gene pools. This work is the first that takes into account such
a large number of Italian olive cultivars (489 cvs) analyzed
using the same set of molecular markers. This study also
provides basic information for the development of core collections to maximise the representativeness of olive genetic
diversity. Our results represent an essential step towards
optimised conservation of olive genetic resources and subsequently for genetic association studies to detect quantitative
trait loci (QTL) of adaptive and agronomic interest [17].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Olive Germplasm Collection. Young leaves were harvested
from 489 olive trees growing in the germplasm collection
of CRA-OLI, located along the Ionian coasts near MirtoCrosia (Calabrian region, Southern Italy). The analyzed
olive plants are all autochthonous and representative of the
seventeen regions of Italy: Abruzzo (23 varieties), Basilicata
(29), Calabria (36), Campania (43), Emilia-Romagna (12),
Friuli-Venezia-Giulia (3), Lazio (25), Liguria (16), Lombardy
(2), Marche (19), Molise (24), Apulia (41), Sardinia (20),
Sicily (70), Tuscan (101), Umbria (22), and Veneto (3)
(see Table S1 in Supplementary Material available online at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/296590).
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2.2. DNA Extraction and Microsatellites Analysis. Total
genomic DNA was isolated from 100 mg fresh leaves, previously ground in liquid nitrogen, using the PureLink Genomic
Plant DNA Purification Kit (Invitrogen, California, USA).
DNA quality was checked on 0.9% agarose gel and the
DNA concentration was estimated using NanoDrop ND2000
spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Massachusetts, USA).
The olive trees were genotyped at 11 nuclear SSRs, selected
among those available in literature, and proven to be suitable
for the characterization and identification of olive varieties in
previous papers [10, 14, 18]: four SSRs (GAPU59, GAPU71A,
GAPU71B, and GAPU103A) by Carriero et al. [19], five
(UDO01, UDO03 UDO12, UDO28, and UDO39) by Cipriani
et al. [20], and two (DCA9 and DCA18) by Sefc et al. [21].
The PCR was conducted in a final volume of 25 𝜇L
containing 25 ng of DNA, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1.5 mM
MgCl2 , 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.25 𝜇M forward and reverse
primers, and 0.05 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen,
California, USA) as reported in Muzzalupo et al. [22]. SSR
amplification was carried out as described by Muzzalupo
et al. [14]. The amplification products were analyzed by means
of a 2100 Bio-Analyzer instrument (Agilent Technologies,
Waldbronn, Germany) with the 2100 BioSizing software
(version A.02.12) using DNA 500 LabChip kit. To assign
the correct size to alleles, most alleles of the selected loci
were sequenced. The allele sequencing was carried out as
described by Baldoni et al. [18].
3
of the Italian olive germplasm, a model-based analysis
was performed using BAPS 5.3 [27]. This program uses
both a nonspatial and spatial Bayesian clustering algorithm
assignment to determine the number of genetically distinct
populations present in a sample based on allele frequencies.
We conducted admixture and mixture analysis on olive
varieties distributed at the regional level and using the
nonspatial model. BAPS was run setting 1000 as the number
of interactions used to estimate the admixture coefficients for
the genotypes, 200 as the number of reference individuals
from each genotype, and 10 as the number of interactions
used to estimate the admixture coefficients for the reference
individuals, reanalyzing and comparing our data set also
using smaller (5) and higher (20) values.
In addition, an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA)
[28, 29] was performed to estimate levels of genetic differentiation by computing ΦPT , 𝐹ST , and 𝑅ST estimators among
BAPS groups identified in this study. Statistical significance of
all the ΦPT , 𝐹ST , and 𝑅ST estimators were tested using 10,000
permutations.
Finally, we used the GraphViz 2.28 package installed in
BAPS 5.3, to estimate and draw the gene flows among the
clusters identified. In the graph, gene flows were shown by
weighted arrows, so that the weights relating to the amounts
of ancestry in the source cluster were assigned to the target
cluster. This step was performed using the result file from the
dataset admixture analysis and by setting the threshold for the
significance of 𝑃 values of the admixture estimates to 0.05.
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Genetic Diversity and Multivariate Analysis. Number of
alleles (𝑁𝑎), effective number of alleles (𝑁𝑒), observed (𝐻𝑜)
and expected (𝐻𝑒) heterozygosity, and fixation index (𝐹) were
computed with GenALEx version 6.5 software [23].
The alleles detected for each microsatellite were recorded
into a data matrix of presence (1) and absence (0) of bands
(each allele representing a band). Genetical distance based on
the Nei coefficient and genetic similarity based on the Simple
Matching (SM) coefficient among 489 olive varieties were
estimated using the NTSYSpc program version 2.02 [24].
Finally, a tree was inferred using the unweighted pair group
method using an Arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering
algorithm to highlight the presence or absence of synonymies
in the olive varieties data set analyzed in this study. In
addition, the dendrogram was tested by bootstrapping to
determine the confidence limits and using WinBoot program
[25].
The frequency of null alleles was estimated per locus and
per region, using the software FreeNA [26].
Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), also available in
version 6.5 of the GenALEx program, was conducted using
Nei’s unbiased genetic distance pairwise population matrix
to determine whether observed patterns in molecular data
support the partitioning of the olive tree samples into specific
groupings.
2.3.2. Bayesian Model-Based Clustering Analysis, Molecular
Variance, and Gene Flows. To study the genetic structure
2.3.3. Core Collection Sampling. The Maximisation strategy
[30–32] implemented in the COREFINDER software [33]
was used to generate core olive collection that maximised
the number of observed alleles in our nuclear dataset. The
M-strategy consists in detecting the best sample size that
captures 100% of the genetic diversity present within the
entire germplasm collection. The algorithm is based on the
Set-Covering (NP-complete) problem. The procedure is a
Las Vegas style randomized algorithm: an iteration number
is provided by the user, and the algorithm, starting from a
random initial set, uses a greedy strategy to search for an
accession “A” providing a better overall genetic diversity than
some accession “B” belonging to the current core collection.
In such a hypothesis, “A” is included and “B” is excluded from
the collection. The greedy step is performed exhaustively
and each iteration starts with a different initial random
set, thereby reducing the probability of ending in a local
maximum. In our COREFINDER analysis, the algorithm
parameters were set on 100 and 1.000.000 for interations and
random seed, respectively.
3. Results
3.1. Genetic Diversity. Eleven published primer pairs flanking
nuclear microsatellites were employed to investigate the level
of genetic variation among the 489 Italian olive varieties
analyzed in this study and present in the olive germplasm
collection of the CRA-OLI. A total of 84 alleles over 11 loci
were detected, ranging from 3 at UDO01 locus to 12 alleles at
4
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Table 1: Genetic diversity parameters estimated for the SSR loci in the 489 olive varieties. For each locus, the number of alleles detected (𝑁𝑎),
the effective number of alleles (𝑁𝑒), the observed (𝐻𝑜) and expected (𝐻𝑒) heterozygosity, the fixation index (𝐹), and the frequency of null
allele (𝑁𝑢) are reported.
Locus
GAPU59
GAPU71A
GAPU71B
GAPU103A
UDO01
UDO03
UDO12
UDO28
UDO39
DCA09
DCA18
Mean
SE
𝑁𝑎
5
9
5
8
3
6
6
9
12
12
9
7.6
—
𝑁𝑒
4.0
3.1
3.6
5.7
2.3
3.2
3.9
5.6
5.3
6.7
4.0
4.3
0.090
𝐻𝑜
0.632
0.578
0.885
0.786
0.074
0.083
0.828
0.793
0.330
0.903
0.760
0.605
0.024
𝐻𝑒
0.637
0.602
0.684
0.755
0.504
0.543
0.671
0.735
0.704
0.785
0.686
0.664
0.010
𝐹
0.013
0.018
−0.300
−0.068
0.860
0.857
−0.260
−0.106
0.544
−0.153
−0.116
0.114
0.035
𝑁𝑢
0.042
0.051
0.002
0.034
0.297
0.295
0.001
0.036
0.214
0.002
0.008
—
—
The presence of null alleles are indicated in bold.
both UDO39 and DCA9 loci. The shortest allele among the
11 polymorphic loci was allele 108 base pairs (bp) at UDO39,
whereas the longest was 259 bp at GAPU71A (Table S2). The
most common size variant, namely, the allele 214 bp at locus
GAPU71A, was found with a frequency of 0.485 and showed
the highest value in the varieties within Molise region (0.813).
Three out of 84 alleles were considered private alleles, since
they were present only in “Cellina di Nard`o” (allele 228 bp at
locus GAPU71A), in “Arancino,” “Ciliegino,” “Emilia,” “Grappolo,” “Gremignolo,” “Gremignolo di Bolgheri,” “Lastrino,”
“Lazzera reale,” “Salicino,” “Santa Caterina,” “Borgiona,” and
“Corniolo” (allele 156 bp at locus UDO12), and in “Filare”
(allele 184 bp at locus DCA9) with a frequency <1%.
The effective number of alleles (𝑁𝑒) ranged from 2.3 to
6.7 with a mean of 4.3 (Table 1).
In all the studied varieties, the observed heterozygosity
(mean 𝐻𝑜 = 0.605) was lower than expected (mean 𝐻𝑒 =
0.664). The difference determines a significant positive value
for the mean fixation index (𝐹 = 0.114) that could be
attributed to the presence of null alleles (Table 1).
Therefore, FreeNA software [26] was used to estimate the
null allele frequencies. Values >0.20 of null allele frequency
have been considered as a threshold over which a significant
underestimation of 𝐻𝑒 due to null alleles can be found.
Frequencies lower than 0.20 were obtained for all loci for each
of the sampled varieties, except for UDO01 (0.297), UDO03
(0.295), and UDO39 (0.214) loci, where null allele frequencies
higher than 0.20 were found (Table 1). For this reason, these
loci were eliminated from further analysis.
3.2. Characterisation of Olive Accessions. The dendrogram
(Figure S1) obtained utilizing the UPGMA method that
elaborates a matrix of similarity obtained using NTSYSpc
program version 2.02 [24] was tested using WinBoot program
[25] and highlights the presence or absence of mislabeling, redundancies, homonymy, and synonymy in olive tree
datasets analyzed in this study. 439 different unique genotype
profiles were obtained with this combination of 11 loci,
being able to identify about 89.8% of the varieties analyzed
showing unique profiles. The remaining 10.2% is comprised of
different variety pairs in which both accessions are genetically
indistinguishable one from another, which has the potential
to represent cases of synonymy (Table 2). Synonyms included
cultivars with the same profile for all SSR examined and
cultivar pairs differing from each other for one or two alleles
[14, 34, 35]. Ten different olive cultivar pairs or groups are
genetically indistinguishable from one another (Table 2).
Many of these possible cases of synonymy are in agreement
with previous studies based on morphological descriptors
and molecular marker systems [10, 14, 15, 22, 36]; others were
encountered for the first time.
Parent-offspring relations were found for “Giarraffa” and
“Pizzo di Corvo,” “Nera di Oliena” and “Paschixedda,” “Cazzarella” and “Sperone di Gallo,” “Grossa di Venafro” and
“Paesana Nera,” “Paesana Bianca” and “Rosciola di Rotello,”
“Racemo 1” and “Coratina,” “Rossina” and “Selvatico,” and
“Toccolana” and “Olivetta nera,” and these eight cultivar pairs
differ by only one allele (Table 2). Parent-offspring relations
were found for “Ascolana dura” and “Ascolana semitenera,”
“Dolce di Andria” and “Termite di Bitetto,” “Paschixedda” and
“Terza Piccola,” “Gentile nera di Colletorto” and “Noccioluta,”
“Ginestrino” and “Maurino 2,” “Ginestrino” and “Maurino
4,” “Maurino 2” and “Maurino 4,” “Leccio del Corno 2”
and “Piangente 3,” “Nerba” and “Olivo di Castiglione,” and
“Nostrale di Fiano Romano” and “Raza.” These ten cultivar
pairs differ by two alleles.
Furthermore, 22 cases of homonymy were identified.
These 22 cases of homonymy can be divided into two groups
according to the number of different alleles. The first group
is represented by plants that have a number of different
alleles less than ten. The list of homologies is shown in
Table 2. A special case is that presented in the group of
“Leccino,” “Moraiolo,” “Pendolino,” “Maurino,” “Nostrana di
Brisighella,” and “San Felice Acquasparta” which, in previous
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Table 2: Potential cases of mislabelling, redundancies, homonymy, and synonymy identified by microsatellite fingerprinting on 489 Italian
olive varieties.
