Batteries for vehicles
The Ångström Advanced Battery Centre
Fredrik Björefors, Assoc. Prof.
Kristina Edström, Torbjörn Gustafsson, Leif Nyholm, Daniel Brandell, and many more...
Dept. of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
Uppsala University
Batteries for vehicles
Critical issues –
A materials chemistry perspective
Critical issues
Performance:
• energy
driving range
• rate, power
acceleration (energy/time)
• temperature
-40 to +50 ˚C (ambient, rate)
Fire during charging
Safety issues
Lifetime, cost
”En elbil tog eld medan den stod på laddning i
ett parkeringshus i Helsingborg. Polisen
misstänker inte att branden är anlagd.”
Materials / abundance
A lot of materials...
1 car ~200 kg battery
small part electric vehicles:
~100 million tonnes!
Li-ion batteries
Materials/Performance:
• anode (minus pole)
• electrolyte
• cathode (plus pole)
Timeframe: materials 5-10 yrs, concepts 10-15 yrs
Cathode part (plus pole)
Cathode materials:
Li2FeSiO4
(being commercialized)
LiFeSO4F
(rate)
Li2FeP2O7
(high temperature)
3D mass transfer of Li-ions
LiCoO2
Leads to a higher rate
Cathode part (plus pole)
Surface confined PEDOT
coating of LiFeSO4F
- Enhanced electronic conductivity.
- Electron transfer from all-around
Understanding and Controlling the Surface Chemistry of LiFeSO4F for an Enhanced Cathode Functionality
Chem. Mater., 2013, 25 (15), pp 3020–3029
Adam Sobkowiak, Matthew R. Roberts, Reza Younesi, Tore Ericsson, Lennart Häggström, Cheuk-Wai Tai,
Anna M. Andersson, Kristina Edström, Torbjörn Gustafsson, and Fredrik Björefors
Li-ion Polymer Batteries for Electric Vehicles
• Safety
• Power/Energy Density
• Lifetime, Cost
• Scalability
Bolloré Bluecar in Paris, 2011-
Poly(trimethylene carbonate)
• Thermally stable up to 200 oC
• High dielectric constant
• Mechanically robust
• Wide electrochemical window
B. Sun, J. Mindemark, K. Edström, D. Brandell,
(2013) Solid State Ionics, DOI:
10.1016/j.ssi.2013.08.014.
Anodes part (minus pole)
Ageing at elevated temperature
(22 and 55 ˚C, graphite/LiFePO4)
Comparing Aging of MCMB Graphite/LiFePO4 cells at 22°C and
55°C. Electrochemical and Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies.
Submitted
Hellqvist Kjell, Maria, Malmgren, Sara Ciosek, Katarzyna, Behm, Mårten,
Edström, Kristina, Lindbergh, Göran
Crystal structure of
Li1.33Ti1.67O4
Promising anode material
Results – Silicon anodes
Surface chemistry
X-ray spectroscopy
• 15-25% higher energy
density
• Si-based Li-batteries soon
on the market
Voltage (V vs. Li/Li+)
Si
(nm)
2.5
Si/C C/20
2
1200 mAh/g
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
400
800
1200
Q (mAh/g)
1600
Li-battery development
Energy
density
Li-air
US DoE:
2020
Future
?
Na-ion
chemistry
2015
Li-S
2007
Organic
cathodes
2005
A123
1995
Sony
1990
Sony
Sony
for vehicles
Nano-electrodes
250 Wh/kg
800Wh/l
Future
?
Future
?
New concepts
• Lithium-sulfur batteries
• Sodium-batteries
• Organic electrodes
• 3D-microbatteries
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