30
0
A. S. Wylie, Jr. and J. R. Wood
Michigan Technological University

Field Location
Belle
River Mills
Gill (1977)

Salina Evaporite and Carbonate
Units Enclose Reefs
STROMATOLITE MAP
(next)
BOUNDSTONE
REEF
CONGLOMERATE
WACKESTONE
Time Surface ?
Debatable
VE 2X
500 ft after Gill (1977)
500 ft

10
N XSEC
11
Deviated well
-1600
CI: 50 ft
0.5 mile
14
Belle River Mills
Structure Map
Top Reef
-1900
Maximum height
400 ft above
Non-reef Brown
Niagaran
Cored Well (34 total)
Reef Well
Reef Rubble Well

MAP
(previous)
Rock Type Color Codes
Gill (1977)

Core – Porosity & Permeability
(all samples in Reef by Rock Type)
Avg-10.7%
(761)
0 35 0 100
Avg-11 md
(761)
[13, 100-7000]
Avg-10.7%
(2259)
0
Avg-9.4%
(1824)
0
35
35
0
0
100
Avg-260 md
(2259)
[416, 100-7000]
100
Avg-79 md
(1824)
[231, 100-7000]
Gill (1977)
Number of samples
(###)
Avg-9.9
(177)
0 35 0 100
Avg-48 md
(177)
[22, 100-7000]

Core Phi vs. Perm – By Rock Type
10000.00
10000.00
STROMATOLITE n=1824
1000.00
1000.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.00
10000.00
1000.00
100.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
n=761
30.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
WACKE
STONE
0.10
0.00
10000.00
10.00
20.00
CONGLOMERATE
1000.00
30.00
100.00
1.00
0.10
0.00
n=2259
10.00
10.00
20.00
BOUND
STONE
1.00
0.10
0.00
30.00
Porosity (%)
10.00
n=177
20.00
30.00

Visualization Orientation –
2D and 3D example views
Vertical Exaggeration (VE) – 1X to 10X

VE
10X
Visualization Animation Example –
Permeability 25 – 30+ millidarcies
Stromatolite Wackestone non-reef Niagaran
Boundstone Conglomerate cored interval

Reef Permeability
Cumulative Percent – all samples
30 md (70%)
100%
90%
80%
70%
> 30 md
RESET to 30 md
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
4980 samples
0%
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
Core Permeability (millidarcies)

30 md (70%)
100%
90%
> 30 md
RESET to 30 md
80%
70%
60% stromatolite
50%
40%
30%
20% boundstone wackestone conglomerate
10%
0%
0.01
4980 samples
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
Core Permeability (millidarcies)

Permeability Distribution red voxels are 27 – 30+ millidarcies
VE
10X
Many other methods for modeling permeability

Log Curve Amplitude Slicing - Review
WEST
SLICES
250 ft
Top Reef
EAST
Base Reef,
Time-surface (?)
0.5
– Any regularly sampled data from boreholes
(e.g. Log or Core curve data)
– One or more correlative, bounding time-surfaces

N
Niagaran Core – One Permeability Slice
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
0 100md
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672
(log scale)
23672
PERM
CURVE
Zero Perm
Boundary
1 mile
SLICE
175
Contour Interval 4 millidarcies
Well/Core Control Point

Niagaran Core Permeability Animation
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
0 100md
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672
(log scale)
N
1 mile
Contour Interval 4 millidarcies
Well/Core Control Point

Reef Porosity – By Rock Type
Cumulative Percent
4980 samples
Core Porosity (%)

N
Niagaran Core – One Porosity Slice
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up PHI
0 20%
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672
23672
PHI
CURVE
Zero Phi
Boundary
1 mile
Contour Interval 4% porosity
Well/Core Control Point
SLICE
175

Niagaran Core Porosity Animation
31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up
PHI
0 20%
Belle River Mills Reef Limit
23672
N
1 mile
Contour Interval 4% porosity
Well/Core Control Point

Key Trends – Core Perm, Core Phi & GR
Core Permeability Core Porosity Gamma Ray
Slice
324
Uppermost
BOUND
STONE more control wells
Slice
145
WACKE
STONE

2D and 3D Visualization aids interpretation of Permeability and Porosity Trends in the Reef
( 25+ md )
VE
10X
Better targeting analysis for vertical and horizontal wells

VE
10X
Perforated Intervals versus
Permeability 20 30+ md
Perforated interval (original)
Improved completions, secondary, and tertiary projects

BEST POROSITY
( > 13% )
BEST PERMEABILITY
Perforated interval
( 25+ md )
VE10X
Best Storage versus Best Deliverability

BEST POROSITY
( > 13% )
Rock Types
BEST PERMEABILITY
( 25+ md )
VE10X
Storage and Deliverability vs. Rock Type

• Location of best porosity (storage capacity) and best permeability (deliverability) does not always coincide in the reservoir (reef)
• Existing well data used to model reservoir porosity and permeability distribution
• Methodology uses affordable software