Possible cases of synonyms
“Carolea Cefaly”—“Carolea Mirto”
“Carolea Cetraro”—“Carolea Rossi”
“Cima di Mola”—“Ogliarola salentina”
“Leccino Dwarf ”—“Leccino Minerva” (plant 1)—“Leccino Pisa” (plants 4 and 9)
“Majorca”—“Manna”
“Mele”—“Nolca”
“Nera di Gonnos”—“Tonda di Cagliari”
“Nera di Oliena”—“Terza piccola”
“Nera di Villacidro”—“Terza grande”
“Ogliarola del Bradano” (plant 1)—“Taggiasca”—“Casaliva”—“Ogliarola barese”—“Ogliarola
garganica”—“Correggiolo”—“Correggiolo Montegridolfo”—“Correggiolo Pallese”—“Frantoio” (plants 1/7 −
10)—“Frantoio FC”—“Frantoio Villa Verrucchio”—“Frantoio Montegridolfo”
Genotype
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Plants with the same genotypes (G)
“Arnasca” (plants 1, 2, 3, and 4)
“Buscionetto” (plants 2 and 3)
“Canino” (plants 1 and 2)
“Coratina” (plants 1, 2 and 3)
“Frantoio” (plants 8 and 9)
“Gentile di Larino” (plants 1 and 5)
“Iacona” (plants 1 and 2)
“Leccino” (plants 3 and 4)
“Leccino” (plants 6, 7, 8, and 9)
“Maiatica di Ferrantina” (plants 1 and 2)
“Moresca” (plants 1 and 2)
“Nocellara del Belice” (plants 1 and 2)
“Nocellara Nissena” (plants 1 and 2)
“Pirunara” (plants 1 and 2)
“Rotondella di sanza” (plants 1 and 2)
“San Felice Acquasparta” (plants 4 and 5)
Possible cases of synonyms: plants with different genotypes (one allele)
“Cazzarella” and “Sperone di gallo”
“Giarraffa” and “Pizzo di corvo”
“Grossa di Venafro” and “Paesana nera”
“Leccino 1” and “Leccino 10”
“Maurino” (plants 1 and 3)
“Moraiolo” (plants 1 and 3)
“Moraiolo” (plants 2 and 4)
“Nera di Oliena” and “Paschixedda”
“Nostrana di Brisighella” (plants 2 and 4)
“Paesana bianca” and “Rosciola di Rotello”
“Pendolino” (plants 2 and 5)
“Racemo 1” and “Coratina” (plants 1, 2, and 3)
“Rossina” and “Selvatico”
“Toccolana” and “Olivetta nera”
“Arnasca G”
“Buscionetto G”
“Canino G”
“Coratina G”
“Frantoio G”
“Gentile di Larino G”
“Iacona G”
“Leccino G1”
“Leccino G2”
“Maiatica Ferrantina
G”
“Moresca G”
“Nocellara del Belice
G”
“Nocellara Nissena G”
“Pirunara G”
“Rotondella di sanza
G”
“San Felice
Acquasparta G”
6
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Table 2: Continued.
Possible cases of synonyms: plants with different genotypes (two alleles)
“Ascolana dura” and “Ascolana semitenera”
“Dolce di Andria” and “Termite di Bitetto”
“Gentile nera di Colletorto” and “Noccioluta”
“Ginestrino” and “Maurino” (plants 2 or 4)
“Leccio del Corno 2” and “Piangente 3”
“Maurino” (plants 2 and 4)
“Moraiolo” (plants 4 and 5)
“Nerba” and “Olivo di Castiglione”
“Nostrale di Fiano Romano” and “Raza”
“Paschixedda” and “Terza piccola”
“Pendolino” (plants 1 and 5)
“Pendolino” (plants 3 and 4)
Homonyms: plants with different genotypes (from three to nine alleles)
“Buscionetto 1” and “Buscionetto G”
“Cucca” (plants 1 and 2)
“Erbano” (plants 1 and 2)
“Faresana” (plants 1 and 2)
“Leccino G1” and “Leccino G2”
“Leccino 2” and “Leccino G1”
“Leccino” (plants 2 and 10)
“Leccino Minerva” (plants 1 and 2)
“Moraiolo” (plants 1 and 5)
“Nostrana di Brisighella” (plants 1 and 3)
“Ogliarola messinese” (plants 1 and 2)
“Pendolino” (plants 1 and 3)
“Piangente” (plants 1 and 3)
“Pizzo di corvo” (plants 1 and 2)
“Razzo” (plants 1 and 2)
“Turdunazza antimosca” (plants 1 and 2)
“Vallanella” (plants 1 and 2)
Homonyms: plants with different genotypes (ten or more alleles)
“Arnasca 4” and “Arnasca G”
“Giarraffa” (plants 1 and 2)
“Leccio del Corno” (plants 1 and 2)
“Minuta” (plants 1 and 2)
“Minuta” (plants1 and 3)
“Minuta” (plants 2 and 3)
“Ogliarola del Bradano” (plants 1 and 2)
“Piangente” (plants 1 and 2)
“Racioppa” (plants 1 and 2)
“Romanella” (plants 1 and 2)
“San Felice Acquasparta” (plants 1 and 2)
“San Felice Acquasparta” (plants 2 and 3)
“San Felice Acquasparta 3” and “San Felice Acquasparta G”
“Sargano” (plants 1 and 2)
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3.3. Genetic Structure of Italian Olive Genotypes. Genetic
structure was tested using two different approaches. First,
the PCoA, performed on Nei’s unbiased genetic distance
matrix and, based on 62 different size variants, showed that
the 439 olive varieties were separated into five main groups
(Figure 1).
Group I contains olive varieties of Molise (23), Tuscany
(79), Abruzzo (23), Basilicata (28), Apulia (35), and Sicily
(64). Group II comprises Calabria (34) and Veneto (3)
varieties. Group III include the olive varieties present in the
regions of Lombardy (1), Lazio (24), Liguria (12), Marche
(19), Umbria (21), and Emilia-Romagna (12), while Group
IV contains varieties of Campania (42) and Sardinia (16).
Group V only contains varieties from Friuli-Venezia-Giulia
(3) region and is slightly more distant from genetic groups
previously described. In the PCoA analysis, the first two
principal axes explain a total of 68.9% of unbiased genetic
distance, with 54.4% and 14.5% for coordinates 1 and 2,
respectively (Figure 1).
Bayesian clustering algorithms, such as those implemented in BAPS 5.3 program, were used for inferring olive
Italian germplasm structure [27]. Seven genetic clusters were
identified with a more specific distribution of genotypes than
PCoA analysis. The identified clusters are represented in
Figure 2.
Our analysis showed that all the olive varieties present in
Northern and Central Italy were grouped in a single genetic
cluster, with the exception of the varieties present in the
regions of Tuscany, Abruzzo, and Molise that were grouped
into two separate clusters (Figure 2). The BAPS analysis
also revealed how the varieties distributed in the remaining
regions of Southern Italy (Campania, Apulia, Calabria, and
Basilicata), as well as those present in the two major islands
of Sicily and Sardinia, are grouped into four distinct genetic
clusters (Figure 2).
Furthermore, BAPS analysis showed high levels of 𝐻𝑜 in
each genetic cluster identified and ranged from 0.680 to 0.852
SAR
CAM
Coordinate 2
work, had been regarded as polyclonal varieties [22, 37]. In
fact, the “Leccino” group is represented by 10 plants that
clustered forming subgroups with microsatellite profiles that
differ by a minimum of one allele to a maximum of eight
alleles. A similar pattern was observed in the case of the group
of “Moraiolo” (4 plants), of “Maurino” (4), of “Pendolino” (5),
and “Nostrale di Brisighella” (4) that show differences in the
profile microsatellite, from 1 to 3 alleles, from 1 to 2 alleles,
and from 3 to 9 alleles, respectively. Finally, the “San Felice
Acquasparta” denomination is represented by five plants that
do not cluster. Only plants 4 and 5 formed subgroups with
the same SSR profiles; however, they were differentiated from
plants 1, 2, and 3 by a minimum of nine to a maximum of ten
alleles.
Finally, SSR analysis allowed the classification of the
CRA-OLI olive germplasm into 439 unique molecular profiles corresponding to well-defined genotypes, whereas, for
the remaining molecular profiles, they reveal the presence of
accessions considered as clones or possible synonyms of the
same genotype.
7
TUS
MOL
ABR
LOM
BAS
APL
SIC
CAL
LIG
LAZ
MAR
UMB EMR
VEN
FVG
Coordinate 1
Figure 1: Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) plot of the olive
varieties based on the first two principal coordinates (coord. 1 =
54.43% and coord. 2 = 14.52%). Legend: ABR: Abruzzo, APL: Apulia, BAS: Basilicata, CAL: Calabria, CAM: Campania, EMR: EmiliaRomagna, FVG: Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, LAZ: Lazio, LIG: Liguria,
LOM: Lombardy, MAR: Marche, MOL: Molise, SAR: Sardinia, SIC:
Sicily, TUS: Tuscany, UMB: Umbria, and VEN: Veneto.
with a mean of 0.755, than 𝐻𝑒 levels (mean 0.724) producing
a negative value of 𝐹 (mean −0.045) (Table 3).
In addition, the AMOVA analysis revealed comparable
values of 𝐹ST and 𝑅ST estimators among BAPS groups (𝐹ST =
5.7 and 𝑅ST = 5.2), with a higher ΦPT estimator value (ΦPT =
10.9) than those reported in literature for Olea [37]. All of the
AMOVA analysis conducted as part of this study showed that
most of the diversity being expressed within BAPS groups
identified for all the estimators is considered (Table 4).
3.4. Gene Flows. The analysis of the CRA-OLI Italian olive
germplasm collection performed with a Bayesian clustering software, demonstrated a good network of gene flows
between the clusters identified in this study. This analysis
also revealed how only the clusters that grouped the olive
varieties present in Sicily (64), Tuscany (79), Sardinia (16),
Apulia (35), Basilicata (28), and Calabria (34) and those
included in Northern and Central Italy were more susceptible
to the identified gene flows, with a consequent transfer
of genetic material (Figure 3). The analysis of gene flows
showed that clusters 3 (Sardinia), 6 (Emilia-Romagna, FriuliVenezia-Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Umbria,
and Veneto), and 7 (Basilicata, Calabria, and Apulia) were
characterized by a higher level of output gene flow, while only
clusters 6 and 7 had a very high level of input genetic material
transfer. On the other hand, this analysis showed that, only in
cluster 1 (Abruzzo and Molise), no input gene flows with other
clusters seemed to occur.
3.5. Core Collection. A core collection was herein assembled
for Italian olive germplasm, aiming to represent the entire
genetic diversity identified in this study. The COREFINDER
analysis based on M-strategy showed that, for Italian olive
germplasm, 100% of the SSR alleles found in this study
could be represented by a core collection of 23 accessions
(Figure 4 and Table S3). In addition, our COREFINDER
analysis highlighted that 39% of the entire core collection
8
The Scientific World Journal
1
2
3
4
56 7 89 10 11
12
13
14
15
16 17
1 (Abruzzo), 11 (Molise)
2 (Basilicata), 3 (Calabria), 12 (Apulia)
4 (Campania)
5 (Emilia-Romagna), 6 (Friuli Venezia Giulia), 7 (Lazio), 8 (Liguria),
9 (Lombardy), 10 (Marche); 16 (Umbria), 17 (Veneto)
13 (Sardinia)
14 (Sicily)
15 (Tuscan)
Figure 2: BAPS analysis on the 439 Italian olive varieties. In the graph, each colour represents a population group based on allele frequency.
Vertical bars represent each olive variety analyzed in this study and bars are divided into several colours when there is evidence of admixture.
Table 3: Genetic diversity parameters at SSR loci estimated in BAPS groups identified in this study. For each cluster, the observed
heterozygosity (𝐻𝑜), the expected heterozygosity (𝐻𝑒), and the fixation index (𝐹) are reported.
BAPS clusters
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 4
Cluster 5
Cluster 6
Cluster 7
Mean
SE
𝐻𝑜
0.734
0.725
0.852
0.762
0.680
0.796
0.736
0.755
0.020
was represented by the olive varieties grouped in cluster 1
(Abruzzo and Molise) identified by BAPS analysis. Other
BAPS clusters contribute to the core collection at smaller
percentages: cluster 6 (26%), cluster 2 (13%), clusters 4 and
7 (9%), and cluster 3 (3%). Overall, the core collection
identified in this study represents 5.2% of the CRA-OLI olive
germplasm collection.
4. Discussion
The results by SSR analysis of CRA-OLI Italian olive
germplasm collection show abundant allelic variation over 11
loci and high overall genetic diversity, confirming that SSR
markers can be effectively used to genotype a germplasm
collection. Four of these loci were included in the best
consensus set of SSR markers [18] that has already been used
for genetic structure studies [14].
It is currently well known how mating systems play a
key role in determining the structure of genetic diversity
in natural and domesticated genotypes. This is especially
true for olive trees that have been clonally propagated since
ancient times. This claim was also confirmed in our study
by clustering analysis, NTSYS, and PCoA, performed on our
𝐻𝑒
0.700
0.737
0.710
0.750
0.665
0.763
0.744
0.724
0.012
𝐹
−0.062
0.018
−0.208
−0.017
−0.017
−0.046
0.015
−0.045
0.069
dataset. For NTSYS analysis, the results demonstrated the
presence of synonyms and homonyms among the different
varieties in the Italian olive germplasm which are partially
comparable to those reported in literature. Homonymy and
synonymy characterization is essential in order to avoid
genotype redundancy and to maximize genetic diversity
in the Italian olive germplasm collection. Additionally, the
PCoA analysis showed a clear grouping of the olive Italian
varieties into five main clusters, broadly confirming previously reported results [12–14].
Bayesian analysis (BAPS) further provided support for
the existence of genetic structure in CRA-OLI germplasm
collection and separated the Italian olive varieties into seven
main clusters. The Bayesian model-based analysis highlights
the real structure and distribution of Italian olive germplasm
gene pools, separating the major genetic cluster 6 that
grouped olive varieties in Northern and Central Italy, from
the other six gene pools found. In addition, BAPS analysis
results show the genetic relationship, represented by gene
flows, among the seven clusters identified, confirming that
the current gene pools and distribution of Italian olive
germplasm are due to geographic and cultural aspects mainly
involving human activity in the past.
The Scientific World Journal
9
Table 4: AMOVA analysis for the partitioning of SSR variation of olive varieties among and within BAPS groups identified in this study.
