STATES OF MATTER
http://www.uen.org/core/science/sciber/sciber7/matter/html/STATES.HTM
MATTER
• Affected by temperature and pressure
• A change in temperature and or pressure
can change the state of matter of a
substance
Kinetic Theory – Energy in Motion
Three assumptions of how
particles in matter behave
1. All matter is made of small particles atoms, molecules and ions
2. These particles are in constant motion.
The motion has no pattern.
3. These particles are colliding or crashing
into each other and into the walls of
their container.
Temperature
• Measure of the average kinetic energy of
the vibrating or moving atoms or
molecules of a substance
• Absolute zero= no movement
• Heat= the total kinetic energy of a
substance
Pressure
• Definition= the force per unit area applied
on a surface in a perpendicular direction
http://michaellamarr.com/matterelectricity/index.html
Solid
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
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http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solid.html
Low temperature and/or high pressure
Low kinetic energy
Can be an atom, ion or molecule
Usually in crystalline form, although some
are glass
• Definite pattern resulting in definite shape
and definite volume
Amorphous solids
• A solid that doesn’t form crystals
• Doesn’t have a long-range repeating
pattern in the positions of its atoms or
molecules.
http://kgortney.pbworks.com/w/page/28715420/Class-Notes
Liquid
http://www.mcwdn.org/chemist/liquids.html
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
• Less pressure, more kinetic energy
• Definite volume, no definite shape
• Melting point= the vibrations of the
particles cause the forces holding the solid
together to break
Gas
http://www.mcwdn.org/chemist/gases.html
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http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
Less pressure, more kinetic energy
No definite shape, no definite volume
Evaporation= boiling point= gas
Would escape to space if not for the
Earth’s gravity
http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/state
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid
Plasma
• At temperatures above
5000°C, violent collisions
cause electrons to be
knocked off
• Stars, lightning, neon signs
http://dewa.com/animated/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)
Earth’s Plasma Fountain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)
Condensation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation
• Change in matter to a denser stage
through colder temperatures or more
pressure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclecondensation.html
Sublimation
• Solid-->Gas
• Carbon dioxide (dry ice), Naphthelene
(moth balls) and snow sublime
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesublimation.html
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesublimation.html
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/comets/sublimation.html&edu=high
http://academic.greensboroday.org/~regesterj/potl/matter
Conservation of Matter and Energy
• During an ordinary chemical change,
there is no detectable increase or
decrease in the quantity of matter.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
but can change its form.
• E = [ mo2c4 + p2c2 ] ½
http://dewa.com/animated/
BOSE EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
• A DILUTE GAS OF WEAKLY
INTERACTING BOSONS (SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES THAT OBEY BOSEEINSTEIN STATISTICS)
• COOLED CLOSE TO ABSOLUTE ZERO
• OCCUPY THE LOWEST QUANTUM
STATE
• ALL ATOMS BECOME IDENTICAL
• Predicted 1924... ...Created 1995
•
A. Einstein
S. Bose
Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman
OTHERS
• GLASS
• DIFFERENT CRYSTALLINE FORMS
– LIQUID CRYSTAL
– DISORDERED CRYSTALS (PLASTIC CRYSTALS)
– MAGNETICALLY ORDERED
• LOW TEMPERATURE STATES:
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SUPERFLUIDS
BOSE EINSTEIN
FERMIONIC CONDENSATES
RYDBERG MOLECULES
QUANTUM HALL STATES
STRANGE MATTER