PERIODIZATION What does periodization mean? What is its root word? 1 DEFINITION OF PERIODIZATION Periodization is a system of organizing historical information by dividing time into periods using specific bases. 2 TIME Time is an essential element in the study of history. Why? 3 APPLICATION to Philippine History How is the history of the Philippines commonly divided into periods? BASES OF PERIODIZATION: 1. according to the beginning of writing a. Prehistoric Period b. Historic Period 4 2. according to geologic time ERA PERIOD EPOCH 5 The Origin of Species 1859 ERA Precambrian 8 b – 600 mya Paleozoic 600 – 225 mya PERIOD EPOCH Archeozoic Proterozoic Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferrous Permian Mesozoic 225 – 65 mya Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous 6 ERA PERIOD Cenozoic Tertiary 65 mya – 10,000 ya EPOCH Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Quartenary Pleistocene Holocene 5 MESOZOIC PERIOD Continents and Plates 225-65 mya 220 200 135 120 mya mya mya mya – Pangaea & Panthalassa – Gondwanaland & Laurasia - Land masses began to divide. – Divisions became the different continents. The scene of history is continuously moving land masses. Notice in the left column the names of distinct land masses that no longer exist. The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon. India 550 Million Years Ago 220 Million Years Ago 130 Million Years Ago 65 Million Years Ago Laurasia Gondwanaland 190 Million Years Ago Today PHILIPPINE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY (Readers Digest Encyclopedia) 135- 25 mya Cretaceous - Paleocene - appearance of the early forms of life in the Philippines (marsupials, insectivores, flesh-eating carnivorous marine organisms) - fossils and rocks (Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Palawan, Samar and Mindoro) Land Formation in the Philippines According to Jocano: It was during the Tertiary period (specifically during the Eocene and Oligocene period) that the basic land structure of the Philippines was defined 25 -2 mya The Neogene - mountain building process (Balabac Island in the Palawan Archipelago, Cagayan, and Central Luzon) - geologic transformation of the country Cenozoic Era Late Tertiary Period Eocene, Oligocene & Miocene Epochs (33 – 5 mya) During this period, about half of the lands of the Philippines was submerged and sedimentation brought about Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Agusan and Davao Valley. 3. According to Tool Technology a. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) b. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) – c. Neolithic ( New Stone Age) d. Age of Pottery e. Metal Age 7 (Europocentric term) PHILIPPINE CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH 250,000 before the present - 200 A.D. “ Man responded to the challenges of mother nature; the teeming life forms constantly challenged his curiosity and creativity and the awe-inspiring mysteries of the archipelago that surrounded him marked the development of his cultural world.” Samuel Tan CULTURE Root word: Colere (to cultivate) Patterns of human acts & symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance Manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting, sculpture, theatre and film CULTURE Culture is anything that man learns or acquires by experience as he goes through the process of development. Philippine : Paleolithic Age 30,500 Before the Present (BP) Lifestyle: Primitive communalism Means of Acquiring Food: * Hunting * Gathering Tabon Caves in Palawan [named after the Tabon bird, which laid eggs in the caves] * Tabon Man = earliest appearance of man in the Philippines (22-23 thousand years old) * Discovered by a National Museum team headed by the late Dr. Robert B. Fox (American anthropologist) * evidence = human fossils of perhaps 3 individuals + skull cap of a young female (?) + 2 fragments of jaw bones + some teeth Tabon Man’s skull (on display at the Palawan Museum, Puerto Princesa) Tabon Caves Deepest soil deposit = 50,000 years old Youngest soil deposit = 10,000 years old This shows that the caves were used continuously for 40,000 years by peoples who used the same kind of tools. . Tabon Cave tools The way the tools were made was exactly the same as those found in the Cagayan Valley, at least 700,000 years earlier. But one difference was that the tools in the Tabon Cave were smaller, perhaps because their prey were bats and birds found in the cave. National Commission for Culture and the Arts Tabon Man’s use of fire Earliest evidence for the use of fire in the Philippines = 30,000 years B.C. (from carbon sample, based on carbon-14 date) Philippines: Neolithic Age 6000- 500 BP New Means of Acquiring Food: * Planting/Agriculture (Food Production) * Domestication of Animals The above were economic breakthroughs which eventually led to Social Stratification Philippines: Pottery Age 1500 BP Manunggul Caves in Palawan Manunggul jars Pottery rituals (Arku Cave and Lana site from Otley Beyer) Manunggul jar found in the a Manunggul Cave of Palawan. Arku Cave in Cagayan Valley Arku Cave of Peñablanca in Cagayan Valley, is a prehistoric cave located at the foothills of Sierra Madre. Found in the site were human fossils together with pottery, spindle whorls, jade earrings, bark cloth beater, bone tools and others which dated from 2200 B.C.E. to 50 B.C.E. A widespread practice showing a belief in