Estimators
ΦPT ΦPT
𝐹ST
𝑅ST
Source of variation
Among groups
Within groups
Among groups
Within groups
Among groups
Within groups
df
6
432
6
871
6
871
Variance components
0.709
5.814
0.177
2.944
68.279
1234.244
𝑃 value
Percentage total variance
10.9
89.1
5.7
94.3
5.2
94.8
𝑃 < 0.001
𝑃 < 0.001
𝑃 < 0.001
1
Cluster 1
0.03
0.95
Cluster 5
0.0087
0.024
0.0017
0.00031
0.015
Cluster 2
0.013
0.013
0.00031
0.002
0.94
0.0037
0.031
0.00063
Cluster 3
0.021
0.94
0.0013
0.00031
0.028
0.0047
0.042 0.052
Cluster 7
0.016
0.0076
0.96
0.025
0.012
0.00018
Cluster 6
0.00072
0.84
0.015
0.011
0.0062
Cluster 4
0.98
Figure 3: Main gene flows between clusters identified in Italian olive germplasm collection of CRA-OLI. In the graph, gene flows were shown
by weighted arrows, so that the weights relative amounts of ancestry in the source cluster were assigned to the target cluster.
Moreover, the AMOVA results surprisingly revealed a
higher ΦPT estimator value (ΦPT = 10.9) than those reported
in literature for Olea europaea [37], showing a good level of
genetic differentiation distributed at a genetic cluster level
among Italian olive varieties in the CRA-OLI collection.
This result was confirmed by higher levels of 𝐻𝑜 and 𝐻𝑒
detected in BAPS clusters, with a mean negative value of 𝐹
that clearly highlights the good levels of genetic diversity,
maintained costant in each BAPS group identified in this
study.
The final aim of the study was to construct a valid core
collection for cultivated olives in the CRA-OLI germplasm
collection, sampling the minimum number of entries that
maximize the representativeness of allelic diversity. The core
collection that we proposed in this study consists of 23
varieties that capture 100% of the base collection. It was found
The Scientific World Journal
Captured allelic diversity (%)
10
100
80
60
40
20
0
𝐹-statistics
Genetic Analysis in Excel
Expected heterozygosity
Observed heterozygosity
Observed number of alleles
Effective number of alleles
Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate
Analysis System
𝑁𝑢:
Null allele
nSSR:
Nuclear Simple Sequence Repeat
PCoA:
Principal Coordinates Analysis
𝑅-statistics
𝑅ST :
SM:
Simple matching
SSRs:
Simple sequence repeats
UPGMA: Unweighted pair group method using
an Arithmetic average
PhiPT.
ΦPT :
𝐹ST :
GenAlEx:
𝐻𝑒:
𝐻𝑜:
𝑁𝑎:
𝑁𝑒:
NTSYSpc:
120
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23 25
Number of accessions of the core
Figure 4: Genetic diversity as a function of the number of accessions
included in the Italian olive germplasm core collection.
that only a small number of olive varieties, compared with
other values reported in literature for Olea [3], are necessary
to represent the molecular diversity revealed in this study.
These results are probably due to the percentage of cluster 1
representativeness (39%) within the core collection, further
confirming the genetic peculiarity of this cluster, already
highlighted by gene flow analysis. Nevertheless, high levels
of heterozygosity observed in Italian olive germplasm may
contribute to reducing the size of the core collection [33]. Van
Hintum [38] suggested that the sampling proportion should
vary between 5 and 20% of the base collection, representing
at least 70% of overall genetic diversity. The core collections
for Italian olive germplasm proposed here represent 100% of
the molecular diversity found in this study, with the number
of varieties accounting for 5.2% of the CRA-OLI germplasm
collection.
Finally, the result of our BAPS analysis supports both
NTSYS and PCoA results, demonstrating how all olive
accessions analyzed in this study and maintained in CRAOLI ex situ collection could be considered representative of
Italian olive germplasm because each genetic group defined
in BAPS reflects geographic distribution and confirms that
the Italian olive germplasm is a peculiar gene pool present in
the Mediterranean basin.
Concluding, the use of molecular markers, like microsatellite, is imperative to build a database for cultivar analysis,
for the traceability of processed food, and for the appropriate
management of olive germplasm collections. Moreover, the
results presented here regarding clustering and core collection are extremely useful for the selections of parents to
be used for breeding programs and thus ensuring an optimal management of the CRA-OLI Italian olive germplasm
collection. This work is the first study with such a large
number of Italian olive varieties analyzed using the same set
of molecular markers which allowed characterisation of the
genetic structure and identification of a core collection in the
largest Italian ex situ germplasm collection.
Abbreviations
AMOVA: Analysis of Molecular Variance
BAPS:
Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure
𝐹:
Fixation index
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to S. Bonavita for his help with the
statistical analysis. This work was supported by the Ministry
of Economic Development, (Certificazione della composizione
varietale, dell’origine geografica e dell’assenza di prodotti di
sintesi negli oli extravergini di oliva - CERTOLIO project)
and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry
(Trattato internazionale FAO sulle risorse genetiche vegetali,
III triennalit`a 2010–2013, RGV-FAO project).
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Table S1 List of the Olea europaea L.varieties present in the CRA-OLI germplasm collection and
analyzed by microsatellite markers. The Italian olive varieties included in the core collection are
indicated in bold.
N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Varieties
Abunara
Agristigna
Aitana
Albatro
Allora
Amati
Americano
Annarea
Arancino
Arnasca 1
Arnasca 2
Arnasca 3
Arnasca 4
Arnasca 5
Arnasca 6
Ascolana dura
Ascolana semitenera
Ascolana tenera
Augellina
Aurina
Barilari
Bianchella
Bianchera
Biancolella
Biancolilla
Borgese
Borgiona
Bosana
Bottone di Gallo 1
Bottone di Gallo 2
Bottoni di Gallo
Brandofino
Buga
Buscionetto 1
Buscionetto 2
Buscionetto 3
Cacaredda
Cacaridduni
Cacazzara
Caiazzana
Calatina
Cammarotana
Canino 1
Canino 2
Capolga
Caprina di Casalanguida
Regions
Sicily
Calabria
Sicily
Toscany
Toscany
Lazio
Toscany
Basilicata
Toscany
Liguria
Liguria
Liguria
Liguria
Liguria
Liguria
Marche
Marche
Marche
Basilicata
Molise
Sicily
Umbria
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Campania
Sicily
Calabria
Umbria
Sardinia
Sicily
Sicily
Molise
Sicily
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Campania
Sicily
Campania
Lazio
Lazio
Marche
Abruzzo
Code
B # 205
C1 # 319
B # 206
C1 # 270
C1 # 271
C1 # 338
A # 139
B # 262
C1 # 272
A # 46A
A # 46B
A # 46C
A # 46D
A # 46E
A # 46
B # 229
B # 230
A # 53
A # 10
B # 184
C1 # 346
A # 128
A # 159
C2 # 358
C1 # 347
A # 18
B # 180
A # 71
C1 # 308A
C1 # 308B
A # 174
A # 78
C1 # 337
A # 79A
A # 79B
A # A32
B # 207
B # 208
C2 # 383
B # 240
A # 124
C1 # 324
A # 32A
A # 32B
B # 231
B # 260
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Caprina Vastese
Carbona
Carboncella
Carboncella Campana
Carboncella Pianacce A
Carboncella Pianacce B
Carbonchio
Carbuncion
Carbuncion di Carpinenga
Cariasina
Cariola
Carmelitana
Carolea Cefaly
Carolea Cetraro
Carolea Mirto
Carolea Rende
Carolea Rossi
Carpellese
Carpinella
Carpinetana
Casaliva
Castiglionese
Castricianella Rapparina
Cavalieri
Cazzarella
Cazzinicchio
Cellacchia
Cellina di Nardo'
Cellina di Rotello
Cerasa di Montenero
Cerasuola
Ciciarello
Cicinella
Ciliegino
Cima di Melfi
Cima di Mola
Colombina
Coratina 1
Coratina 2
Coratina 3
Cornacciola
Corneglia
Cornia
Corniola
Corniolo
Cornula
Coroncina
Correggiolo
Correggiolo di Montegridolfo
Correggiolo di Pallese
Corsicana da mensa
Abruzzo
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Lazio
Campania
Lazio
Lazio
Abruzzo
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Sardinia
Calabria
Apulia
Calabria
Calabria
Calabria
Calabria
Calabria
Campania
Basilicata
Abruzzo
Lombardy
Abruzzo
Sicily
Sicily
Molise
Apulia
Lazio
Apulia
Molise
Molise
Sicily
Calabria
Campania
Toscany
Basilicata
Apulia
Emilia Romagna
Apulia
Apulia
Apulia
Basilicata
Campania
Campania
Calabria
Umbria
Apulia
Marche
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Sardinia
B # 261
C2 # 367
A # 33
C2 # 359
B # A5
B # A6
B # 216
C1 # 334
C2 # 397
A # 72
C2 # 400
A # 120
B # A7
B # A38
A # 19
R P1F14
B # A8
C1 # 325
C2 # 390
B # 204
A # 51
A#1
B # 209
B # 182
C2 # 369
A # 121
C1 # 339
A # 55
B # 185
C2 # 370
A # 80
A # 115
C1 # 326
C1 # 273
A # 11
A # 56
B # 198
C2 # A2-057
A # A24
A # 57
C2 # 391
B # 241
B # 242
B # 192
A # 170
R P1F08
A # 103
A # 126
A # A30
C1 # 274
C1 # 311
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Corsicana da olio
Craputea
Crastu
Crognolo
CSM
CSS-02-Minerva
Cucca 1
Cucca 2
Curatora
Demoniata
Dolce Agogia
Dolce di Andria
Dolce di Cassano
Dolce di Cerchiara
Dolce di Rossano
Don Carlo
Donna Francesca
Dritta
Dritta Loreto
Emilia
Erbano 1
Erbano 2
Faresana
Faresana
Fasolina
Fasolona
Favarol
Fecciaro
Feglina
Femminella di Torraca
Filare
Fosco
Frangivento
Frantoio 1
Frantoio 10
Frantoio 2
Frantoio 3
Frantoio 4
Frantoio 5
Frantoio 6
Frantoio 7
Frantoio 8
Frantoio 9
Frantoio di Montegridolfo
Frantoio di Villa Verrucchio
Frantoio FC
Fs17
Gaggiolo
Gentile dell'Aquila
Gentile di Chieti
Gentile di Larino 1
Sardinia
Emilia Romagna
Sicily
Lazio
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Campania
Sicily
Umbria
Apulia
Apulia
Calabria
Calabria
Umbria
Apulia
Abruzzo
Marche
Toscany
Sicily
Sicily
Basilicata
Basilicata
Basilicata
Basilicata
Veneto
Umbria
Liguria
Campania
Toscany
Lazio
Apulia
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Umbria
Lombardy
Abruzzo
Abruzzo
Molise
A # 73
C1 # 264
C1 # 348
C1 # 340
B # A3
C1 # A355
A # 127
C1 # A1-127
C2 # 366
C2 # 384
A # 97
B # 196
A # 122
C1 # 320
A # 26
C2 # 389
C2 # 403
A#4
B # 232
C1 # 276
C1 # 349A
C1 # 349B
B # 202
C1 # A1-202
C1 # 265
C1 # 266
A # 119
A # 171
A # 47
B # 243
C1 # 277
B # 227
A # 58
C2 # A8-092
B # A11
A # 92
C2 # A3-092
C2 # A1-092
A # A6-092
B # A9
B # A10A-092
B # A10B-092
C2 # A7-092
A # A28
A # A29
B # A12
A # 154
A # 52
B # 217
A#5
A # 166A
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
Gentile di Larino 5
Gentile nera di Colletorto
Ghiacciolo
Ghiacciora
Ghiandaro
Ghiannara
Giardino
Giarfara
Giarraffa 1
Giarraffa 2
Ginestrino
Giusta
Gnagnaro
Grappolo
Grappuda
Gremignolo
Gremignolo di Bolgheri
Grignan
Grossa di Cassano
Grossa di Gerace
Grossa di Spagna
Grossa di Venafro
Grossale
I 77
Iacona 1
Iacona 2
Imperiale
Intosso
Itrana
Larcianese
Lastrino
Laurina
Lavagnina
Lazzera Reale
Lea
Leccino 1
Leccino 10
Leccino 2
Leccino 3
Leccino 4
Leccino 5
Leccino 6
Leccino 7
Leccino 8
Leccino 9
Leccino Compatto
Leccino Dwarf
Leccino Minerva 1
Leccino Minerva 2
Leccino Pisa 4
Leccino Pisa 9
Molise
Molise
Calabria
Calabria
Abruzzo
Basilicata
Liguria
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Toscany
Basilicata
Molise
Toscany
Emilia Romagna
Toscany
Toscany
Veneto
Calabria
Calabria
Apulia
Molise
Campania
Umbria
Sicily
Sicily
Calabria
Abruzzo
Lazio
Toscany
Toscany
Marche
Liguria
Toscany
Marche
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
A # 166B
B # 190
C2 # 398
R P1F10
A#2
B # 263
A # 121
B # 210
A # 81A
A # 81B
C1 # 279
B # 223
B # 187
C1 # 238
C2 # 388
C1 # 281
C1 # 282
A # 157
A # 20
A # 21
A # 59
B # 188
B # 244
B # 179
C1 # 350A
C1 # 350B
A # 158
A#6
A # 34
C1 # 284
C1 # 285
A # 151
A # 164
C1 # 286
A # 104
C2 #A9-093
B # A20-093
C1 # A8-093
C1 # A7-093
A # 93
A # A27
A # A6-093
A # A5-093
A # A4-093
A # A3-093
B # A17
B # A18
A # A26A
A # A26A
C2 # 093A
C2 # 093B
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
Leccio del Corno 1
Leccio del Corno 2
Leccio Marammano 1
Leccio Maremmano 2
Leccione
Lezze
Lumiaru
Mafra
Mafra di Cerchiara
Maglianese
Maiatica di Ferrantina 1
Maiatica di Ferrantina 2
Majorca
Mandanici
Manna
Mantonica
Marchiaio
Marina
Marinese
Marzio
Maurino 1
Maurino 2
Maurino 3
Maurino 4
Mele
Mignola
Mignolo
Mignolo Cerretano
Minna di Vacca
Minuta 1
Minuta 2
Minuta3
Minutella
Monaca
Mora
Moraiolo 1
Moraiolo 2
Moraiolo 3
Moraiolo 4
Moraiolo 5
Moraiolo T. Corsini
Morcaio
Morchiaio
Morcone
Morellona di Grecia
Moresca 1
Moresca 2
Morinello
Murtiddara
Nasitana frutto grosso
Nebba
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Apulia
Sicily
Calabria
Calabria
Marche
Basilicata
Basilicata
Sardinia
Sicily
Sardinia
Sicily
Toscany
Lazio
Campania
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Apulia
Marche
Toscany
Toscany
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Lazio
Sicily
Apulia
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Apulia
Sicily
Sicily
Toscany
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
C1 # A1-134
A # 134
C1 # 287
C1 # 287
C1 # 288
A # 145
B # 194
A # 22
C1 # 321
C2 # 368
A # 12A
A # 12B
C2 # 378
A # 125
C2 # 379
B # 236
B # 203
A # 35
C2 # 360
A # 142
C2 #A4-135
C1 # A2-135
C1 # A3-135
A # 135
A # 60
A # 54
A # 136
C1 # 290
B # 211
A # 83A
A # 83B
A # 83c
A # 36
B # 212
A # 131
C2 #A5-094
C1 # A3-094
C1 # A4-094
A # 94
B # A21
A # 137
C1 # 291
B # 203
C1 # 293
B # 178
A # 84A
A # 84B
B # 239
C2 # 385
B # 195
B # 259
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
Nebbia
Nebbio di Chieti
Nebbio di Pescara
Negrera
Nera di Cantinelle
Nera di Gonnos
Nera di Oliena
Nera di Villacidro
Nerba
Nerba Catanese
Noccioluta
Nocellara del Belice 1
Nocellara del Belice 2
Nocellara etnea
Nocellara etnea ovale
Nocellara messinese
Nocellara Nissena 1
Nocellara Nissena 2
Nociara
Nolca
Nostrale di Fiano
Nostrale di Rigali
Nostrana
Nostrana Campana
Nostrana di Brisighella 1
Nostrana di Brisighella 2
Nostrana di Brisighella 3
Nostrana di Brisighella 4
Ogliara
Ogliarola Barese
Ogliarola del Bradano 1
Ogliarola del Bradano 2
Ogliarola del Murge
Ogliarola di Montalbano
Ogliarola Garganica
Ogliarola Messinese 1
Ogliarola Messinese 2
Ogliarola Salentina
OgliarolaVulture
Ogliastro grande
Olianedda
Oliastro
Olieddu
Oliva bianca
Oliva da polpa
Oliva grossa
Oliva Rossa
Oliva torsa
Oliva vera
Olivago
Olivastra di Populonia
Marche
Abruzzo
Abruzzo
Liguria
Calabria
Sardinia
Sardinia
Sardinia
Sicily
Sicily
Molise
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Apulia
Apulia
Lazio
Umbria
Calabria
Campania
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Campania
Apulia
Basilicata
Basilicata
Apulia
Basilicata
Apulia
Sicily
Sicily
Apulia
Basilicata
Campania
Sardinia
Apulia
Sardinia
Campania
Campania
Emilia Romagna
Apulia
Campania
Umbria
Umbria
Toscany
A # 105
A # 102
B # 176
A # 152
A # 23
A # 74
C1 # 312
A # 113
B # 258
C1 # 309
C2 # 371
A # 85
A # 85
A # 86
B # 183
A # 87
C1 # 351A
C1 # 351B
A # 61
A # 62
A # 37
A # 98
A # 24
B # 200
A # 148A
A # 148B
A # 148C
A # A31
B # 245
A # 63
C2 # A1-013
A # 13
R P1F09
A # 14
B # 257
A # 88A
A # 88B
A # 64
A # 15
B # 246
C2 # 380
A # 112
C1 # 313
C2 # 361
C2 # 365
B # 199
C2 # 376
C2 # 362
C1 # 357
A # 155
C1 # 294
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
Olivastra Seggianese
Olivastro d'Aprile
Olivastro di Bucchianico
Olivastro di Montenero
Olivastro Dritto
Olivastro Frentano
Olivella appuntita
Olivella di Cerchiara
Olivella di Grottaminarda
Olivetta Nera
Olivo da olio
Olivo da salare
Olivo del mulino
Olivo della Madonna
Olivo delle Alpi
Olivo di Casavecchia
Olivo di Castiglione
Olivo di San Lorenzo
Olivoce
Olivomensa
Olivona
Olivone di Viterbo
OperaPia
Orazio
Orbetana
Ornellaia
Ortice
Ortolana
Ottobratica
Ottobrina
Paesana Bianca
Paesana Nera
Palma
Palmarola
Pampagliosa
Paschixedda
Pasola
Passulunara
Patrinostraru
Pendolino 1
Pendolino 2
Pendolino 3
Pendolino 4
Pendolino 5
Pennulara
Peppino Leo
Peranzana
Perciasacchi
Pescarese
Pesciatino
Pezz'e quaddu
Toscany
Molise
Abruzzo
Molise
Molise
Abruzzo
Campania
Calabria
Campania
Molise
Campania
Campania
Toscany
Toscany
Liguria
Toscany
Sicily
Toscany
Abruzzo
Basilicata
Apulia
Lazio
Sicily
Basilicata
Marche
Toscany
Campania
Campania
Calabria
Liguria
Molise
Molise
Sardinia
Basilicata
Campania
Sardinia
Apulia
Sicily
Sicily
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Calabria
Apulia
Apulia
Campania
Abruzzo
Toscany
Sardinia
A # 173
C2 # 372
B # 218
C2 # 374
C2 # 373
B # 219
C1 # 327
C1 # 322
C2 # 363
C2 # 375
B # 247
B # 248
A # 140
A # 141
C1 # 342
C1 # 295
C1 # 310
C1 # 296
A#3
C1 # 267
R P1F03
C1 # 341
R P1F06
C2 # 392
A # 107
C1 # 297
B # 201
A # 161
A # 25
A # 48
B # 233
B # 234
C2 # 381
C1 # 268
A # 162
C1 # 314
A # 65
A # 143 I
C2 # 386
C2 # A4-095
C1 # A3-095
C1 # A2-095
C1 # A1-095
A # 95
B # 225
A # 132
A # 66
B # 249
A#7
C1 # 298
C2 # 382
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
Piangente 1
Piangente 2
Piangente 3
Piantone di Falerone
Piantone di Macerata
Piantone di Mogliano
Pidicuddara
Pignola
Pirunara 1
Pirunara 2
Pisciottana
Pizz'e Carroga
Pizzo di corvo 1
Pizzo di corvo 2
Pizzutella
Pocciolo
Posola
Posolella
Precoce
Procanica
Provenzale
Puntella
Punteruolo
Puntino
Racemo 1
Racemo 2
Racioppa
Racioppa
Racioppella
Raggiola
Raja
Raja Sabina
Rajo
Rastellina
Ravece
Raza
Razzaio
Razzo 1
Razzo 2
Razzola
Reale
Regina
Resciola di Venafro
Riminino
Ritonnella
Rizza
Rizzitella
Roma
Romanella
Romanella
Romanella Molisana
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Marche
Marche
Marche
Sicily
Liguria
Sicily
Sicily
Campania
Sardinia
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Umbria
Abruzzo
Abruzzo
Abruzzo
Lazio
Campania
Abruzzo
Toscany
Toscany
Apulia
Apulia
Basilicata
Campania
Campania
Marche
Umbria
Lazio
Umbria
Umbria
Campania
Veneto
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Liguria
Lazio
Apulia
Molise
Lazio
Campania
Basilicata
Campania
Basilicata
Basilicata
Calabria
Molise
C1 # A1-138
A # 138A
A # 138B
A # 106
C2 # 399
A # 108
A # 153
A # 150
C1 # 352A
C1 # 352B
A # 31
A # 75
C1 # 353A
C1 # 353B
B # 213
C1 # 356
B # 220
B # 221
A # 146
A # 38
B # 255
B # 177
C1 # 299
C1 # 300
C1 # 344
C1 # 344
C1 # 317
B # 250
A # 163
A # 109
A # 99
A # 149
A # 114
A # 172
C1 # 328
A # 156
C1 # 301
C2 # A1-169
A # 169
A # 49
A # 39
R P1F07
B # 189
A # 40
B # 251
A # 16
B # 252
C2 # 393
C2 # 394
A # 129
A # 167
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
Rosciola
Rosciola Coltodino
Rosciola di Rotello
Rosciola di Venafro
Rosciola laziale
Rosino
Rossellino
Rossello
Rossina
Rotondella
Rotondella di Foggia
Rotondella di Sanza 1
Rotondella di Sanza 2
Rumignana
Rustica
Ruveia
Salegna di Larino
Salella
Salicino
Salvia
Salviana
Sammartinara
Sammartinenga
San Benedetto
San Felice Acquasparta 1
San Felice Acquasparta 2
San Felice Acquasparta 3
San Felice Acquasparta 4
San Felice Acquasparta 5
San Francesco
San Lazzero
Sanginara
Santa Caterina
Santa Maria
Sant'Agatese
Sant'Agostino
Santomauro
Sargano
Sargano
Scarpetta
Selvatico
Semidana
Sessana
Simona
Sinopolese
Sirole
Sivigliana da olio
Spagnola di Missano
Sperone di Gallo
Spezzanese
Spinoso
Marche
Lazio
Molise
Molise
Lazio
Toscany
Toscany
Toscany
Emilia Romagna
Basilicata
Apulia
Campania
Campania
Molise
Abruzzo
Campania
Molise
Campania
Toscany
Lazio
Lazio
Sicily
Basilicata
Apulia
Umbria
Umbria
Umbria
Umbria
Umbria
Toscany
Toscany
Campania
Toscany
Campania
Sicily
Apulia
Calabria
Marche
Marche
Basilicata
Emilia Romagna
Sardinia
Campania
Apulia
Calabria
Lazio
Sardinia
Liguria
Molise
Calabria
Basilicata
A # 110
B # 228
B # 186
B # 189
A # 41
C1 # 302
C1 # 303
C1 # 304
C1 # 335
C1 # 296
C2 # 377
C1 # 329A
C1 # 329B
B # 191
B # 222
C1 # 330
B # 235
C2 # 364
C1 # 306
A # 42
A # 43
B # 214
B # 224
B # 197
A # 100A
A # 100B
A # 100C
A # 100D
A # 100E
A # 144
C1 # 305
C1 # 331
A # 96
B # 253
A # 89
A # 67
A # 160
A # 111
A # 165
C1 # 318
C1 # 336
A # 76
B # 256
A # 68
A # 27
A # 44
C1 # 345
C1 # 343
A # 175
C1 # 323
C2 # 395
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
Taggiasca
Tenacella
Tendellone
Termite di Bitetto
Terza grande
Terza piccola
Toccolana
Tombarello
Tonda di Alife
Tonda di Cagliari
Tonda di Filadelfia
Tonda di Filogaso
Tonda di Strongoli
Tonda Dolce
Tonda Dolce di Partanna
Tonda iblea
Tondina
Tortiglione
Toscanina
Tunnulidda
Turdunazza antimosca 1
Turdunazza antimosca 2
Uccellara
Ugea di Savoia
Ugliastride
Vaddara
Vallanella 1
Vallanella 2
Verdello
Vigna della Corte
Vocio
Vraja
Zaituna
Zimbimbo
Zinzifarica
Liguria
Campania
Umbria
Apulia
Sardinia
Sardinia
Abruzzo
Calabria
Campania
Sardinia
Calabria
Calabria
Calabria
Calabria
Sicily
Sicily
Calabria
Abruzzo
Apulia
Sicily
Sicily
Sicily
Basilicata
Apulia
Apulia
Sicily
Lazio
Lazio
Sicily
Campania
Umbria
Calabria
Sicily
Apulia
Calabria
A # 50
C1 # 332
A # 101
A # 69
A # 133
C1 # 316
A#8
B # 193
B # 254
A # 77
A # 28
A # 29
A # 116
B # 226
B # 237
A # 90
A # 30
A#9
A # 70
B # 215
C2 # 387A
C2 # 387B
A # 17
R P1F05
R P1F04
C1 # 354
A # 45A
A # 45B
A # 91
C1 # 333
B # 181
C2 # 396
A # 82A
A # 123
A # 147
Table S2 Alleles detected at the SSR loci in the 489 olive trees analyzed. For each allele, the size
(expressed in base pairs) and the frequency are reported.