afterlife, the early Filipinos put valuable things in the burial so that their deceased relatives could utilize the tools in their next existence. Philippines: Metal Age 800-250 BP Isabela - Chisels and adze Ifugao –Trapezoidal adze Bataan & Pampanga – Basconian adze Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries The anthropomorphic secondary burial jars from Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province in Mindanao date back to the Metal Age. The site had been dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (cal. date of 5 B.C. to A.D. 225). The radiocarbon dates were obtained from the soot samples taken from the small earthenware vessel found inside one of the anthropomorphic burial jar. These burial jars are made of earthenware designed and formed like human figures with complete facial characteristics. These were associated with metal implements; glass beads and bracelets; shell spoon, scoop, bracelets and pendants; earthenware potteries with incised designs and cut-out footrings; non-anthropomorphic burial jars. Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animal or nonliving things, phenomena, etc. 4. According to the Christian Calendar * BC - Before Christ * AD – Anno Domini (In the year of our Lord) BCE: Before Common Era CE : Common Era B.C.E is an abbreviation for 'Before Common Era‘ It is a non-religious alternative to the use of B.C. (Before Christ) in designating the first period of the Gregorian Calendar, the era of prehistory and much of antiquity. C.E. - a replacement for A.D. (Anno Domini, The Year Of Our Lord ) This replaces B.C., Before Christ. 5. According to the rise and fall of civilizations a. b. c. d. Ancient Medieval Modern Age Post Modern Summary: Geologic Time Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Duration 2.5 bya -600mya 600 mya – 225 mya 225 mya – 65 mya 65 mya – 10,000 ya Divisions Archeozoic Proterozoic Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Quarternary Pleistocene Holocene Land Forms Fragmented land masses Pangaea Panthalassa Laurasia 7 continents North America Eurasia Gondwanaland South America Africa India Life Forms Philippines Single celled Invertebrates, Vertebrates Fishes, plants, amphibians Reptiles Dinosaurs Humans Formation of the Philippines 500, 000 Cagayan 22,000 Tabon 7,000 Austronesians Summary: Tool Technology Cenozoic Tertiary Quarternary Biological Evaluation Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Primates Pleistocene Holocene Australopithecus Cultural Evaluation (Tools) Dryopithecus Oreopithecus Ramapethicus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homo sapiens sapiens (Tabon man) Paleolithic Mesolithic (Europocentric term) Neolithic (agricultural) Concepts * Decade - a period of 10 years ( e.g., 2001-2010) * Century - a period of 100 years (2001-2100) e.g. - According to the Gregorian Calendar: 1st century = January 1, 1 - December 31, 100 AD 2nd century = 101 – 200 AD 3rd century = 201 – 300 AD * Millennium - a period of 1000 years (2001-3000) Ancient Philippines: Society: Nation Building (Jared Diamond) Family 250,000 10,000 BC Band 250,00010,000 BC Tribe 10,000 – 500 BC Chiefdom 500 BC900 AD/1400 State / Nation 4-6 12 100 1,000 50,000 nomadic nomadic fixed Fixed Few villages Fixed Many villages Politics & Government 1. Decision Making 2. Leader Egalitarian Egalitarian Egalitarian Centralized President Father big man big man Centralized Hereditary chieftain 3. Laws Informal Informal Customary 4. Judicial Process System of rewards & punishments SRP SRP No. of People Settlement Oral/written Constitution Public Trials Judiciary Ex. Bultong / Adlaw Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond and Samuel K Tan) Society: Nation Building Family 250,000 10,000 BC Band 250,00010,000 BC Tribe 10,000 – 500 BC Chiefdom 500 BC- 900 AD/1400 State Economy Collecting Economy Collecting Economy Communal Economy Communal individual Market economy No No No-Yes Yes Yes 1. Food Production Hunting Food gathering 2.Division of Labor Informal Intensive Extensive Informal Informal More Structured Well defined (Palanne Article: Tanjay Excavations) 3.Exchanges 4 Land Holding Reciprocal No Reciprocal No Reciprocal No Redistributive Redistributive No-Yes Yes Family Band Tribe Chiefdom State Ancient Philippines :(Jared Diamond) Hunting & Hunting & Farming Economy 5.Economic Hunting & Activities food gathering food gathering Land Fishing cultivation Trading & Weaving domestication of animals Tasadays of Cotabato SocioCultural 1. Social Classes Ethnic Formulation No No No Manunggul jars 2. Religion 3. Burial Practices Lallo in Cagayan Sulu & Dimolit Isabela jars Yes Noble Free Man Slave Belief in soul Life after death Use of coffins Well defined Catholics Protestants Muslims Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond & Samuel Tan) Socio Cultural Family Band Tribe 4. Early Clothing Chiefdom State Male Upper: Kangan Lower : Bahag Female Upper: Baro Lower: Saya Other cultural influences Use of ornaments 5. Housing 6. System of writing 7. Music and Arts No No Yes Yes Batalanes Bahanding Contacts with Other Asians * Indians 800 BC, 2nd-5th c. AD examples: 1. Prof. Otley Beyer presents archeological evidences from Novaliches to support this 2. Dr. Jocano mentions the Gold Image of Agusan : Gem Room of Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago (See p.140, Jocano) * Arabs 9th- 15th c AD * Chinese 7th c AD, 10th- 15th c. AD