Locus
Alleles (bp)
1
2
3
4
5
GAPU59
208
212
214
218
222
Frequency
0.165 0.331 0.237 0.069 0.198
GAPU71A
210
Frequency
0.072 0.069 0.485 0.137 0.037 0.192
GAPU71B
121
Frequency
0.012 0.253 0.227 0.163 0.345
GAPU103A 136
212
124
150
214
126
157
218
130
159
221
6
7
8
9
224
228
250
259
10
11
12
220
232
243
0.001 0.002 0.005
144
170
184
197
203
Frequency
0.089 0.132 0.188 0.233 0.186 0.146
UDO01
140
Frequency
0.304 0.451 0.246
UDO03
135
Frequency
0.191 0.429 0.306 0.031 0.031 0.012
UDO12
156
Frequency
0.005 0.037 0.326 0.290 0.100 0.242
UDO28
143
Frequency
0.114 0.063 0.148 0.005 0.077 0.275
0.183 0.133 0.003
UDO39
108
205
Frequency
0.028 0.014 0.017 0.025 0.145 0.110
0.269 0.009 0.229
0.075 0.070
0.010
DCA09
162
188
204
210
Frequency
0.115 0.006 0.137 0.068 0.187 0.002
0.003 0.081 0.211
DCA18
163
181
Frequency
144
143
164
150
125
166
169
0.010 0.016
150
150
166
154
164
172
173
166
177
156
170
176
175
182
182
161
185
182
177
202
193
182
200
184
179
0.06 0.013 0.023 0.012 0.194 0.312
205
210
209
194
183
245
213
198
185
0.300 0.003 0.137
206
0.005 0.174
0.013
Table S3 Genotype profiles obtained from the combination of the eleven microsatellite markers on 489 olive varieties. The Italian olive varieties
included in the core collection are indicated in bold.
Varieties
Abunara
Agristigna
Aitana
Albatro
Allora
Amati
Americano
Annarea
Arancino
Arnasca 1
Arnasca 2
Arnasca 3
Arnasca 4
Arnasca 5
Arnasca 6
Ascolana dura
Ascolana semitenera
Ascolana tenera
Augellina
Aurina
Barilari
Bianchella
Bianchera
Biancolella
Biancolilla
Borgese
Borgiona
Bosana
Bottone di Gallo 1
Bottone di Gallo 2
Bottoni di Gallo
Brandofino
Buga
GAPU59 GAPU71A GAPU71B GAPU103A UDO001 UDO003 UDO012 UDO028 UDO039 DCA09 DCA18
208-212
210-210
124-144
159-170
144-144 143-143 177-177 182-182 108-108 162-162 179-181
208-208
210-210
124-144
170-184
144-144 143-143 166-177 143-205 200-200 198-206 179-181
208-212
210-210
124-144
150-184
144-144 143-143 166-193 182-182 108-108 176-176 179-179
208-222
214-214
124-144
159-170
144-144 150-150 177-177 143-182 205-205 176-206 179-181
212-212
214-214
126-144
159-159
150-150 143-143 164-164 154-182 164-205 206-206 181-185
214-218
214-224
124-144
157-159
144-144 150-150 166-177 150-161 213-213 182-198 177-179
212-218
218-224
126-126
159-170
144-144 150-150 177-193 182-182 205-205 162-198 179-181
212-222
214-224
124-144
184-184
144-144 150-150 166-193 182-210 205-205 182-182 179-181
212-218
214-214
124-130
184-184
140-140 150-150 156-193 154-205 220-243 172-194 179-185
212-212
224-224
126-144
159-184
140-140 150-150 166-193 154-205 213-232 182-206 181-185
212-212
224-224
126-144
159-184
140-140 150-150 166-193 154-205 213-232 182-206 181-185
212-212
224-224
126-144
159-184
140-140 150-150 166-193 154-205 213-232 182-206 181-185
208-212
214-259
124-144
157-157
144-144 150-150 166-193 154-154 213-213 182-206 181-185
212-212
224-224
126-144
159-184
140-140 150-150 166-193 154-205 213-232 182-206 181-185
212-212
214-218
130-144
170-184
140-140 135-135 164-177 161-205 213-232 162-176 177-179
214-222
214-224
124-130
136-157
140-140 143-143 166-166 182-210 200-200 198-206 177-181
214-222
214-224
124-130
136-157
140-140 135-135 166-166 182-210 200-232 198-206 177-181
214-222
214-224
126-144
136-184
140-140 143-143 166-166 150-161 200-200 198-206 177-179
208-208
210-210
124-126
157-203
140-140 143-143 164-166 150-150 205-205 194-198 177-181
222-222
210-214
124-144
159-170
144-144 150-150 177-177 154-205 213-213 162-206 173-175
212-212
214-214
124-130
159-184
144-144 150-150 166-193 154-182 205-205 172-198 177-179
212-222
218-224
130-144
157-157
140-140 135-135 177-182 182-210 185-220 176-206 181-185
214-214
214-224
130-130
136-157
140-140 150-150 166-193 182-205 213-232 182-182 177-185
212-214
214-224
124-144
159-170
144-150 150-150 164-177 182-210 185-185 182-206 181-185
212-212
210-214
121-130
136-150
144-144 150-150 166-193 143-205 108-108 172-198 177-179
212-222
214-214
130-144
150-184
144-144 143-143 166-193 143-205 200-220 162-198 179-179
214-222
214-224
130-144
157-157
140-140 143-143 166-193 150-210 200-200 162-198 177-181
214-222
214-218
130-144
170-184
144-150 135-135 177-193 161-205 205-205 194-198 181-185
212 -222
214-259
124-126
150-184
144-144 150-150 177-193 154-182 220-220 162-172 179-185
212 -222
214-259
124-126
150-184
144-144 150-150 177-193 154-182 220-220 162-182 179-185
212-212
210-214
124-144
170-170
144-144 150-150 177-193 154-205 213-213 172-206 173-177
208-212
210-214
126-144
136-159
144-144 150-150 166-193 143-143 213-232 176-206 179-179
214-214
218-218
126-144
136-157
140-140 135-135 166-193 182-205 200-200 182-198 179-185
Buscionetto 1
Buscionetto 2
Buscionetto 3
Cacaredda
Cacaridduni
Cacazzara
Caiazzana
Calatina
Cammarotana
Canino 1
Canino 2
Capolga
Caprina di Casalanguida
Caprina Vastese
Carbona
Carboncella
Carboncella Campana
Carboncella Pianacce A
Carboncella Pianacce B
Carbonchio
Carbuncion
Carbuncion di Carpinenga
Cariasina
Cariola
Carmelitana
Carolea Cefaly
Carolea Cetraro
Carolea Mirto
Carolea Rende
Carolea Rossi
Carpellese
Carpinella
Carpinetana
Casaliva
Castiglionese
Castricianella Rapparina
Cavalieri
212 -222
212-212
212-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
218-222
212-222
214-222
212 -222
212 -222
214-214
208-212
208-212
214-214
208-212
214-218
208-212
208-212
212-218
218-222
214-218
214-214
218-222
208-208
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
214-222
212-218
212-222
208-212
208-212
208-222
212-222
210-214
210-214
210-214
210-210
210-210
214-214
214-214
210-214
212-218
214-221
214-221
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-224
214-224
218-218
214-214
214-214
214-214
218-218
214-214
214-218
212-212
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-224
210-214
210-214
210-210
124-130
124-126
124-126
124-144
124-144
124-126
126-126
124-126
124-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
124-124
124-130
126-130
124-144
124-126
124-144
124-130
124-124
126-144
126-144
130-144
130-144
124-126
121-130
130-144
121-130
121-130
130-144
124-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
126-126
124-130
124-144
159-184
136-150
136-150
159-184
150-184
157-184
170-184
136-136
159-170
159-159
159-159
136-150
150-150
150-150
150-157
170-184
150-157
170-184
157-157
150-170
159-159
157-159
136-184
184-184
136-159
136-170
136-170
136-170
136-184
136-170
157-159
150-159
184-184
159-170
159-184
159-170
159-159
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
140-140
150-150
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-150
144-144
144-144
140-140
150-150
140-140
144-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
150-150
135-135
150-150
143-143
135-135
135-135
150-150
150-182
150-202
143-143
150-150
150-150
135-182
166-166
150-150
150-150
135-135
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
166-166
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
164-177
177-177
164-177
166-182
166-182
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
177-177
166-166
177-193
177-193
166-182
177-182
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-177
166-177
177-193
177-182
166-193
177-177
177-193
154-154
154-154
154-154
182-182
182-182
182-182
143-143
143-182
143-143
143-154
143-154
154-205
154-205
154-205
143-210
182-210
150-182
143-210
154-205
154-205
182-205
182-182
150-161
143-154
182-182
154-205
143-205
154-205
154-205
143-205
161-210
156-205
154-210
182-205
154-210
154-205
154-154
108-213
213-213
213-213
205-205
108-108
185-185
200-213
205-205
213-213
213-232
213-232
220-232
213-213
213-213
185-185
213-213
200-200
205-205
213-213
213-213
125-125
125-200
205-205
205-205
185-185
200-200
200-200
200-200
125-213
200-200
200-200
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-232
170-213
108-108
176-198
176-198
176-198
176-206
162-176
176-176
198-198
182-182
194-206
172-182
172-182
176-198
162-204
162-204
176-198
162-194
182-206
162-194
162-194
198-210
176-182
172-198
162-172
162-198
198-198
162-198
162-198
162-198
162-198
162-198
172-198
182-182
166-206
172-194
198-206
198-206
162-162
179-181
181-181
181-181
181-181
169-181
179-179
179-181
175-179
179-181
173-179
173-179
181-185
177-177
177-177
179-181
177-181
181-185
177-181
177-181
181-185
177-181
177-181
179-181
181-185
179-181
179-185
179-185
179-185
179-181
179-185
181-185
181-181
177-181
179-181
163-181
179-179
177-185
Cazzarella
Cazzinicchio
Cellacchia
Cellina di Nardo'
Cellina di Rotello
Cerasa di Montenero
Cerasuola
Ciciarello
Cicinella
Ciliegino
Cima di Melfi
Cima di Mola
Colombina
Coratina 1
Coratina 2
Coratina 3
Cornacciola
Corneglia
Cornia
Corniola
Corniolo
Cornula
Coroncina
Correggiolo
Correggiolo di Montegridolfo
Correggiolo di Pallese
Corsicana da mensa
Corsicana da olio
Craputea
Crastu
Crognolo
CSM
CSS-02-Minerva
Cucca 1
Cucca 2
Curatora
Demoniata
212-212
212-212
212-218
208-222
222-222
212-222
208-212
212-212
214-218
208-208
212-222
212-212
212-222
212-212
212-212
212-212
212-222
218-222
214-218
208-212
214-222
208-212
212-222
208-212
208-212
208-212
214-222
212-222
214-214
208-208
214-222
208-212
208-212
208-212
212-212
218-222
212-212
214-214
210-214
218-224
214-228
210-214
214-214
210-214
212-212
212-218
214-218
210-224
210-214
218-224
210-224
210-224
210-224
214-214
214-224
218-218
212-212
214-214
210-214
212-214
214-224
214-224
214-224
212-221
214-224
218-218
214-214
218-224
214-224
210-214
214-214
214-214
218-218
210-214
121-121
124-126
124-144
124-126
124-126
126-144
124-144
124-124
124-130
126-144
124-144
124-144
144-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
126-144
126-126
130-144
124-144
130-144
124-144
130-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
126-144
126-144
126-126
124-144
124-144
124-124
130-144
124-144
124-144
126-126
124-130
170-170
159-159
150-184
170-170
150-184
170-184
150-184
159-170
170-184
170-184
170-170
159-159
184-203
136-170
136-170
136-170
150-159
136-170
184-197
170-184
150-157
157-157
170-184
159-170
159-170
159-170
157-159
159-184
157-159
157-170
157-170
159-159
184-184
170-170
170-170
170-184
159-159
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
140-140
140-140
150-150
140-140
140-140
144-144
140-140
140-140
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-150
150-150
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-150
140-140
143-143
143-143
135-135
150-150
202-202
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
202-202
150-150
143-143
143-143
135-166
135-166
135-166
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
135-143
150-150
135-135
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-182
135-135
150-150
166-193
166-193
166-166
166-166
177-193
177-193
166-166
177-193
166-193
156-166
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-177
166-177
164-177
177-193
177-193
177-193
177-193
177-182
177-182
177-182
166-166
177-182
177-193
177-177
177-182
177-177
166-166
177-193
177-177
166-166
177-193
182-182
143-205
143-143
182-205
154-210
143-182
154-154
143-143
154-161
156-205
154-210
150-182
182-182
143-210
143-210
143-210
156-205
154-182
143-154
143-205
161-205
182-205
161-182
182-205
182-205
182-205
150-161
182-210
182-182
182-182
182-210
182-210
154-205
182-182
182-210
143-143
182-182
213-213
108-205
205-205
108-213
170-213
205-205
213-213
205-205
205-205
220-232
170-213
170-170
213-213
170-170
170-170
170-170
205-205
213-220
164-213
200-200
205-205
220-243
200-200
205-205
205-205
205-205
213-213
185-185
185-185
185-185
164-164
213-213
205-205
213-213
205-205
185-185
108-185
162-172
182-198
182-198
176-198
194-206
176-206
176-206
198-198
172-198
172-194
194-194
162-162
172-206
172-194
172-194
172-194
176-182
172-198
198-198
172-182
182-206
162-182
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
176-182
182-198
172-194
182-198
176-198
162-206
162-206
162-198
162-198
198-206
176-206
169-179
181-181
181-181
177-177
177-181
173-179
177-181
177-177
185-185
179-185
181-181
173-177
179-179
181-181
181-181
181-181
181-185
181-181
181-181
177-179
179-181
179-185
181-185
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
181-185
179-185
179-181
179-181
177-177
177-179
179-181
179-181
179-185
181-185
Dolce Agogia
Dolce di Andria
Dolce di Cassano
Dolce di Cerchiara
Dolce di Rossano
Don Carlo
Donna Francesca
Dritta
Dritta Loreto
Emilia
Erbano 1
Erbano 2
Faresana
Faresana
Fasolina
Fasolona
Favarol
Fecciaro
Feglina
Femminella di Torraca
Filare
Fosco
Frangivento
Frantoio 1
Frantoio 10
Frantoio 2
Frantoio 3
Frantoio 4
Frantoio 5
Frantoio 6
Frantoio 7
Frantoio 8
Frantoio 9
Frantoio di Montegridolfo
Frantoio di Villa Verrucchio
Frantoio FC
Fs17
212-218
208-218
208-208
212-222
212-212
212-212
208-222
208-212
214-222
208-212
212-212
212-222
212-212
208-208
214-222
214-214
208-208
214-222
212-212
218-222
212-222
208-212
208-208
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
214-214
218-218
214-214
214-224
212-212
214-214
221-221
210-224
214-214
214-224
214-214
210-212
214-250
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-221
212-212
214-218
214-214
214-224
214-214
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
124-124
124-144
130-130
130-144
130-144
124-144
124-144
124-130
144-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-126
124-126
126-144
130-130
126-144
124-130
126-144
130-144
124-130
124-144
124-130
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-124
184-197
150-157
150-157
136-170
150-159
136-157
136-159
159-170
159-159
159-170
159-159
159-170
159-184
159-184
150-159
159-184
150-157
159-159
170-203
157-159
150-150
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-170
159-184
159-184
159-170
159-170
159-170
184-197
140-140
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
150-150
140-140
150-150
150-150
150-150
140-140
150-150
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
135-135
143-143
150-150
150-150
135-166
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
177-193
177-182
177-177
166-193
177-177
166-193
177-193
166-193
177-193
156-193
177-193
177-193
166-177
166-177
177-177
177-193
166-177
166-177
177-193
164-177
177-193
177-177
177-177
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
177-182
166-177
143-143
143-205
182-205
143-205
154-182
154-205
154-205
182-182
182-210
182-182
182-182
143-182
150-150
143-161
154-205
154-154
154-210
143-182
143-205
143-143
154-205
182-210
154-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
150-205
185-213
108-170
108-170
205-205
205-205
125-200
170-205
220-220
185-220
213-213
108-108
213-213
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
185-185
205-205
164-213
164-213
213-213
205-205
205-232
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
185-220
172-182
172-194
162-198
162-198
172-182
198-206
182-198
172-176
172-206
172-206
172-182
172-182
182-198
182-198
198-206
198-206
182-206
176-198
162-176
198-206
184-206
172-194
162-176
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
172-194
206-206
179-181
177-177
181-181
179-181
177-179
177-181
179-179
169-179
181-185
177-179
173-177
173-177
179-181
179-181
179-179
179-181
177-177
179-181
181-181
181-181
179-185
179-181
179-185
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
Gaggiolo
Gentile dell'Aquila
Gentile di Chieti
Gentile di Larino 1
Gentile di Larino 5
Gentile nera di Colletorto
Ghiacciolo
Ghiacciora
Ghiandaro
Ghiannara
Giardino
Giarfara
Giarraffa 1
Giarraffa 2
Ginestrino
Giusta
Gnagnaro
Grappolo
Grappuda
Gremignolo
Gremignolo di Bolgheri
Grignan
Grossa di Cassano
Grossa di Gerace
Grossa di Spagna
Grossa di Venafro
Grossale
I 77
Iacona 1
Iacona 2
Imperiale
Intosso
Itrana
Larcianese
Lastrino
Laurina
Lavagnina
214-222
212-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
214-214
212-212
208-212
212-218
214-222
212-212
212-212
212-212
208-212
214-222
212-214
208-218
212-212
208-212
222-222
212-212
208-218
212-212
208-208
212-222
214-214
218-222
208-212
208-212
208-212
212-222
214-218
208-218
212-218
214-214
212-212
214-224
214-214
210-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-224
218-218
214-214
210-214
214-214
214-224
214-214
210-214
210-218
218-218
214-224
214-224
212-221
210-214
212-212
210-214
214-214
214-214
218-218
214-214
214-214
210-250
210-214
214-224
212-221
210-210
214-224
210-214
126-144
144-144
124-130
124-130
124-130
124-126
126-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
126-144
144-144
124-144
144-144
144-144
126-144
124-144
124-144
130-144
124-144
144-144
124-130
124-144
126-144
124-144
124-130
126-144
124-130
124-144
124-144
130-144
124-130
130-144
124-144
124-130
124-144
130-144
159-170
150-184
170-170
150-184
150-184
136-170
157-184
136-157
159-170
170-184
170-184
157-184
136-159
150-184
159-184
170-184
170-170
170-184
184-203
170-184
159-184
157-157
136-159
150-170
136-184
150-150
157-159
150-157
159-184
159-184
159-184
159-184
159-170
159-170
184-203
157-157
136-170
150-150
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
150-150
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
140-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
150-150
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
143-143
182-182
143-143
150-150
150-150
135-135
135-135
135-135
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-182
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-150
135-135
150-150
150-150
150-150
166-166
143-143
143-143
135-135
143-143
150-182
177-182
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-166
166-177
177-193
177-177
166-193
166-193
166-166
166-193
177-193
177-177
166-166
156-182
166-193
156-193
156-193
166-166
166-177
166-177
166-166
177-193
166-166
166-177
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-166
166-177
166-177
156-166
177-193
166-193
182-205
182-205
154-205
182-182
182-182
154-205
150-161
150-210
154-205
182-210
182-182
182-182
143-182
182-182
182-205
182-182
154-182
182-182
161-205
182-205
182-205
182-210
182-182
143-182
143-245
154-205
143-143
154-205
182-182
182-182
143-143
154-205
150-161
161-205
156-161
154-205
143-245
185-185
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-213
185-232
205-205
205-205
205-205
213-213
108-108
213-213
108-108
220-220
205-205
220-243
220-220
213-232
205-205
205-205
213-220
205-232
200-200
108-108
213-213
205-232
205-205
108-205
108-205
213-232
205-205
220-220
200-200
220-232
200-200
213-232
182-206
198-210
172-172
172-194
172-194
198-210
198-206
162-176
166-182
176-206
182-206
176-182
162-198
172-182
162-198
162-198
162-206
182-206
172-182
194-206
194-206
194-198
162-182
182-198
162-172
162-204
194-198
198-206
162-162
162-162
182-198
162-210
182-198
182-206
194-198
172-172
172-176
179-179
175-181
169-179
169-179
169-179
177-179
177-179
179-181
163-177
179-185
181-181
179-179
181-185
177-181
181-181
177-179
175-175
181-181
177-181
177-179
177-179
177-185
179-179
179-181
177-177
177-177
179-181
179-179
179-181
179-181
177-185
179-181
179-181
181-181
179-179
177-185
179-181
Lazzera Reale
Lea
Leccino 1
Leccino 10
Leccino 2
Leccino 3
Leccino 4
Leccino 5
Leccino 6
Leccino 7
Leccino 8
Leccino 9
Leccino Compatto
Leccino Dwarf
Leccino Minerva 1
Leccino Minerva 2
Leccino Pisa 4
Leccino Pisa 9
Leccio del Corno 1
Leccio del Corno 2
Leccio Marammano 1
Leccio Maremmano 2
Leccione
Lezze
Lumiaru
Mafra
Mafra di Cerchiara
Maglianese
Maiatica di Ferrantina 1
Maiatica di Ferrantina 2
Majorca
Mandanici
Manna
Mantonica
Marchiaio
Marina
Marinese
212-214
214-214
212-212
212-212
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
208-212
208-212
212*-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-218
208-212
212-212
208-222
212-212
208-208
208-208
214-214
208-212
214-214
208-222
208-208
212-222
212-214
214-214
218-224
214-214
214-224
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-214
214-224
214-224
214-224
210-210
214-214
212-212
212-221
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-224
210-214
214-224
214-214
210-210
214-214
212-224
124-126
130-144
124-130
124-130
124-144
124-130
124-130
124-130
126-144
126-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
144-144
124-144
124-144
124-130
144-144
124-144
124-144
124-124
124-144
124-144
126-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
124-144
126-144
124-130
126-144
124-126
124-144
126-126
124-144
157-157
159-159
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
184-203
184-203
184-203
184-203
150-150
170-184
170-184
159-203
170-184
170-184
150-150
159-184
170-184
170-184
159-159
136-159
159-184
136-159
136-159
157-157
170-184
170-184
170-184
159-170
170-184
157-159
150-157
184-197
136-136
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-144
150-150
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
150-150
143-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
166-166
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
135-135
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
135-135
150-150
135-135
150-150
166-166
135-135
135-143
156-166
166-193
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
177-177
166-193
166-193
166-193
177-177
177-182
166-193
166-182
166-177
166-182
166-193
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
177-177
164-182
166-193
166-166
154-182
154-210
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-154
182-210
182-210
182-210
182-210
154-205
182-210
182-210
182-210
182-210
182-210
154-205
182-210
182-182
182-210
182-210
143-161
143-182
143-143
143-205
154-210
182-182
182-182
150-150
143-210
150-150
182-182
182-182
154-154
143-210
220-232
205-232
213-213
213-213
213-220
213-213
213-213
213-213
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
213-213
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-232
164-185
205-205
213-213
213-213
185-232
205-205
205-205
213-220
164-205
213-220
108-205
125-125
213-232
205-213
162-206
198-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
182-206
182-206
198-206
198-206
172-206
172-194
176-206
162-198
162-182
198-206
198-206
198-206
162-172
162-182
162-172
172-182
194-194
162-198
162-194
179-181
179-181
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
177-177
181-181
181-181
177-181
177-181
179-185
181-181
177-181
179-179
179-185
177-181
177-179
177-179
181-185
179-181
181-185
177-181
179-181
179-181
179-179
Marzio
Maurino 1
Maurino 2
Maurino 3
Maurino 4
Mele
Mignola
Mignolo
Mignolo Cerretano
Minna di Vacca
Minuta 1
Minuta 2
Minuta3
Minutella
Monaca
Mora
Moraiolo 1
Moraiolo 2
Moraiolo 3
Moraiolo 4
Moraiolo 5
Moraiolo T. Corsini
Morcaio
Morchiaio
Morcone
Morellona di Grecia
Moresca 1
Moresca 2
Morinello
Murtiddara
Nasitana frutto grosso
Nebba
Nebbia
Nebbio di Chieti
Nebbio di Pescara
Negrera
Nera di Cantinelle
208-218
208-208
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-208
214-218
208-218
208-218
208-212
208-208
208-212
212-212
214-214
208-212
208-212
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
212-218
218-218
208-222
212- 222
208-212
208-212
212-214
208-208
208-212
208-208
208-212
212- 222
208-208
214-214
212-222
210-218
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-214
214-221
210-218
214-224
214-214
210-214
210-214
214-221
214-224
210-214
210-224
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
210-210
212-212
210-214
210-214
214-214
214-214
218-218
210-214
214-214
214-214
210-214
214-214
210-214
214-224
212-212
130-130
144-144
144-144
144-144
130-144
124-144
126-144
124-144
124-126
124-130
126-126
124-144
124-124
124-130
124-144
124-126
124-130
124-124
124-130
124-124
124-124
124-130
126-144
124-144
124-126
124-126
124-144
124-144
130-144
144-144
124-130
144-144
124-130
124-130
124-130
126-144
126-144
159-159
159-184
184-184
159-184
159-184
150-157
157-157
159-170
150-159
159-184
157-157
159-170
159-159
136-150
157-159
170-184
150-150
150-150
150-157
150-150
150-157
150-157
150-150
150-157
157-157
136-136
159-184
159-184
150-157
159-159
159-170
150-184
159-184
159-159
170-170
170-184
136-150
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
140-140
150-150
144-144
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-143
150-150
143-166
143-166
150-150
135-135
150-150
143-143
182-182
182-182
182-182
182-182
166-182
166-182
143-143
143-143
135-166
166-166
166-202
166-202
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-150
135-135
135-135
166-166
143-143
143-143
166-182
177-182
177-193
177-182
177-193
166-177
177-193
156-177
177-177
166-193
177-193
177-177
177-193
166-166
177-193
166-193
177-193
177-193
177-193
177-193
177-193
177-193
156-193
156-177
177-193
166-166
166-193
166-193
177-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
177-177
177-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
182-205
182-210
182-210
182-210
182-210
150-182
154-205
182-205
182-205
182-182
182-182
154-205
154-245
150-161
154-182
143-210
154-205
154-154
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-182
150-182
182-205
182-182
143-182
143-182
154-182
182-182
210-210
182-182
154-210
154-205
154-210
182-182
143-143
200-220
220-220
220-220
220-220
220-220
108-170
200-200
200-200
164-164
108-108
170-213
170-170
164-213
205-205
164-205
108-164
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-220
205-205
108-108
220-243
108-205
108-213
108-213
200-200
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
213-213
213-232
200-200
200-200
162-198
162-198
162-198
162-198
162-198
162-182
172-172
182-206
162-172
176-206
176-198
162-198
176-206
162-198
176-206
162-182
184-206
184-206
184-206
184-206
184-206
184-206
182-206
194-194
176-176
182-198
182-198
182-198
182-206
182-198
162-198
176-206
172-206
172-210
172-182
162-198
162-198
181-181
181-181
181-181
181-181
181-181
177-185
177-185
181-181
175-181
181-185
179-179
179-179
181-181
179-181
181-181
179-181
179-185
179-185
179-185
179-185
179-185
179-185
185-185
177-181
177-181
179-185
177-179
177-179
179-181
177-181
177-185
181-185
177-181
175-179
169-179
179-179
177-179
Nera di Gonnos
Nera di Oliena
Nera di Villacidro
Nerba
Nerba Catanese
Noccioluta
Nocellara del Belice 1
Nocellara del Belice 2
Nocellara etnea
Nocellara etnea ovale
Nocellara messinese
Nocellara Nissena 1
Nocellara Nissena 2
Nociara
Nolca
Nostrale di Fiano
Nostrale di Rigali
Nostrana
Nostrana Campana
Nostrana di Brisighella 1
Nostrana di Brisighella 2
Nostrana di Brisighella 3
Nostrana di Brisighella 4
Ogliara
Ogliarola Barese
Ogliarola del Bradano 1
Ogliarola del Bradano 2
Ogliarola del Murge
Ogliarola di Montalbano
Ogliarola Garganica
Ogliarola Messinese 1
Ogliarola Messinese 2
Ogliarola Salentina
OgliarolaVulture
Ogliastro grande
Olianedda
Oliastro
212-212
214-222
214-222
208-212
208-212
208-212
212-212
212-212
212-212
212-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
212-222
208-208
212-222
214-214
212-222
218-222
214-214
212-212
214-214
212-212
214-222
208-212
212-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
208-212
212-212
212-218
214-218
214-222
208-218
214-221
212-218
214-221
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
210-210
210-210
214-214
210-214
210-214
210-214
214-214
214-224
218-224
212-212
218-218
214-224
214-214
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-224
210-214
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-214
214-214
210-214
214-214
218-218
214-221
210-210
126-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
124-144
124-126
144-144
144-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-126
124-144
126-144
124-130
124-130
126-144
126-144
124-130
126-144
124-126
124-126
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-124
126-126
126-144
126-144
170-203
157-159
157-159
159-184
159-184
136-170
150-184
150-184
159-184
159-184
159-184
136-159
136-159
170-170
150-157
159-170
184-197
170-184
184-197
136-184
136-157
136-184
136-157
150-157
159-170
159-159
159-170
159-184
159-170
159-170
159-184
159-184
159-159
150-184
159-159
157-159
136-159
150-150
144-150
144-150
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-150
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-150
144-144
144-144
140-140
135-135
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
182-182
166-166
166-166
150-150
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
135-143
143-150
135-150
135-135
135-135
135-135
135-135
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
166-182
166-182
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
166-193
164-177
164-177
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-177
177-182
166-182
177-177
166-182
166-166
166-193
166-166
166-193
164-193
177-182
177-193
177-182
177-177
177-182
177-182
166-193
166-193
177-193
166-193
164-164
166-177
166-177
143-143
150-161
150-161
154-205
154-182
154-205
182-182
182-182
143-182
143-182
143-143
154-154
154-154
182-182
150-182
182-210
150-161
143-143
143-210
150-161
182-210
150-161
182-210
161-161
182-205
154-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-205
182-182
182-182
150-182
182-182
143-143
150-161
143-161
213-220
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-213
213-213
108-205
108-205
220-220
220-220
213-232
205-205
205-205
164-232
108-170
185-185
205-220
205-205
164-213
213-213
205-220
213-213
205-220
213-232
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
108-205
108-205
170-170
213-213
200-220
213-213
164-185
162-172
176-182
182-198
176-206
162-172
198-210
162-172
162-172
172-182
198-206
162-176
176-198
176-198
162-162
162-182
182-206
162-172
172-206
194-198
198-198
198-198
198-206
198-198
172-198
172-194
172-172
172-194
172-198
172-194
172-194
162-162
182-198
162-162
172-182
182-206
176-182
172-194
185-185
179-181
179-181
181-185
177-185
177-181
177-181
177-181
181-181
181-185
179-179
179-179
179-179
179-185
177-185
179-181
179-181
177-179
181-181
177-179
177-179
179-185
177-179
179-185
179-181
177-185
179-181
181-181
179-181
179-181
169-181
177-177
173-177
179-181
181-185
179-181
181-181
Olieddu
Oliva Bianca
Oliva da polpa
Oliva grossa
Oliva Rossa
Oliva torsa
Oliva vera
Olivago
Olivastra di Populonia
Olivastra Seggianese
Olivastro d'Aprile
Olivastro di Bucchianico
Olivastro di Montenero
Olivastro Dritto
Olivastro Frentano
Olivella appuntita
Olivella di Cerchiara
Olivella di Grottaminarda
Olivetta Nera
Olivo da olio
Olivo da salare
Olivo del mulino
Olivo della Madonna
Olivo delle Alpi
Olivo di Casavecchia
Olivo di Castiglione
Olivo di San Lorenzo
Olivoce
Olivomensa
Olivona
Olivone di Viterbo
OperaPia
Orazio
Orbetana
Ornellaia
Ortice
Ortolana
214-222
218-222
214-222
214-214
208-218
212-214
214-214
212-212
212-222
212-218
222-222
208-222
218-222
212-212
208-222
214-222
212-218
214-218
212- 222
214-214
214-222
212-214
212-222
214-222
212-212
208-212
208-218
212-218
212-212
212-212
214-222
212-222
218-222
214-218
208-218
218-218
214-218
214-218
218-224
218-218
214-224
210-210
218-224
218-218
212-212
212-218
210-212
210-214
210-214
210-214
210-214
210-214
212-214
212-212
214-214
214-214
218-218
214-214
214-224
214-214
214-224
212-221
214-214
214-221
214-214
214-214
214-214
218-224
214-221
214-214
218-224
210-218
214-224
218-218
130-144
124-130
124-126
126-144
124-144
124-130
130-144
126-144
124-130
126-144
124-126
124-124
121-121
124-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
124-126
124-130
124-130
126-130
130-144
124-144
126-144
124-124
124-144
144-144
124-126
124-126
124-126
124-130
124-144
126-144
124-144
126-144
126-144
121-124
170-184
150-157
150-157
136-184
136-159
136-136
150-157
150-157
150-150
150-159
159-159
159-170
170-170
159-159
170-170
170-184
136-159
150-157
150-150
150-157
150-157
159-159
170-170
184-203
150-157
159-184
150-150
136-159
159-184
157-157
157-157
136-184
159-170
184-197
136-159
150-157
170-184
144-150
144-144
140-150
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
150-150
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
150-150
144-144
140-144
140-140
150-150
140-140
150-150
150-150
144-144
150-150
140-140
144-144
140-140
150-150
150-150
144-144
140-140
144-144
140-140
140-140
143-143
135-135
150-150
150-150
135-150
135-135
135-135
135-135
182-182
150-150
135-182
182-182
135-166
150-150
182-182
143-143
143-143
135-166
150-150
143-150
135-135
182-182
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-150
150-150
182-182
143-143
150-150
135-143
150-150
143-143
135-135
150-150
135-166
143-143
177-193
166-193
164-182
166-166
177-177
164-164
177-177
166-166
156-164
156-164
166-166
177-193
177-193
177-193
177-177
164-177
166-177
166-177
177-193
164-177
166-177
156-193
177-177
166-177
164-166
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-177
166-166
166-177
166-193
177-177
166-177
164-182
166-182
164-164
161-205
205-205
161-161
150-161
143-182
143-210
154-154
161-210
156-161
156-182
205-205
154-210
210-210
154-210
154-210
154-161
143-182
150-161
154-205
182-182
154-154
150-161
182-210
161-161
161-205
154-182
161-205
154-205
150-150
143-143
143-182
154-154
150-205
182-210
182-182
161-205
161-161
205-205
200-220
213-213
205-205
164-185
205-220
213-213
185-185
220-232
205-205
213-213
213-213
170-213
205-205
205-232
205-205
213-213
200-200
205-205
213-213
200-200
213-213
205-205
200-200
200-200
213-213
200-220
213-232
209-209
213-213
185-185
209-209
209-209
200-200
205-205
164-164
205-213
172-194
172-206
172-198
198-206
172-194
172-194
198-206
172-198
182-206
182-206
162-172
198-210
162-182
166-172
182-206
162-194
198-206
182-206
162-188
172-198
162-194
176-176
162-206
162-198
182-194
198-206
162-198
198-210
182-198
182-198
172-182
162-172
198-198
162-182
198-198
194-198
162-194
181-185
177-181
177-185
179-179
181-181
181-181
179-185
177-181
181-181
179-185
173-175
179-181
173-177
163-177
177-181
179-185
177-179
177-181
173-183
179-185
179-181
177-181
177-177
179-185
179-181
181-185
181-181
177-181
179-181
179-179
177-179
179-181
179-181
177-179
185-185
177-185
177-181
Ottobratica
Ottobrina
Paesana Bianca
Paesana Nera
Palma
Palmarola
Pampagliosa
Paschixedda
Pasola
Passulunara
Patrinostraru
Pendolino 1
Pendolino 2
Pendolino 3
Pendolino 4
Pendolino 5
Pennulara
Peppino Leo
Peranzana
Perciasacchi
Pescarese
Pesciatino
Pezz'e quaddu
Piangente 1
Piangente 2
Piangente 3
Piantone di Falerone
Piantone di Macerata
Piantone di Mogliano
Pidicuddara
Pignola
Pirunara 1
Pirunara 2
Pisciottana
Pizz'e Carroga
Pizzo di corvo 1
Pizzo di corvo 2
212-222
214-214
208-212
212-222
214-222
208-222
214-214
214-222
208-218
212-222
212-212
212-222
212-222
222-222
212-222
212-222
212-222
208-218
212-222
212-214
208-212
208-208
214-214
208-212
212-222
208-212
218-222
212-222
214-214
212-212
214-222
212-222
212-222
214-222
212-222
212-212
212-212
212-212
218-224
214-224
214-214
218-221
214-224
218-224
212-221
214-214
210-210
210-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
212-214
214-224
214-224
212-214
214-221
214-214
214-214
214-224
218-218
218-224
218-224
210-210
214-214
214-214
214-214
218-218
218-218
210-214
210-214
124-124
126-144
124-144
124-130
130-144
124-144
124-130
126-144
124-144
124-144
130-144
126-130
126-130
126-130
126-130
126-130
130-144
124-144
130-144
124-144
124-126
126-144
126-144
126-126
124-130
144-144
124-130
124-144
124-130
124-144
126-130
124-126
124-126
121-124
126-144
124-144
124-144
157-170
159-170
159-184
150-150
170-184
150-157
170-184
157-159
150-157
159-184
157-170
150-159
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-159
150-159
170-170
136-136
159-170
170-184
136-203
157-184
150-150
159-184
150-157
170-184
159-159
150-184
150-157
150-170
150-170
136-150
170-184
136-159
136-159
140-150
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-150
144-144
140-140
144-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-150
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
140-140
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-182
135-135
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
166-166
150-166
166-166
150-166
166-166
143-143
135-135
182-182
143-143
143-143
143-182
135-135
150-150
150-150
150-150
135-135
143-143
135-135
150-150
143-143
150-150
150-150
143-143
135-135
150-150
150-150
177-193
166-193
177-177
177-193
177-193
166-166
164-182
164-177
177-177
166-193
166-193
177-177
177-177
177-182
177-182
177-177
177-193
177-182
166-193
164-177
177-193
164-166
166-166
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-177
166-193
166-166
166-166
177-193
177-177
177-177
177-182
164-193
166-166
166-166
143-154
150-205
182-210
154-205
161-205
182-210
143-143
150-161
150-182
182-182
143-182
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-205
154-205
143-182
143-205
143-205
161-182
154-205
150-182
150-205
154-154
154-205
182-210
210-210
182-210
182-210
182-182
154-182
182-182
182-182
150-161
150-150
143-182
143-182
170-205
200-220
205-205
213-213
205-205
200-200
200-200
213-213
170-170
108-205
205-232
205-205
205-213
205-205
205-205
205-213
209-220
108-108
108-205
213-220
220-243
220-232
213-213
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-232
185-200
200-232
205-205
205-205
205-205
205-205
213-232
125-125
213-213
213-213
182-206
182-194
162-166
162-204
172-172
194-198
182-206
176-182
198-206
176-182
182-198
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
162-206
198-206
172-194
162-172
162-198
198-206
162-194
162-162
162-206
162-206
162-206
182-182
162-198
198-206
162-182
182-206
162-182
162-182
172-182
162-172
162-198
172-182
177-185
181-181
163-177
177-177
181-185
177-179
181-181
179-181
177-177
179-179
173-179
181-181
181-181
181-181
181-181
181-181
179-179
177-177
181-181
181-181
179-185
179-185
181-185
181-181
181-181
181-181
177-185
179-181
181-181
177-179
181-185
179-181
179-181
177-181
179-185
169-185
175-179
Pizzutella
Pocciolo
Posola
Posolella
Precoce
Procanica
Provenzale
Puntella
Punteruolo
Puntino
Racemo 1
Racemo 2
Racioppa
Racioppa
Racioppella
Raggiola
Raja
Raja Sabina
Rajo
Rastellina
Ravece
Raza
Razzaio
Razzo 1
Razzo 2
Razzola
Reale
Regina
Resciola di Venafro
Riminino
Ritonnella
Rizza
Rizzitella
Roma
Romanella
Romanella
Romanella Molisana
208-222
218-222
212-218
214-218
208-212
214-222
218-218
222-222
212-214
208-212
212-212
208-208
208-208
212-222
218-222
212-222
214-222
212-222
214-218
214-222
214-218
212-222
212-218
208-212
208-212
214-222
212-222
208-212
208-222
214-222
214-218
212-222
214-218
218-222
208-222
212-212
212- 222
210-214
218-218
214-214
214-214
214-214
218-224
218-218
214-214
210-224
214-224
210-224
210-224
212-214
214-214
212-224
218-224
218-218
218-224
218-218
214-214
212-224
214-224
210-214
214-224
210-214
218-224
218-224
214-224
214-214
214-224
212-218
214-214
212-214
214-214
214-218
212-218
214-214
124-124
124-130
124-144
126-144
126-126
126-144
126-144
124-130
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-144
124-130
124-124
124-130
126-144
124-130
124-144
124-144
130-130
124-144
126-144
124-130
124-144
124-130
126-144
126-144
124-130
126-144
126-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
126-144
124-144
124-130
130-126
157-170
150-150
170-184
159-159
159-170
157-170
157-159
159-159
136-159
159-184
136-159
136-159
159-170
157-157
170-184
157-170
150-157
157-159
157-159
159-170
136-136
159-170
157-157
159-170
150-170
159-170
157-170
150-184
136-170
157-157
150-157
159-159
150-157
159-184
159-170
136-170
150-150
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-150
150-150
140-140
144-144
140-144
150-150
144-150
140-140
140-140
144-144
140-150
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
150-150
135-135
135-166
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-150
202-202
135-166
150-150
135-166
135-166
143-143
143-150
135-135
150-150
135-143
150-150
135-135
143-143
135-135
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-182
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
166-166
166-182
166-193
177-193
166-193
177-182
164-164
166-193
177-193
177-177
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-177
164-182
177-182
177-193
177-182
166-193
166-182
164-177
177-182
166-193
177-177
177-177
177-182
166-177
177-193
177-193
166-177
193-193
166-182
177-177
177-193
177-182
166-193
177-193
143-154
154-205
154-205
154-205
182-182
182-210
143-210
154-205
143-182
182-205
143-210
143-210
161-205
150-154
143-143
161-182
161-161
182-210
182-182
210-210
143-150
182-210
154-205
154-205
154-205
182-205
182-210
182-205
143-154
143-182
154-161
143-210
161-161
150-205
182-205
143-161
154-205
164-164
205-205
213-213
213-213
205-232
185-185
200-220
213-213
220-220
205-205
170-170
170-170
220-232
205-220
205-220
185-185
213-232
185-185
205-205
205-205
205-205
185-185
205-232
205-205
205-205
200-200
185-185
205-205
213-213
205-205
213-220
125-200
213-232
209-209
200-200
209-220
213-243
176-182
176-206
182-206
194-206
172-198
182-206
194-206
194-198
162-206
172-206
172-194
172-194
172-182
182-206
194-198
182-206
182-206
176-198
198-206
176-182
162-194
182-206
182-206
182-206
182-206
176-206
182-206
162-198
176-206
176-198
198-206
182-198
172-194
198-198
172-172
182-198
198-210
179-181
181-185
173-181
173-185
169-179
179-181
179-181
177-185
177-181
175-181
181-181
181-181
179-185
181-185
177-179
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
179-181
181-185
179-179
181-181
181-185
181-185
181-181
179-181
181-185
177-181
177-181
177-181
179-181
177-179
179-181
179-185
179-179
181-181
Rosciola
Rosciola Coltodino
Rosciola di Rotello
Rosciola di Venafro
Rosciola laziale
Rosino
Rossellino
Rossello
Rossina
Rotondella
Rotondella di Foggia
Rotondella di Sanza 1
Rotondella di Sanza 2
Rumignana
Rustica
Ruveia
Salegna di Larino
Salella
Salicino
Salvia
Salviana
Sammartinara
Sammartinenga
San Benedetto
San Felice Acquasparta 1
San Felice Acquasparta 2
San Felice Acquasparta 3
San Felice Acquasparta 4
San Felice Acquasparta 5
San Francesco
San Lazzero
Sanginara
Santa Caterina
Santa Maria
Sant'Agatese
Sant'Agostino
Santomauro
214-222
208-218
208-212
222-222
212-222
222-222
208-208
208-212
214-222
212-222
208-218
212-218
212-218
208-212
212-222
214-214
212-222
214-218
212-222
218-222
214-222
212-212
208-222
208-212
212-212
208-212
212-222
212-212
212-212
208-208
208-212
214-222
208-208
214-218
208-222
212-212
208-222
218-218
212-212
214-224
214-214
218-224
212-214
210-212
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-214
218-218
218-218
214-214
210-214
214-218
214-214
214-214
210-214
218-224
214-224
214-214
214-214
214-214
212-212
214-214
214-224
214-259
214-259
210-210
214-224
218-218
210-212
214-218
214-214
210-214
214-214
126-144
126-144
124-144
124-124
144-144
124-130
126-144
124-130
126-144
130-144
124-126
126-144
126-144
121-121
124-126
124-126
124-130
124-130
124-126
126-144
130-144
126-144
124-144
124-144
130-144
126-144
124-144
130-144
130-144
126-130
124-144
124-126
124-144
124-144
124-126
124-144
124-144
184-197
184-184
159-184
150-184
157-157
184-184
170-184
184-184
150-157
150-150
150-157
157-159
157-159
150-170
150-184
170-184
150-150
136-150
136-159
150-159
150-157
159-159
136-159
157-157
170-170
157-157
184-184
159-184
159-184
170-184
159-184
150-157
136-197
157-159
150-184
170-170
157-184
144-150
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-150
140-140
144-144
144-144
150-150
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
140-140
144-144
144-150
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
140-140
144-144
140-140
150-150
140-150
144-144
144-144
144-150
143-143
182-202
150-150
202-202
143-143
150-150
202-202
150-150
135-135
150-150
135-135
143-150
143-150
150-150
135-135
143-143
150-150
143-143
150-150
143-143
135-135
150-150
143-143
135-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
177-182
177-182
177-177
177-193
177-193
156-193
164-166
177-177
177-193
166-166
177-177
164-182
164-182
166-193
166-166
164-182
177-193
164-177
156-193
177-193
177-182
177-177
166-177
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
156-182
177-177
164-177
156-164
164-177
177-177
166-166
166-182
154-205
156-161
182-182
154-205
182-210
154-205
156-205
154-182
161-210
154-182
154-182
150-205
150-205
182-182
154-205
154-205
154-205
150-182
182-205
154-210
182-210
182-182
143-182
154-182
154-205
143-154
182-205
182-182
182-182
182-182
182-205
154-161
150-182
154-205
182-182
154-154
143-205
205-205
200-200
205-205
243-243
185-220
220-243
220-232
213-213
213-232
200-200
185-205
205-232
205-232
220-220
205-205
213-232
220-243
213-232
205-205
185-185
185-220
205-205
213-213
205-205
205-205
205-232
205-205
220-220
220-220
213-213
205-205
205-205
220-220
205-205
213-213
108-108
205-232
198-206
182-206
162-166
198-206
162-198
182-206
172-194
176-194
176-182
182-198
182-198
198-206
198-206
172-206
198-206
172-194
198-210
172-182
162-198
172-182
182-206
162-162
162-176
162-198
198-206
198-206
198-206
198-206
198-206
182-206
172-194
182-206
162-194
172-172
172-182
172-198
182-198
177-179
179-181
163-177
177-181
179-181
185-185
179-185
177-185
177-181
179-181
177-179
179-181
179-181
169-179
173-173
181-185
173-181
177-181
179-181
179-181
181-185
179-181
179-181
179-185
177-179
177-179
177-179
177-179
177-179
179-181
179-181
181-185
185-185
173-179
177-179
177-181
177-179
Sargano
Sargano
Scarpetta
Selvatico
Semidana
Sessana
Simona
Sinopolese
Sirole
Sivigliana da olio
Spagnola di Missano
Sperone di Gallo
Spezzanese
Spinoso
Taggiasca
Tenacella
Tendellone
Termite di Bitetto
Terza grande
Terza piccolo
Toccolana
Tombarello
Tonda di Alife
Tonda di Cagliari
Tonda di Filadelfia
Tonda di Filogaso
Tonda di Strongoli
Tonda Dolce
Tonda Dolce di Partanna
Tonda iblea
Tondina
Tortiglione
Toscanina
Tunnulidda
Turdunazza antimosca 1
Turdunazza antimosca 2
Uccellara
214-222
218-222
208-218
214-222
214-214
214-214
212-222
212-214
214-222
214-222
208-208
212-212
212-222
208-222
208-212
218-218
214-222
208-218
214-222
214-222
212-222
212-212
214-214
212-212
212-222
212-212
212-222
208-208
212-212
208-212
208-222
208-212
218-218
208-212
212-212
212-212
212-212
218-224
214-214
212-221
214-214
214-218
214-224
210-210
212-212
218-224
214-214
212-224
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-224
214-218
218-221
214-214
214-221
212-218
214-214
212-212
214-214
214-221
212-218
212-250
212-218
214-214
214-214
210-214
214-214
214-224
210-214
214-214
210-214
210-214
212-212
124-144
130-144
124-124
126-144
130-144
126-130
124-126
124-130
130-144
130-130
124-144
130-130
124-130
126-144
124-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
126-144
126-144
124-130
130-144
124-126
126-144
126-144
124-124
124-126
126-144
144-144
124-144
126-144
124-126
124-144
126-144
126-144
126-144
124-144
159-184
150-157
150-159
150-157
136-184
170-184
159-159
170-184
150-157
159-159
157-159
170-170
136-170
159-184
159-170
157-159
159-159
150-159
157-159
157-159
150-150
150-159
150-157
170-203
150-157
157-170
136-150
150-159
157-184
136-159
159-159
159-170
150-159
159-184
159-184
159-184
159-170
144-144
150-150
144-144
150-150
144-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
150-150
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-150
140-140
144-144
144-150
144-150
144-144
150-150
150-150
150-150
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
140-140
144-144
150-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
143-143
135-135
150-150
135-135
135-135
143-143
166-166
143-143
135-135
135-135
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
150-150
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-182
143-143
166-166
135-135
143-143
143-143
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
143-143
166-166
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-143
177-182
166-177
177-182
177-193
164-193
166-177
166-177
177-193
177-182
166-177
166-177
166-193
166-193
166-182
177-182
164-164
166-182
177-182
164-177
164-177
177-193
177-193
164-193
166-193
166-193
166-166
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-182
177-177
177-177
166-193
166-193
166-193
166-177
182-210
154-205
143-143
161-210
150-161
182-205
154-154
154-210
182-210
210-210
143-210
182-182
143-154
143-210
182-205
161-161
143-182
143-205
150-161
150-161
154-205
143-182
150-154
143-143
143-205
143-182
143-182
143-154
182-182
154-154
143-182
154-210
161-182
182-182
143-143
143-143
143-143
185-185
200-205
200-200
213-232
200-200
213-213
108-170
164-205
185-220
213-232
185-185
213-213
205-205
205-213
205-205
213-213
205-205
108-170
213-213
213-213
205-205
205-205
205-205
213-220
205-232
205-205
205-220
170-170
205-205
108-205
205-232
220-243
164-164
205-205
213-232
213-232
200-200
182-198
172-182
172-198
172-182
162-172
182-206
182-182
162-198
176-206
162-176
176-198
162-172
162-198
194-198
172-194
172-206
176-198
172-194
182-198
176-182
162-188
172-206
182-206
162-172
162-198
198-206
162-198
162-198
182-182
162-198
198-206
198-206
172-198
172-182
172-172
172-198
198-206
179-181
177-177
179-181
177-181
181-185
181-185
175-181
177-179
181-185
181-181
181-185
169-179
179-185
179-181
179-181
181-181
179-181
179-179
179-181
179-181
173-183
177-177
181-185
185-185
177-185
177-179
177-185
177-185
177-181
169-177
177-179
179-181
177-181
169-181
173-179
179-185
179-181
Ugea di Savoia
Ugliastride
Vaddara
Vallanella 1
Vallanella 2
Verdello
Vigna della Corte
Vocio
Vraja
Zaituna
Zimbimbo
Zinzifarica
212-212
208-218
208-212
208-212
208-212
212-222
212-214
214-214
208-218
212-212
208-218
212-222
212-212
214-221
210-214
214-224
210-224
210-214
214-218
214-214
214-214
214-214
214-224
214-214
126-130
124-144
124-124
130-144
124-144
124-126
124-144
130-144
126-144
124-144
124-144
126-144
159-184
170-184
157-159
170-170
157-157
159-170
157-159
150-157
170-184
150-170
157-170
150-159
140-140
140-150
144-144
144-144
144-144
144-144
140-140
140-140
144-144
140-140
144-144
144-144
143-143
143-143
150-150
150-150
150-150
150-150
143-150
143-143
143-143
150-150
135-135
143-143
166-166
166-193
177-193
166-193
166-193
166-166
164-177
166-177
166-193
166-193
177-182
177-177
143-161
143-182
154-182
143-210
154-154
143-143
150-154
161-205
143-182
182-182
182-182
143-182
205-205
200-200
164-205
213-232
205-205
170-220
213-220
205-213
200-200
108-108
108-108
205-205
162-172
172-176
198-198
162-206
162-206
182-206
182-206
198-206
162-198
182-206
198-198
162-198
177-181
185-185
179-179
173-175
173-175
181-181
179-181
177-181
179-185
177-177
177-179
177-179